Problem Solving, and Critical ThinkingProblem Solving, and Critical ThinkingArmed Forces Academy of Health SciencesArmed Forces Academy of Health Sciences
Leadership CourseLeadership Course
““Leadership is solving problems. The day Leadership is solving problems. The day soldiers stop bringing you their soldiers stop bringing you their
problems is the day you have stopped problems is the day you have stopped leading them. They have either lost leading them. They have either lost
confidence that you can help or confidence that you can help or concluded you do not care. Either case concluded you do not care. Either case
is a failure of leadership.”is a failure of leadership.”
-Colin Powell-Colin Powell
PROBLEM-SOLVING PROBLEM-SOLVING
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW Decision-making, Problem Solving Decision-making, Problem Solving
and Critical Thinkingand Critical Thinking
Theoretical ApproachesTheoretical Approaches
Critical Elements Critical Elements
Individual Vulnerabilities Individual Vulnerabilities
Decision-making in OrganizationsDecision-making in Organizations
DelegationDelegation
DECISION MAKINGDECISION MAKING Process of identifying Process of identifying
& selecting one course & selecting one course
of action from several of action from several
alternativesalternatives
Choice eliminates Choice eliminates
uncertaintyuncertainty
PROBLEM-SOLVINGPROBLEM-SOLVING
Systematic process that focuses on Systematic process that focuses on analyzing a difficult situation and analyzing a difficult situation and includes a decision making stepincludes a decision making step
CRITICAL THINKINGCRITICAL THINKING Purposeful & outcome directedPurposeful & outcome directed Based on research, data gathering, Based on research, data gathering,
reasoning and creative analysisreasoning and creative analysis
Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Solving and Decision MakingSolving and Decision Making
Traditional Problem-Solving:Traditional Problem-Solving: Identify the ProblemIdentify the Problem
Gather data to analyze causes/consequencesGather data to analyze causes/consequences
Explore alternative solutionsExplore alternative solutions
Evaluate the alternativesEvaluate the alternatives
Select the appropriate solutionSelect the appropriate solution
Implement the solutionImplement the solution
Evaluate the ResultsEvaluate the Results
Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Solving and Decision MakingSolving and Decision Making
ManagerialManagerial Decision-MakingDecision-Making Set objectivesSet objectives
Search for alternativesSearch for alternatives
Evaluate alternativesEvaluate alternatives
ChooseChoose
ImplementImplement
Follow-up and controlFollow-up and control
Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Solving and Decision MakingSolving and Decision Making
Nursing ProcessNursing Process AssessAssess PlanPlan ImplementImplement EvaluateEvaluate
Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Theoretical Approaches to Problem-Solving and Decision MakingSolving and Decision Making
Intuitive Decision-MakingIntuitive Decision-Making
Gather patient dataGather patient data
Possible nursing diagnosis and Possible nursing diagnosis and
interventionsinterventions
Analyze, synthesize and exercise Analyze, synthesize and exercise
judgmentjudgment
Implement, follow through and Implement, follow through and
evaluateevaluate
CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN PROBLEM-CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING AND DECISION MAKINGSOLVING AND DECISION MAKING
Define objectives clearlyDefine objectives clearly Gather data carefullyGather data carefully Generate many Generate many
alternativesalternatives Think logicallyThink logically Choose and act Choose and act
decisivelydecisively
OVERCOMING INDIVIDUAL OVERCOMING INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY IN DECISION-MAKINGVULNERABILITY IN DECISION-MAKING
ValuesValues
Life ExperienceLife Experience
Individual PreferenceIndividual Preference
Individual Ways of Thinking and Individual Ways of Thinking and
Decision-MakingDecision-Making
DELEGATIONDELEGATION
COMMON DELEGATION ERRORSCOMMON DELEGATION ERRORS
Under-delegatingUnder-delegating
Over-delegatingOver-delegating
Improperly delegatingImproperly delegating
Effective DelegationEffective Delegation
Plan ahead Plan ahead
Identify necessary skills and Identify necessary skills and
levelslevels
Select most capable personnelSelect most capable personnel
Communicate goal clearlyCommunicate goal clearly
Empower the delegateEmpower the delegate
Effective DelegationEffective Delegation
Set deadlines and monitor Set deadlines and monitor
progressprogress
Model the role: provide guidanceModel the role: provide guidance
Evaluate performanceEvaluate performance
Reward accomplishmentReward accomplishment
SUMMARYSUMMARY Decision-making, Problem Solving Decision-making, Problem Solving
and Critical Thinkingand Critical Thinking Theoretical ApproachesTheoretical Approaches Critical Elements Critical Elements Individual Vulnerabilities Individual Vulnerabilities Decision-making in OrganizationsDecision-making in Organizations DelegationDelegation
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