CERAMICS, GLASS, METALS, PLASTICS AND SANITARY

FITMENTS

CERAMICS

• Derived from greek word keramos, meaning “ a potter” or “pottery”• are inorganic, non-metallic & crystalline in nature.

PROPERTIES

• Wear –resistant• hard• Brittle• Refractory• Thermal insulators• Electrical insulators• Non-magnetic• Chemically stable

DEFINITION:

HISTORY OF CERAMICS:

• Human made ceramics – 24000 BC.

• Found in Czechoslovakia.

• Made of animal fat,bone,bone ash &fine clay.

MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS

1. Starting material

• Heat +processed clay - rigid product• Natural occurring rocks and minerals-special processing• Chemically prepared powders.

2. Shape

Common methods-•Extrusion•Slip casting•Pressing•Tape casting•Injection molding

MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

•Cements•Limes•plasters

•Glass •Products shaped by various methods

 Basically clay-ware

    Manufacturing process-

o Mixed with water

o Refined

o Shaped

o Heated/Fired

o Application of glaze

o Heated/Fired

    Decoration

CERAMICS

TYPES OF CERAMICS

•Glazed earthenware

•Vitrified earthenware

•Porcelain

•Bone china

•Ceramic plus (latest trend)

BONE CHINA

•Composition: Bone ash : 45-50% China clay: 25-30% Feldspar: 25-30% Ball clay: 5-15%

•Used as crockery.

POINTS CONSIDERED WHILE BUYING CHINAWARE

• The on glaze or under glaze decoration• The weight• Shape and design• The hardness of the glaze• Colour and decoration• The ease of replacement• Cost

CERAMIC SEGMENTS

• Structural clay products : brick,sewer pipe, roofing tile etc.• White wares : dinner ware, sanitary ware,decorative ceramics etc.• Refractories : brick,glass,monolithic products etc.• Glass : windows,bottles,optical fibers etc.• Abrasives : diamond, garnet,fused alumina etc.• Cements : concrete roads, bridges, building dams etc.• Advanced ceramics• Structural : wear parts,bioceramics,cutting tools etc.• Electrical : capacitors,insulators,magnets,superconductors etc.• Coatings : engine components,cutting tools etc.• Chemical & environmental : filters,membranes,catalysts etc.

USES OF CERAMICS

•ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS: Ceramic spark plugs, Automobiles, Boat engines, Lawnmowers etc.

•MEDICINAL USES : Replacement of body parts& diseased heart valves, x-rays and Ultrasonic rays etc.

•ENVIRONMENTAL & : Decrease pollution,capture toxic materials SPACE APPLICATIONS and encapsulate nuclear waste,diesel & automotive engines,combustion & fuel saving etc.

MAINTENANCE OF CERAMICS

•Washing of floor with a help of acid solution water&sanitary product.

•Cushion the impact of heavy objects falling onto the floor with the help of mats and carpets.

•Remove persistent dirt in normal working conditions with the use of a soft brush or a spatula rather than potentially abrasive tools.

•Protect entrance area that are most exposed to abrasive dirt with mats.

•Order 15% of excess material over and above the net surface to be covered in order to carry out future repairs on the finished work.

CERAMICPLUS

Developed at Villeroy & Boch Laboratories

a.Smooth surface hence is dirt repellent

b.Low surface energy of ceramic plus- water forms small droplets which roll away in the drain & carry lime with them- easy maintenance

GLASS

MANUFACTURING OF GLASSMain ingredient sand – needs to be free from impurities

Add other chemicals to sand

- mixture is known as batch

Batch-heated at 1300 or more temperature in a furnace

Shaped & passed on a conveyor belt through an annealing oven

Molten glass is gradually cooled down & final touches given

CLASSICAL GLASS FORMING METHODS

HAND BLOWING

FLAT GLASSES

GLASS FIBRES / FIBRE GLASS

GLASS TUBING AND ROD

SOLID AND HOLLOW GLASS SPHERES

Soda lime glass-sand,soda ash & limestone

Lead crystal glass-sand, red lead, potash

Borosilicate glass- sand, borax

Flat glass - Sheet glass :- It is drawn continuously from the molten mass and passed through an annealing tower. It is cut into required lengths thereafter.

Float glass :- Does not require to be ground and polished after annealing Used as windows , mirrors

Types of Glass

TYPES OF GLASSES

SAFETY GLASS Obscured glass :- Is made with wire The wire prevents the glass falling when broken Used in doors and skylights

Laminated glass:- Is a sandwich of two thin layers of glass with a vinyl-type plastic in middle If glass is broken it adheres to the interlayer

Toughened glass:- A skin is formed on the glass The broken glass shatters to very small harmless fragments

Toughened and It is five times stronger than other types of Laminated glass:- safety glass

TEMPERED GLASS

Tempered glass is resistant to breakage Shatters into small harmless pieces Used for frameless glass doors , shower etc.

CUT GLASS

Is cut by hand and is expensiveUsed for chandeliers , decanters , vases and beautiful table glass

WIRE GLASS

Made with an embedded mesh of wire Its has the ability to resist shattering from fire heat Used in locations where a fire barrio is needed

HOLLOW GLASSWARE

Blowing , moulding , and pressing produce hollow glassware

MIRRORS

Its silvered on one side to create a reflection

DECORATIVE GLASSES

Include a wide variety of textures and surface treatments that permit light passage but distort the image

USES OF GLASSES

Tableware , vases , lamps , doors , windows , mirrors ,

etc. Soda lime glass is used for ordinary , inexpensive , flat

or hollow glassware Lead crystal glass is used for expensive hollow

glassware Borosilicate glass is used for ovenware since it is very

hard and has special heat resisting properties

NEW TRENDS

The fascination of glass in interior designing is growing

“Can you also produce wash-basins out of glass?”

(http://www.schott.com/uk/english/products/architectural/washbasins.html, 20/05/03, 1428hrs)

“…the products are mainly targeted at high-end restaurants and star category hotels where interiors and decor play an important role and are a part of the offerings to the guests enjoying their services…”

(http://www.expresshotelierandcaterer.com/20010319/equip8.htm, 20/05/03, 19:05hrs)

METALS

Group of chemical elements that exhibit all or most of the following physical qualities: they are solid at ordinary temperatures; opaque, except in extremely thin films; good electrical and thermal conductors; lustrous when polished; and have a crystalline structure when in the solid state.” (http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761578923, 1/06/03, 1908 hrs

Types of Metals

   SILVER      

• STEEL

         STAINLESS STEEL

         CHROMIUM

         BRASS

         COPPER

 

SILVERSilver is relatively soft white metal.

   Silver plated ware is made from blanks or bodies of nickel silver, or nickel brass alloy.

This process gave rise to symbol ‘EPNS’ (electroplated nickel silver).

    Silver-plated ware can be re-plated.

o        ‘Silver dips’

•      The burnishing method

USES:

Batteries Catalyst Coins Electronics Jewellery and Silverware Medical Applications Mirrors and other coatings Photography Water Purification

Steel

Steel is iron containing a little carbon

To prevent corrosion it is normally coated with enamel

Steel has a smooth surface.

CHROMIUM

CHARACTERESTICS:Steel-gray in colour Lustrous Hard metal Takes a high polish

Chromium is the coating on steel.

      Washing and rubbing

      Anodising

      Lacquering

 

USES:

Forms important alloys Forms useful coloured compounds Textile Industry Leather Industry Catalyst Fuel additives Medical Applications

STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

Components Iron+Carbon Iron+Carbon+Chromium

Properties Very hard Less hard compared to Steel

Uses Industrial use Household use

Stainless steel is steel to which 8-25% of chromium has been added, making it corrosion resistant.

   It is a tough, durable metal.

Stainless steel can be harmed or stained by:

o        silver dip solutions,

o        chlorine type bleaches,

o        salt/vinegar mixtures.

Stainless Steel

BRASS

USES:

Sections: Bathroom Hardware, Shower Parts Hot Forgings: Tube Fittings, Plumbing

Hardware, Plumbing Fittings. Sheet: Hollow Ware, Lamp Caps Wire: Springs, Heat exchangers, Coils (Geysers),

Zippers, Jewellery Castings: Taps, Water Fittings.

CHARACTERESTICS:

Brass is an alloy of essentially copper & zinc

Corrosion Resistant Conductivity Wear resistant Attractive colours Hygienic

MAINTENANCE:

Interior Fittings: Dusting with a Camel hair brush or soft cloth, washing with mild soapy water.

Exterior Fittings: Coating of wax polish, Paint stripper solution, acetone, Lemon dipped in Salt.

COPPER

CHARACTERESTICS AND USES:

Reddish metal: Utensils and Kettles Ductile: Electric wires Malleable: Sheet roofing Good conductor of heat: Cooking vessels Forms important alloys: Statues and

Lamps

PLASTICS

“Plastics, materials made up of large, organic (carbon-containing) molecules that can be formed into a variety of products. The molecules that compose plastics are long carbon chains that give plastics many of their useful properties….

…. Plastics can be made hard as stone, strong as steel, transparent as glass, light as wood, and elastic as rubber. Plastics are also lightweight, waterproof, chemical resistant, and produced in almost any color.”

(http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761553604, 1/06/03, 1925 hrs)

PLASTICS

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC:

Light in weight.

Less noisy than many materials.

Resistant to most chemicals.

Non conductors of electricity.

Scratch able with harsh abrasives and sharp articles.

Easy to Clean.

Non absorbent, but some thermoplastic and absorb grease.

Not liable to attack by moth or other pests.

TYPES OF PLASTICS:

• PETE or PET

• HDPE (High density Polyethylene)

• PV or PVC (vinyl/polyvinyl chloride)

• LDPE (Low density Polyethylene)

• PP (Polypropylene)

• PS (Polystyrene)

Uses Of Plastics

26%

17%

8%2%5%8%

7%

27%

Packaging

Other

Furniture Industry

Agriculture

Household Goods

Automotive Industry

Electrical Goods

Building

Types of Plastics Used

• Polyvinyl Chloride

-floor finishes in tile and sheet form

-durability and ease dependent on PVC present

-wall coverings

Polystyrene And Other Foams-used in tile or other sheet form on walls or ceilings to give heat and sound insulation

-Cut into the required sizes for mattresses and into different shapes for upholstered furniture

-Perspex

Laminates

-thin veneers marketed under many trade names, ex. Formica, Warerite, Duralam

-stuck direct to wall, to plywood or similar supporting material and used as wall panels, counter tops and in manufacture of furniture

Synthetic Fibres

-Polyamides, polyesters and acrylics produced as fibres

-durable, easy to clean and quick to dry

-used in carpets curtains upholstery beddings and uniforms

Types of Plastics Used

SANITARY FITTINGS

BATHS

Old porcelain-enamel cast iron and pressed steel baths replaced with acrylic baths and Spa baths.

Standard Size: 1510 x 820 x 445 and holds 170 liters of water

Types: Vanity Basins, Insets.

SPA BATHS

Characteristics: Baths fitted with water pumps and jets, digitally controlled, fitted electric heater.

Types: Inset

Free standing island unit

SHOWER SYSTEMS

Points to be considered for the conventional shower:

Size Tiling Shower nozzle Shower screen Taps Exhaust fan

WESTERN CLOSET

Pan of vitreous china Cisterns made up of vitreous china or

acrylic

KITCHEN SINK/DISHWASHER

Made up of stainless steel Types: Single bowl

Double bowl

TAPS Are usually powder coated or chrome Types: Single mounted

Double mounted Latest technology: Taps with ceramic disc

technology

TOWEL RAILS

Available in acrylic or chrome Types: Single rails

Double rails

MIRRORS Are silver coated Are placed above the vanity counters Are integral part of the Hotel

MATERIAL FITTINGS CHARACTERISTICS

VITREOUS CHINA ·     Lavatory basins·     Sinks·     Sluices·     WCs·     Urinals·     Bidets

· Can chip and craze, making surface more difficult to clean and more susceptible to staining.

STAINLESS STEEL(USUALLY 18/8)

·     Lavatory basins·     Sinks· Draining surfaces

· Satin finish shows scratches less than mirror finish,

· Damaged by-  Chlorine bleaches        Silver-dip solutions          Salt/vinegar mixturesVITREOUS ENAMEL

COATED PRESSED STEEL

·     Baths·     Sinks·     Draining surfaces

· Does not retain heat as well as plastics·  Marks with dripping taps·  May chip and rust

SANITARY FITTINGS

MATERIAL FITTINGS CHARACTERISTICS

VITREOUS ENAMEL COATED CAST- IRON

·    Baths ·  Heavy · Tough finish with a high

gloss · If damaged rusting occurs

PLASTICS

EG: ACRYLIC(armacast is tough acrylic sheet backed with polyurethane reinforcement)

·    Lavatory basins·    Baths·    Sinks

 

· Light weight · Retains heat and resists

most stains ·  Cheaper ones may flex and give problems with crazing · Damaged by solvents. Eg: paint stripper, perfumes, after-shave, and the heat of cigarettes. · Can follow cleaning with fine abrasive or with metal polish

SANITARY FITTINGS