Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering 104/12/2023
Development of a Hydrologic Community Modeling System Using a Workflow Engine
April 12, 2023
BO LU
Drexel University
Committee
Dr. Michael Piasecki
Dr. Ilya Zaslavsky
Dr. Mira Olson
Dr. Franco Montalto
Dr. Jonathan Goodall
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Let’s imagine…
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Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering04/12/2023 1
Let’s imagine…
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Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering04/12/2023 1
Let’s imagine…
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Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering04/12/2023 1
Let’s imagine…
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Tool Tool
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Data/Data access
Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering04/12/2023 1
Let’s imagine…
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Tool Model
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ModelData
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Tool Tool
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DataModel
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ModelTool Tool
ToolModel
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Model/Module
Data/Data access
Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering04/12/2023 1
Let’s imagine…
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ModelData
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Tool Tool
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DataModel
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Model/Module
Data/Data access
Tools of transformation, analysis, display etc.
Objective: Develop a Hydrologic Community Modeling System(HCMS) that allows constructing seamlessly integrated hydrologic models with swappable and portable modules.
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Technical Issues
Migration of legacy models
Model Integration
Data Interoperability
Lack of modular model structure
Poor documentation of source codes
Lack of credibility of the algorithms or methods encapsulated in the codes
Lack of “good coding practices”
Intertwining of user interfaces and computing kernels
Incompatible programming languages
Distinct input and output data structures of models
Distinct data models undertaken by disparate data sources
Data semantics
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What can facilitate this development?
Model standard or protocol: standard interfaces that component models should comply with, description of model structure, data model etc.
Coupling Frameworks and Workflow Engines
Facilities: tools that ease the development of component models or the migration of legacy models. Data analysis tools, transformation tools etc.
Workbench: a platform for model linkage, execution and management, usually supports graphical, icon-based model construction.
Our choice: Microsoft’s TRIDENT workflow engine
How well a workflow engine can facilitate the development of community modeling system?
Programming background
Supporting high-performance computations and provenance capture.
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Issues in development
Will the auxiliary platform be convenient to use? Does it involve a steep learning curve?
Will its run-time performance be affected when migrating a legacy model into the environment?
Will the developed hydrologic community modeling system be flexible to use?
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Development of a Hydrologic Community Modeling System (HCMS) using TRIDENT workflow engine
TRIDENT
Data Access Lib.
Data Process Lib. Hydrologic Model Lib.
Analysis&Utilities Lib.
Get data from online repositories(CUAHSI HIS, NLDAS, MPE, USGS NED, NLCD, SSURGO etc.)
Get data from local repository, e.g. NetCDF, Excel, SQL Database… Time series data
processing: temporal interpolation, unit conversion…
Geospatial data processing: watershed delineation, land cover\soil data processing…
Evapotranspiration
Runoff Yield
Direct Runoff Routing
Base Flow
Channel Routing
Model Performance Analysis: Water balance check, simulated vs. observed hydrograph comparison, performance statistics… Result Storage &Visualization
Seamless Integration
SWAT
TOPMODEL
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workflows(.xoml)
invoke
Workflows (.wfl)
myExperiment website
Publish : workflows
Supported Services
Management Studio
TRIDENT SQL DATABASE
Message Passing Service
Schedule Execution Service
Provenance Recording Service
Interactive Execution Service
workflows(.twp)
Workflow Composer Workflow Application WORD Add-in
• Composing, execut-ing, monitoring and recording workflows
• Managing workflows, activities, users, work-flow provenance
• Scheduling workflow execution
• Running multiple work-flows on different nodes of a server clus-ter
• Executing a workflow on its located server
• Loading/running workflows from local/remote data-base
• Embedding and run-ning workflows in Word documents
• Loading/running workflows from local/remote data-base
• Loading/running workflows from local/remote data-base
Activities(.dll)
Standard Classes
What is TRIDENT?
A workflow engine that facilitates composing, executing, archiving and sharing scientific workflows.
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Why use TRIDENT in hydrologic modeling?
Allowing parallel or concurrent execution, distributed computations in the GRID environment.
Recording who, how, what and which resources are used in a work-flow, and the derivation flow of data products. It ensures repeatability of model executions.
Sharing workflow through publication mechanisms or repositories.
Allowing automatic and holistic execution without any external in-tervenes, or alternatively, interactive execution with the control of users.
Composing workflows with swappable activities via the drag-and-drop manner on a GUI.
Interactive/Non-interactive Execution
Easy to Share
Flexible Model Setup
High-performance Computing
Provenance Capture
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Introduction of the libraries of HCMS
Data Access Library
Data Processing Library
Hydrologic Model Library
Post-Anaylysis & Utilities Library
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1.Data Access Library
Data Sources:
Acronym Data Availability Data Scale Web Sites
USGS NED National Elevation Data, accessed via “Application Services”
1,1/3,1/9 arc second http://seamless.usgs.gov/app_services.php
USGS NLCD National Land Cover Data, accessed via “Application Services”
30m*30m http://seamless.usgs.gov/app_services.php
NRCS SSURGO Soil survey spatial and tabular data, accessed via Soil Data Access web services
Currently only restricted areas.
http://sdmdataaccess.nrcs.usda.gov/
NLDAS-2 Meteorological data (temperature, precipitation, radiation etc), accessed via FTP
1/8 degree1979.1-present,1hr
ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/NLDAS/
NWIS MPE Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimates, accessed via FTP
4km*4km2005.01.01-present,24hr
http://water.weather.gov/precip/p_download_new/
CUAHSI HIS Hydrological and Meteorological data, accessed via WaterOneFlow web services from multiple data servers
Mostly time series data, varied temporal scale
http://water.sdsc.edu/wateroneflow/
EPA Geospatial Data
National Hydrography Dataset(watershed and stream shapefiles), accessed via EPA Geospatial services
Medium and High resolutions
http://www.epa.gov/waters/geoservices/index.html
Retrieving data from following data sources using SOAP/FTP protocols .
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Get National Elevation Data(NED), National Land Cover Data (NLCD)
NED: [1, 1/3, 1/9 arc second], [ ArcGrid, GeoTIFF, GridFloat, BIL]
NLCD: 30m * 30m, GeoTIFF
[Activity 1] — Access NED or NLCD data within a specified area via Application Services.
[Activity 2] — Decompress downloaded data files.
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Get National Elevation Data(NED), National Land Cover Data (NLCD)
NED: [1, 1/3, 1/9 arc second], [ ArcGrid, GeoTIFF, GridFloat, BIL]
NLCD: 30m * 30m, GeoTIFF
[Activity 1] — Access NED or NLCD data within a specified area via Application Services.
[Activity 2] — Decompress downloaded data files.
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Get National Elevation Data(NED), National Land Cover Data (NLCD)
NED: [1, 1/3, 1/9 arc second], [ ArcGrid, GeoTIFF, GridFloat, BIL]
NLCD: 30m * 30m, GeoTIFF
[Activity 1] — Access NED or NLCD data within a specified area via Application Services.
[Activity 2] — Decompress downloaded data files.
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Get NASA Land Data Assimilation System(NLDAS-2) Data
[Activity 1] — Download hourly data files(GRIB) from NLDAS-2 data server. ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/NLDAS/NLDAS_FORA0125_H.002/
[Activity 2] — Make a choice of fields from a given field list, the activity then extracts data of selected fields from the downloaded data files via a decoder “WGRIB”.
[Activity 3] — Cut gridded data set within a specified geospatial extent.
National coverage, 0.125*0.125 degree (approximately 13.8km), 1979-present, 1-hour time interval. Temperature, Precipitation, Long wave/Short wave radiation, Pressure, Vertical/Horizontal wind speed etc.
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Get NASA Land Data Assimilation System(NLDAS-2) Data
[Activity 1] — Download hourly data files(GRIB) from NLDAS-2 data server. ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/NLDAS/NLDAS_FORA0125_H.002/
[Activity 2] — Make a choice of fields from a given field list, the activity then extracts data of selected fields from the downloaded data files via a decoder “WGRIB”.
[Activity 3] — Cut gridded data set within a specified geospatial extent.
National coverage, 0.125*0.125 degree (approximately 13.8km), 1979-present, 1-hour time interval. Temperature, Precipitation, Long wave/Short wave radiation, Pressure, Vertical/Horizontal wind speed etc.
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Get NWS Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimates (MPE)
National coverage, 4km*4km, 2005-present, 1-day time interval.
[Activity 1] — Download 24-hour data files(NetCDF) from NWS MPE data server. http://water.weather.gov/precip/p_download_new/
[Activity 2] — Parse precipitation data from downloaded NetCDF files, and export them in the format of standard arrays.
[Activity 3] — Cut gridded data set within a specified geospatial extent.
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Get Data via WaterOneFlow web services
Semantic Checking… Get Web Services In Box
Verify Variable Catalog
HIS Central Metadata WS
WaterOneFlow WS
Ontology Dictionary
Get Time Series Data
Parse
WaterMLVariable Codes
Get Variables
UI
Time Series Data/Metadata
Variable Name (e.g. precipitation)
Geographical Extent (watershed boundary or latitude/longitude )
Service ID (optional)
Get Sites
Temporal Extent
Sites Metadata
Web Service IDs Updated Variables
Processing Step Web ServiceConfiguration Input Output
WaterOneFlow: a family of web services developed by CUAHSI using the SOAP protocol. It facilitates retrieving hydrologic and meteorological observation time series data from a central metadata catalogue
(HISCentral located at the San Diego Supercomputer Center) which holds the richest metadata information in the world for water data.
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Get Data via WaterOneFlow Web Services in TRIDENT
[Activity 1] — Get web services within a specified geospatial extent.
[Activity 2] — Get site and variable metadata based on given variable name.
[Activity 3] — Get time series data of given variable within the given geospatial extent.
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Get SSURGO Soil Data & Get EPA
Accessing geospatial soil data via Soil Data Access(SDA) web services, currently only for small areas.
Accessing National Hydrography Dataset( watershed and stream shapefile) via EPA Geospatial Services.
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2. Data Processing Library
Geospatial Data Processing
Time Series Processing
Data processing customized for data sources
Delineate watershed/sub-watershed boundary, Generate river network; Create Triangulated Irregular Network(TIN); Process Soil, Land Cover data; Create Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU).
Interpolation/Extrapolation, Unit Conversion.
Aggregate NLDAS-2, MPE gridded data for sub-watersheds.
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DEM Processing
Perform DEM processing step by step — based on the procedures deployed in the Terrain Analy-sis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM)
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DEM Processing
Perform DEM processing step by step — based on the procedures deployed in the Terrain Analy-sis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM)
Locate the outlet
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Geospatial Data Processing
Perform DEM processing and TIN generation via WPS web services
Client
Watershed Delineation
Watershed Triangulation
WPS web ser-
vices
• DEM Processing - Delineate watershed
boundary - Generate river system - Divide subbasins
• TIN Generation -Delaunay Triangulation
Server
• WPS(OpenGIS ® Web Processing Service) provides rules to standardize inputs and outputs for geospatial processing services, and to request execution of a process and handle output from the process.
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Geospatial Data Processing
Perform DEM processing and TIN generation via WPS web services
Client
Watershed Delineation
Watershed Triangulation
WPS web ser-
vices
• DEM Processing - Delineate watershed
boundary - Generate river system - Divide subbasins
• TIN Generation -Delaunay Triangulation
Server
• WPS(OpenGIS ® Web Processing Service) provides rules to standardize inputs and outputs for geospatial processing services, and to request execution of a process and handle output from the process.
via Local activities
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Creating Hydrologic Response Unit
Step 1: Processing SSURGO Soil Data
For soil data accessed via SDA web service
For soil data accessed via Soil Data Mart
Simplify soil groups to A, B, C, D (Optional)
(1) Merge map units based on hydro groups
(2) Clip the shapefile with watershed boundary
(1) Merge map units for each county-based shapefile
(2) Merge county-based shapefiles
(3) Clip the merged shapefile with watershed boundary
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Creating Hydrologic Response Unit
Step 2: Processing Land Cover Data
Step 3: Create HRU Default Land Cover Classification Original Land Cover Classification
New ID Type ID Type
1 Water11 Open Water90 Woody wetlands95 Emergent herbaceous wetlands
2 Medium Residency
21 Developed, open space22 Developed, low intensity23 Developed, medium intensity24 Developed, high intensity
3 Forest41 Deciduous forest42 Evergreen forest43 Mixed forest
4 Agriculture
31 Barren land52 Shrub/scub71 Grassland/herbaceous81 Pasture/hay82 Cultivated crops
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Processing Time Series Data
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Processing NLDAS-2, MPE Gridded data
Aggregate Gridded Data for (sub-)Watersheds
• For NLDAS-2 gridded data • For MPE gridded data
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Processing NLDAS-2, MPE Gridded data
Aggregate Gridded Data for (sub-)Watersheds
• For NLDAS-2 gridded data • For MPE gridded data
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3. Hydrologic Model Library – TOPMODEL
TOPMODEL A physically based, semi-distributed watershed model that simulates hydrologic fluxes.
[Activity 1] — Compute Topographic Index Histogram for the whole watershed or each sub-basin.
[Activity 2] — Compute Area-Distance Histogram for routing flow.
[Activity 3] — Interactive activity for inputting/modifying initial condition and parameters.
[Activity 4] — TOPMODEL computation kernel.
The VB version converted from 9502 FORTRAN version is migrated into the following workflow.
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3. Hydrologic Model Library – SWAT
The hydrology component in SWAT is based on the water balance equation in the soil profile and simulates pro-cesses including canopy interception, snow melt, infiltration, surface runoff, evapotranspiration, lateral flow and perco-lation. Source codes: SWAT 2005 version
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Main Stream
Individual Hydrologic Methods
Hydrologic processes Methods
Potential Evapotranspiration
Penman-Monteith method
Thornthwaite method
Priestly-Taylor method
Hargreaves method
Runoff YieldSCS Curve Number
Green&Ampt method
Direct Runoff Routing
SCS Unit Hydrograph
Synder Unit Hydrograph
Clark Unit Hydrograph
Base FlowLinear Reservoir
Recession Baseflow
Channel Flow RoutingMuskingum method
Modified Wave method
3. Hydrologic Model Library– Single hydrologic processes
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4. Post-Analysis & Utilities Library
Comparison of simulated and observed hydrographs
Display both hydrographs
Compute seven performance measures
-- Hydrograph shape
-- Peak time and amount
-- Time lag or shifts
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4. Post-Analysis & Utilities Library
Water Balance Check
--Total Amount
--Distribution among hydrologic components
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Code Implementation
Activities
Encoded in C# and compiled into Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL).
Define input/output variables explicitly via a metadata-tagging approach.
Define “Execute” function that is invoked by the engine at run time.
Programming work
Scripting from the ground up.
Converting legacy codes from other language to C#.
e.g. from VB to C# (TOPMODEL)
from C to C# (SWAT)
Compiling legacy codes into DLL, and creating invoker interface to access functions within the DLL.
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Data Structure
Major components
physical computation elements: Sub-basin, River, HRU
Time Series: gridded or gauge-based.
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Applications
• Schuylkill Watershed: Located in Southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The river is approxi-mately 209km in length, and the watershed covers about 5,229 sq.km.
Studies
Sub-studies
• conduct DEM processing via three types of workflows, and subdivide watershed under two schemes.
apply the SWAT workflow to simulate daily runoff hydrographs over a 4 year period ranging from 2005 to 2008.
apply the TOPMODEL workflow along with a loosely coupled hydrologic model for the simulation of a flood event.
• analyze precipitation data accessed from different data sources.
• estimate potential evapotranpiration using activities encapsulating different approaches.
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Raw DEM Sink Filled DEM Flow Direction Flow Accumulation Total Flow Path
Stream Raster Stream order Watershed Grid Watershed and River Network (.shp)
Step 1: Delineate watershed and generate river network
• Schuylkill DEM: Cell size 1 arc second,4950*3826 cells, Geospatial Extent (39.86,-76.4,40.9,-75.1)• Workflows: 1)Step by Step workflow, 2)Terrain Processing workflow, 3)Web service based work-
flow• Delineation: 1) 7 sub-basins: 500,000 cells as threshold 2) 33 sub-basins: 100,000 cells as threshold
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Step 2: Create Hydrologic Response Units
• Reclassified Land Cover Data • Merged Soil Groups
• HRUS
-- 7 sub-basin watershed contains 23 HRUs
-- 33 sub-basin watershed contains 114 HRUs
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Step 3: Access and process meteorological data
• Get precipitation data from NLDAS-2 and NWS MPE
• Temperature, Solar radiation, wind speed, pressure are accessed from NLDAS-2
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Step 3: Access and process meteorological data
• Get precipitation data from NLDAS-2 and NWS MPE
• Temperature, Solar radiation, wind speed, pressure are accessed from NLDAS-2
The NLDAS and NWIS precipitation data exhibit a good correlation.
The NLDAS precipitation data are adopted in the following modeling.
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Step 4: Compute Daily Potential Evapotranspiration
PET Approaches
Penman-Monteith
Priestley-Taylor
Hargreaves
Thornthwaite
----temperature, atmospheric pres-sure, relative humidity, solar radia-tion, wind speed
----temperature, atmospheric pres-sure, relative humidity, solar radia-tion
----temperature
----temperature
The Thornthwaite underestimates the PET significantly, while the other three methods exhibit close simula-tions.
The estimates of Penman-Monteith method are adopted in the following modeling.
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Step 5: Simulating Daily Hydrographs via SWAT workflow
Workflow: run for 7-sub-basin and 33-sub-basin watershed, over a period of 4 years(2005-2008)
----not fit well.
----no significant difference between two simula-tions.
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Step 5: Simulating Daily Hydrographs via SWAT workflow
Water Balance Check
Difference=Precipitation-Evaporation-Runoff-∆Soil Water
Precipitation Evaporation Runoff ΔSoil Water Difference
7-Subbasin(in) 193.7 186.2 5.05 -0.05 2.5
33-Subbasin(in) 193.7 189.08 4.88 -0.05 -0.21
Water Balance Comparison over Sub-basins
• Add river discharge as an additional input in computing water balance for each sub-basin.
• Aggregate the water balance of finer sub-basins belonging to each coarse sub-basin.
• The water balance accumulated from that of finer sub-basins is close to the one of corresponding coarse sub-basin.
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Step 6: Simulating hourly hydrographs via TOPMODEL workflow & a loosely coupled hydrologic model workflow
Loosely coupled hydrologic model workflow
TOPMODEL workflow
Inputs
----NLDAS-2 hourly precipitation
----Penman-Monteith PET
Inputs
----NLDAS-2 hourly precipitation
Flood Event
----October 8th -11th ,2005
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Step 6: Simulating hourly hydrographs via TOPMODEL workflow & a loosely coupled hydrologic model workflow
Loosely coupled hydrologic model workflow
TOPMODEL workflow
Inputs
----NLDAS-2 hourly precipitation
----Penman-Monteith PET
Inputs
----NLDAS-2 hourly precipitation
Flood Event
----October 8th -11th ,2005
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Discussions
Applicability of HCMS
Performance of HCMS
In general, it is remarkably straightforward to build up workflows in the HCMS for hydrologic modeling purposes.
It can save time and effort through the automated execution that the workflow sequences afford.
With the nationwide data coverage of incorporated data sources, the HCMS can be applied to anywhere in the US.
Execution time losses
---- The workflow engine needs 15-40 seconds to initiate the workflow before execution.
---- The interactive activity takes an additional 5-15 seconds to start up the interactive window.
The losses are insignificant for workflows involving heavy computations, e.g. DEM processing for large areas; How-ever, they are indeed considered as a burden for the workflows need less run time.
Saved time
---- in the preparation of model input.
---- in parallel execution using web service based activities.
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Summary
The purpose of our work is to design a hydrologic community modeling sys-tem(HCMS) that permits the seamless integration of data flows from source, to preparation, to ingestion, to model execution, to harvesting and analysis of result data.
TRIDENT workflow system provides a platform for designing the HCMS and for assembling hydrologic models as workflow sequences.
The HCMS was tested by carrying out several typical hydrologic modeling studies over Schuylkill watershed. It is proved to be used quite well as a mod-eling platform. While it is not computational cost free due to the middle ware layer, the additional time consumption is “affordable”, especially in the lengthy data preparation arena.
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Future Work
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