Prematurity and IUGR
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Dr. Kalpana MallaMD Pediatrics
Manipal Teaching Hospital
• Preterm – born before 37 completed weeks of gestation• IUGR - birth weight is <10TH CENTILE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE or > 2 SDs below mean for GA.
Types of IUGR
• Symmetric IUGR: weight,length and head circumference are all below the 10 th percentile. (33 % of IUGR Infants)
• Asymmetric IUGR: weight is below the 10 th percentile and head circumference and length are preserved. (55 % IUGR)
• Combined type IUGR: Infant may have skeletal shortening, some reduction of soft tissue mass. (12 % of IUGR)
Characteristics of IUGRSymmetric (chronic)• Early onset - Due to 1. intrinsic cong infection or chromosomal genetic
defects 2. Extrinsic factor (early gestational life) – maternal
malnutrition, alcohol, smoking• Normal ponderal index• Brain symmetrical to body• Decreased growth potentialExamples - Genetic causes, chromosomal - TORCH infections - Anomalad Syndromes
Characteristics of IUGR
Asymmetric (acute)• Late onset- Environmental factors• Brain sparing• Has better prognosis Examples• Hypoxia• Preeclampsia (PIH, PET)• Chronic hypertension
Ponderal Index
• Way of characterizing the relationship of height to mass for an individual.
• PI = 1000 x
• Typical values are 20 to 25.• PI is normal in symmetric IUGR.• PI is low in asymmetric IUGR.
Mass (kgs) Height (cms)
3
Causes of Preterm BirthFETAL • Fetal distress• Multiple gestation• Erythroblastosis• Nonimmune hydrops
PLACENTAL • Placental dysfunction• Placenta previa• Abruptio placentae
Causes of Preterm Birth
UTERINE • Bicornuate uterus• Incompetent cervix (premature
dilatation)
Causes of Preterm Birth
MATERNAL • Preeclampsia• Chronic medical illness (e.g.,
cyanotic heart disease, renal disease)
• Infection (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes, group B streptococcus, urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, chorioamnionitis)
• Drug abuse (e.g.cocaine)
Causes of Preterm Birth
OTHER • Premature rupture of membranes• Polyhydramnios• Trauma
Factors Associated with IUGR
FETAL • Chromosomal disorders • Chronic fetal infections (e.g.,
cytomegalic inclusion disease, congenital rubella, syphilis)
• Congenital anomalies–syndrome complexes
• Irradiation
Factors Associated with IUGR
FETAL • Multiple gestation• Pancreatic hypoplasia• Insulin deficiency• Insulin-like growth factor type I
deficiency
Factors Associated with IUGR
PLACENTAL FACTORS
• Placental insufficiency ( most imp in 3rd trimester) • Villous placentitis (bacterial, viral,
parasitic)• Infarction• Tumor (chorioangioma, hydatidiform
mole)• Premature placental separation• Small Placenta • Twin transfusion syndrome
Factors Associated with IUGR
Maternal Factors:• Decrease Uteroplacental blood flow:
- Pre eclampsia / eclampsia- chronic renovascular disease- Chronic hypertension
• Maternal malnutrition, & chronic illness• Multiple pregnancy• Drugs
- Cigarettes, alcohol, heroin, cocaine- Teratogens, antimetabolites and
therapeutic agents warfarin, phenytoin
Factors Associated with IUGR
• Maternal hypoxemia- Hemoglobinopathies - High altitudes
• Others- Short stature- Younger or older age (<15 and >45)- Low socioeconomic class- Primiparity- Grand multiparity- Low pregnancy weight- Previous h/o preterm IUGR baby
• Small but plump• Red or very pimk• Length <50cm• HC<35cm• Lanugo hair,vernix ++• Skin –shiny
transparent thin,edematous
• Ears,breast,genitalia –premature
• Hypotonic (floppy
• Wasted • White or pale pink• Length ≥ 50 cm• HC≥ 35 cm• Thick,dark hair• Skin – dry,loose thick• Ears,breast,genitalia –
mature• Good muscle tone
IUGR
• Heads are disproportionately large for their trunks and extremities
• Facial appearance has been likened to that of a “wizened old man”.
Problems of IUGR (SGA) Infants
• Hypoxia - Perinatal asphyxia
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension - Meconium aspiration
• Thermoregulation- Hypothermia due to diminished subcutaneous fat and elevated surface/volume ratio
Problems of IUGR (SGA) Infants
• Metabolic - Hypoglycemia
- result from inadequate glycogen stores.- diminished gluconeogenesis.- increased BMR
- Glucose needs of hypoxia - Hypothermia - Large brain
- Hypocalcemia- due to high serum glucagon level, which stimulate calcitonin excretion
Problems of IUGR (SGA) Infants
• Hematologic - hyperviscosity and polycythemia due to increase erythropoietin level sec. to hypoxia
• Immunologic- IUGR have increased protein catabolism and decreased in protein, prealbumin and immunoglobulins, which decreased humoral and cellular immunity.
Problems of IUGR (SGA) Infants
• Skeletal: Decreased ossification of endochondral & membranous cartilage.
• Malformations: Increased incidence of Cong.malformations.
Problems of IUGR (SGA) Infants
Dysmorphology• Syndrome anomalads• chromosomal-genetic disorders• Oligohydramnios-induced
deformations• TORCH infection• Pulmonary hemorrhage
Problems with Premature Infants
RESPIRATORY • Respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease) • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia• Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum;
interstitial emphysema• Congenital pneumonia• Pulmonary hypoplasia• Pulmonary hemorrhage• Apnea
Problems with Premature Infants
CARDIOVASCULAR • Patent ductus arteriosus • Hypotension• Hypertension• Bradycardia (with apnea)• Congenital malformations
Problems with Premature Infants
HEMATOLOGIC • Anemia (early or late onset)• Hyperbilirubinemia–indirect • Subcutaneous, organ (liver, adrenal)
hemorrhage • Disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy• Vitamin K deficiency
Problems with Premature Infants
GASTROINTESTINAL • Poor gastrointestinal function–poor
motility • Necrotizing enterocolitis• Congenital anomalies producing
polyhydramnios• Spontaneous gastrointestinal isolated
perforation
Problems with Premature Infants
METABOLIC-ENDOCRINE • Hypocalcemia • Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Late metabolic acidosis
Problems with Premature Infants
RENAL • Dyselectrolytemia – hyponatremia,
hypernatremia,hyperkalemia • Renal tubular acidosis
Problems with Premature Infants
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Intraventricular hemorrhage • Periventricular leukomalacia• Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy• Seizures• Retinopathy of prematurity• Deafness• Hypotonia
Problems with Premature Infants
• Congenital malformations• Kernicterus (bilirubin
encephalopathy)• Drug (narcotic) withdrawal
OTHER • Infections (congenital, perinatal,
nosocomial: bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal)
Management of IUGR
• Delivery and Resuscitation • Hypoglycemia
- close monitoring of blood glucose- early treatment ( IV dextrose, early feeding )
• Hematological Disorder - Hct to detect polycythemia• Congenital infection
- TORCH titer screening- Viral cx of urine, nasopharynx- Head CT to r/o calcification
Management of IUGR
• Genetic anomalies- screening- chromosomal analysis
• Others- serum calcium to r/o hypocalcemia- Mx - meconium aspiration
Management-PRETERM /LBW DELIVERY ROOM CARE
• Warmth and drying• Resuscitation / Respiratory support
• Oxygen blow-by• Bag-and-mask ventilation• Endotracheal intubation and ventilation
• Exogenous surfactant• Nasal CPAP if required
• Transfer to NICU in transport incubator
CRITERIA FOR NICU ADMISSION OF LBW BABIES *
• Gestational age <34 weeks• Birth weight < 1800 g• SGA with birth weight <3rd percentile • Any sick neonate, irrespective of BW
and gestational age
* Recommendations of the National Neonatology Forum
NICU CARE
• Temperature control• Respiratory support• Fluids and electrolytes• Nutritional support• Infection control• Cardiovascular support• Others- Skin care, Hyperbilirubinemia• Suplement
1. TEMPERATURE CONTROL• Aim: a) Maintaining temperature b) Prevent cold stress c) Reduce insensible water loss• Methods:
– Radiant warmer (290 C-310 C)– Pre warmed incubator ( 320C- 350C)
– Warm room – ( 210 C) – Heat shield– Warm clothing-cap, socks– KMC– Bath postponed
KANGAROO MOTHER CARE• Benefits
–Thermoregulation–Exclusive breast feeding–Physiologic stability–Decreased incidence of infection– Infant-mother bonding–Cost effective
2. RESPIRATORY SUPPORT
• Free flow oxygen• Ventilatory
support• Surfactant
therapy
3. FLUID REQUIREMENT
Fluid requirements are higher in LBW infants due to–Greater insensible water losses –Faster breathing rates–Decreased ability to concentrate
urine–Greater use of radiant warmers –Greater use of phototherapy units
RATE OF ADMINISTRATION*
Birth weight (g)
Fluid rate (ml/kg/day)
500 - 600 140 - 200
601 - 800 120 - 130
801 - 1000 90 - 110
1000 - 1500 80 - 100
>1500 60 - 80
*on first 2 days of life
RATE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Fluid rate can be increased by 10-20 ml/kg/d to gradually reach 150 ml/kg/d
• Fluid requirements need to be individualized for each baby
• Enteral nutrition has to be considered once the baby is stable
FLUID COMPOSITION & MONITORING
• Dextrose solutions to give 6 -8 mg/kg/min of glucose
• Sodium supplementation from day 2• Frequent monitoring of
• Serum glucose levels• Urine output & specific gravity • Weight (twice daily)• Serum electrolytes (ideally q8h – q12h)
• Physical assessment
4. TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
• Indications– Infants with BW ≤ 1000 g– Infants with BW ≤ 1500 g, done in
conjunction with slowly advancing enteral nutrition
– Infants with BW 1501-1800 g for whom enteral intake is not expected for > 3 days
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
• Glucose : 6 - 8 mg/kg/min• Amino acids : 1.5 - 2 g/kg/d• Lipid : 0.5 - 1 g/kg/d• Sodium : 2 - 4 mEq/kg/d• Potassium : 2 - 3 mEq/kg/d• Chloride : 2 - 4 mEq/kg/d
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
• Calcium • Phosphorous• Magnesium • Others:
–Zinc–Copper–Chromium–Selenium–Molybdenum
EARLY ENTERAL NUTRITION
Trophic feeding/ Gut priming Practice of feeding very small amounts
of enteral nourishment to stimulate development of the immature GIT
Adv: Improves GI motility Enhances enzyme maturation Improves mineral absorption Lowers incidence of cholestasis Shortens time to regain birth weight
ENTERAL NUTRITION
• Breast milk or ½ or full strength preterm formula at 10ml/kg/d by intermittent gavage/ continuous nasogastric drip
• Increase by 10-15 ml/kg/d to reach 150ml/kg/d
• Increments not >20 ml/kg/d• IV fluids can be stopped once
120ml/kg/d is reached• On reaching 150ml/kg/d,calorie
density can be increased
FEEDING GUIDELINES
PRETERMS• <1200 g/ <32 wks: IV fluids for first
2-3 days, once stable start gavage feeding
• 1200-1800 g/ 32-34 wks: Start gavage feeding, once vigorous start spoon/ breast feeding
FEEDING GUIDELINES
• >1800 g/ >34 wks: Start breast feeding directly; if trial feed takes>20 mins or intake is less than required, switch to gavage feeding
TERM IUGRs/ SGA• Breast feeding
PRETERM HUMAN MILKAdvantages:
–Higher concentrations of amino acids
–Higher concentrations of essential fatty acids
–Lower renal solute load–Specific bio-active factors provide
immunity–Promotes intestinal maturation
PRETERM HUMAN MILK
Disadvantages:–Low concentrations of Vitamin D,
Ca, P – Inadequate iron
ENTERAL NUTRITION
• Energy : 130 - 175 Kcal/kg/d• Protein :3.4 - 4.2 g/kg/d• Fat :6 - 8 g/kg/d• Na :3 - 7 mEq/kg/d• Cl :3 - 7 mEq/kg/d• K :2 - 3 mEq/kg/d• Ca :100 – 220 mg/kg/d
5. INFECTION CONTROL• LBW infants are at a greater risk of
sepsis • Practices that can prevent/minimize
infections:–Strict adherence to hand-washing–Minimal handling & clustering of
procedures– Barrier nursing–Antibiotics
5. INFECTION CONTROL
–Practices that can prevent/minimize infection:
–Restriction of broad spectrum antibiotics use
–Minimizing duration of mechanical ventilation
–Early initiation of enteral feeds–Central & peripheral venous catheter
care
6.CARDIOVASCULAR SUPPORT
• Blood pressure maintenance with• Fluids • Pressor agents if required
• PDA: –Fluid restriction–Diuretic therapy – Increased ventilatory support– Indomethacin therapy–Surgical ligation
7. SKIN CARE
• Stratum corneum is deficient in preterms• Mature epidermal barrier is established by
2 weeks post natal age• Limited use of adhesives• Frequent repositioning of infant• Use of soft bedding or water mattress• Prophylactic use of emollients is no longer
recommended• Jaundice – early management
8. SUPPLEMENTATION
• Human Milk Fortifiers• Calcium:50-100 mg/kg/d from end of 1st
week to 40 weeks post-conceptional age• Iron:2-2.5 mg/kg/d from 6-8 wks of age till
12 months of age• Vitamins
– Vitamin A(1000U/d) & Vitamin D(400U/d) ,Vit C – 50mg/d from 2 weeks of age
– Vitamin E -15 IU/d for VLBW infants till 37 weeks
Outcome
• Symmetric vs. Asymmetric IUGR- symmetric has poor outcome compare to asymmetric
• Preterm IUGR has high incidence of abnormalities• IUGR with chromosomal disease has 100% incidence
of handicap• Congenital infection has poor outcome - handicap
rate > 50%• IUGR has higher rate of learning disability.
“Long term” Morbidity of IUGR“Long term” Morbidity of IUGRFactors associated with abnormal
outcome ? Microcephaly
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Symptomatic hypoglycemia Symptomatic hyperviscosity
Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases ?Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases ?• Coronary artery disease correlates
inversely with birth weight• Rate of non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus is highest in the “thinnest” babies at birth (low ponderal index)
• High serum cholesterol are linked to disproportionate size at birth (body smaller than head)
• Increased rate of hypertension in infants who were thin, short, &/or proportionately small at birth
Sequelae of Low Birth weight
• Mental retardation• Poor school performance• Spasticity• Seizures• Hydrocephalus• Sensorineural injury-Hearing • Short-bowel syndrome• Malabsorption
Sequelae of Low Birth weight
• Visual impairment• Retinopathy of prematurity• Strabismus, myopia• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, • Bronchospasm• Recurrent pneumonia
Sequelae of Low Birthweight
• Growth failure - Failure to thrive • Gastroesophageal reflux• PEM• Osteopenia, fractures, • Anemia
Follow-up
• Anemia• Retinopathy of prematurity• Hearing screenings• Cholestasis• Stable temperature regulation• Gaining weight on oral feedings• Nutritional support
Follow-up
• Breast-feeding• Appropriate immunizations• Ophthalmologic examination if <27
wk or <1,250?g at birth
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