Cell Structure & Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

Microscope image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscopeCork image: http://www.cortex.de/img_kork/cork_cells_big.jpgHooke image: http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/upload/5/5c/Hookeyoungmtwb.jpg

1665-______________________used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and saw “little boxes”

He called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

Robert Hooke

Microscope/Leeuwenhoek image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscopeAnimation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

1673-___________________________________a Dutch microscope maker was the first to see LIVING ORGANISMS.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Plant image: http://www.epa.gov/maia/images/classification.gifSchleiden image: http://web.visionlearning.com/events/Schleiden_Apr5_2005.htm

1838-German botanist __________________________concluded that ALL PLANTS are made of cells

Matthias Schleiden

Schwann image: http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htmAnimals image: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.htm

1839-German zoologist_________________________concluded that

ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS

Theodor Schwann

Virchow: http://www.parlament-berlin.de/Galeriecopy.nsf/0/8ABC720262898739C1256A480037F869?OpenDocumentMitosis: http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/labs/lab_6_images/sect01and06/Rebecca,%20tanner,%20and%20liam%20mitosis%20root%20tip.jpg

1855-German medical doctor _____________________saw dividing cellsin the microscopeand reasoned that cells come from other cells

Rudolph Virchow

CELL THEORY1. All living things are ________________________.

2. Cells are the basic unit of ____________ & _____________ in an organism. (cell = basic unit of _____________)

3. Cells come from the reproduction of ____________ cells

Cell image: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm

MADE OF CELLS

existing

lifeSTRUCTURE FUNCTION

All living things made of cells BUT… organisms can be very different.

UNICELLULARMULTICELLULAR

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/bacsiz.GIF

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif

CELL SIZE

Typical cells range from: 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm

How big is a micron ( µ ) ?http://www.talentteacher.com/pics/005cb.jpg

1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS.

Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg

They have different kinds of cells doing different jobs

Cells in a multi-cellular organism become SPECIALIZED by turning different genes on and off Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Cell Specialization =DIFFERENTIATION

SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLSMuscle cells Red blood cells

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg

http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~ajohnson/Cells.html

Cheek cells

Specialized Plant cells

Guard cellsXylem cells

Pollen

Guard cells: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/img/Botany_130/Diversity/Bryophytes/Anthoceros/Guard_cells.jpgXylem: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Secondary_Growth/Woody_Stems/Tilia_Stem/Secondary_Growth/One_Year_Stem/Primary_xylem_MC.jpgPollen: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/pollen.jpg

________ __________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

____________ ____________ CELLS TISSUES

IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

Similar cells working together

The cell

• The basic unit of structure and function in all _________ things.

Cell Theory• All living things are made up of

cells. (Schleiden and Schwann)• Cells are the smallest working

units of all living things. (S/S)• All cells come from preexisting

cells through cell division. (Virchow)

Examples of CellsAmoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic•Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic• Do not have

structures surrounded by membranes

• Few internal structures

• One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes• Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

Cell Parts

Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Wall/ Cell Membrane

Entering (and exiting) the cellCELL WALL

• A stiff wall that surrounds the cell membrane, giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape

• Function: protection & support

• This structure is only on the plant cell

CELL MEMBRANE• Forms the outside

boundary that separates the cell from its environment

• Function: controls what comes in and out of the cell

Cell Membrane• Outer membrane

of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell

• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Wall

• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

• Supports & protects cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus

• Acts as the “brain” of the cell or the control center

• Directs all of the cell’s activities

• Where DNA is found

Nucleus

• Cells without a nucleus: ______________• Cells with a nucleus: ________________

___________________________ ___________________________

Nucleus

• Directs cell activities• Separated from cytoplasm by

nuclear membrane• Contains genetic material - DNA

Nucleus

• The nucleus of the cell contains the genetic information (DNA)

Nuclear Membrane• Surrounds nucleus• Made of two layers• Openings allow

material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus

• Contains RNA to build proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chromosomes

• In nucleus• Made of DNA• Contain

instructions for traits & characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm• Gel-like mixture• Surrounded by cell membrane• Contains hereditary material

Cytoplasm

• A gel-like fluid found throughout the entire cell wherein the organelles are found.

• It is constantly moving so the cell does not need to propel itself.

Mitochondria

• The “powerhouse” of the cell

• Produces energy for the cell

Proteins in the cell

• Endoplasmic Reticulum– Carry proteins and other materials from one

part of the cell to another• Ribosomes

– Factories that produce proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials

around in cell• Smooth type: lacks

ribosomes• Rough type

(pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Ribosomes• Each cell contains

thousands• Make proteins• Found on

ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes

Golgi Bodies

• The cell’s “mailroom”• Receives proteins

and other materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

Lysosomes

• Cell’s cleanup crew• Breaks down old cell parts and releases

the substances so they can be used again.

Vacuoles• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

• Contains water solution

• Help plants maintain shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Plant Cells Animal Cells

• Larger vacuoles

• Chloroplast• Cell wall• Cells have

definite shape

• Smaller vacuoles, some have no vacuoles

• No cell wall and no chloroplast

• More lysosomes• More mitochondria

VACUOLES

• Storage area of the cell• Stores food and water• Plants have one large vacuole for water• Some animal cells have them & others do

not

Chloroplasts

• Capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

• Found only in the plant cell

Chloroplast• Usually found in

plant cells• Contains green

chlorophyll• Where

photosynthesis takes place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html