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Total WarTotal War• General Ulysses S. Grant General Ulysses S. Grant
named commander of the commander of the Union Union army in March 1864
• Grant’s strategyGrant’s strategy– Pursue Lee in VirginiaPursue Lee in Virginia– General Sherman pushGeneral Sherman push to the to the
AtlanticAtlantic
• Sherman uses total warSherman uses total war to cut a path 60 miles wide and 300 miles long through Georgia– His success aids in Lincoln’s aids in Lincoln’s
victory in the election of 1864victory in the election of 1864– Breaks the spirit of the SouthBreaks the spirit of the South
Battle Date State Leaders N/S
V & I
The The WildernessWilderness
May 4 – 6, 1864
Virginia Grant
Lee
Confederate victory, but Union did not retreat and kept pressing Lee
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WildernessWilderness Campaign
• Both forces fought in a Both forces fought in a mangle of trees and mangle of trees and brush brush – So thick it was difficult to So thick it was difficult to
see each othersee each other
• Union lost 17,000 menUnion lost 17,000 men– Grant vowed not to retreatGrant vowed not to retreat
• June 1864, at Petersburg June 1864, at Petersburg they dug trenches and they dug trenches and fought for 10 monthsfought for 10 months
• On On April 3, 1865 the April 3, 1865 the Union took RichmondUnion took Richmond, , the Confederate capitalthe Confederate capital– Confederates attempted to Confederates attempted to
burn itburn it
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Battle Date State Leaders N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
AtlantaAtlanta July 16 – Sept 2, 1864
Georgia ShermanSherman
Hood
Union captured the “heart of the South” launched the “march to the sea” leading to total wartotal war
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Lincoln’s 2Lincoln’s 2ndnd InaugurationInauguration
• March 4, 1865March 4, 1865– Cold, windy, rainy day in Cold, windy, rainy day in
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
• Lincoln spoke in front of Lincoln spoke in front of the Capital buildingthe Capital building– Dome was completeDome was complete
• John Wilkes Booth was an John Wilkes Booth was an invited guestinvited guest
• Recalled the major cause of Recalled the major cause of warwar
• Vowed to restore peace & Vowed to restore peace & unityunity
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his
widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”
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“There is nothing left for me to do but go & see General Grant, & I would rather die a thousand
deaths.”
CONFEDERATE LINES BREAK ON APRIL 2, 1865
LEE RETREATS WEST OF RICHMOND
UNION BLOCKED HIS ESCAPE ROUTE
Battle Date State Leaders N/S
V & I
Appomattox Appomattox CourthouseCourthouse
(surrender)(surrender)
April 9, 1865
Virginia GrantGrant
Lee
Lee signs the Unions terms of surrender; Confederates were allowed to return home with property (except weapons)
Main Battles Main Battles -Review-Review
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, April 9, 1965
Lee surrendered to GrantLee surrendered to Grant
Confederates sent home without weapons
Jefferson Davis is captured Jefferson Davis is captured on May 10 & the war officially ends& the war officially ends
“I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly…though [the cause]…[was] one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one which there was the least excuse. I do not question
the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.”
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Cost of the WarCost of the War
• Deadliest war in US Deadliest war in US historyhistory– 620,000 dead620,000 dead– 535,000 wounded535,000 wounded
• 3,000,000 served3,000,000 served– About 10% of the About 10% of the
populationpopulation
• North & South combined North & South combined spent more than 5 times spent more than 5 times the spent in the previous the spent in the previous 8 DECADES8 DECADES
Casualties
Union Confederacy
Death from wounds
110,070 94,000
Death from disease
249,458 164,000
Total death rate
23 percent 24 percent
Wounded 275,175100,000
(approx.)
Economic Costs• Federal loans and taxes to finance the
war totaled $2.6 billion = $36.5 billion today
• Federal debt on June 30, 1865 rose to $2.7 billion = almost $37 billion today
• Confederate debt ran over $700 million = $9 billion today
• Union inflation reached 179% by 1865
• Confederate inflation rose to 9,000%
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Constitutional AmendmentConstitutional Amendment• Union Army marched Union Army marched
through the South & through the South & released slavesreleased slaves– The officers read the The officers read the
Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation at each plantationat each plantation
• Jan. 1865 – Lincoln Jan. 1865 – Lincoln urged Congress to end urged Congress to end slaveryslavery
• 1313thth Amendment Amendment passed in 1865passed in 1865– Ended slavery in AmericaEnded slavery in America– By year’s end, 27 states By year’s end, 27 states
ratifiedratified– 8 in the South ratified it8 in the South ratified it
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Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln Assassinated
• Lincoln shot 5 days Lincoln shot 5 days after the surrenderafter the surrender – While watching a play at While watching a play at
Ford’s Theatre in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
• He’s shot by by a a Confederate supporter, Confederate supporter, John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth– Booth jumped onto the Booth jumped onto the
stage and escapedstage and escaped– Broke his leg in the Broke his leg in the
processprocess
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Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination• Secretary of State Secretary of State
William Seward was William Seward was stabbedstabbed– He later recovered He later recovered
• Vice President Andrew Vice President Andrew Johnson was supposed Johnson was supposed to be assassinatedto be assassinated
• Booth was tracked & Booth was tracked & killedkilled
• The other conspirators The other conspirators were hanged or were hanged or imprisonedimprisoned
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AssassinationAssassination Aftermath Aftermath• Lincoln died the next Lincoln died the next
morningmorning– The bullet could not The bullet could not
be removed from his be removed from his brainbrain
– First president to be First president to be assassinatedassassinated
• Vice Pres. Andrew Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was sworn Johnson was sworn in as in as the 17the 17thth President of the U.S.President of the U.S.
Funeral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President Lincoln
Victory parade after the Victory parade after the surrendersurrender
Victory parade after the Victory parade after the surrendersurrender
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Causes Immediate Immediate EffectsConflict over slavery in the territories Abolition of slaveryAbolition of slavery
Economic differences between the North & South Devastation of the SouthDevastation of the South
Failure of Congress to compromise Reconstruction of SouthReconstruction of South
Election of Lincoln as presidentLong-Term Long-Term EffectsGrowth of industryGrowth of industry
Secession of Southern states Government more powerGovernment more power
Firing on Fort Sumter Nation reunitedNation reunited
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