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corrections etc. would be welcome via: [email protected] A. J.
Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and
Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 3
PART I: PREPARATION Chapter 1: Introduction to Research: What,
Why & Who?
Slide 4
Structure 10. Questionnaires 9. Qualitative 13. Sampling 11.
Experimental 8. Observation 7. Secondary data 16. Survey data 15.
Qualitative 18. Research report 14. Secondary 4. Research ethics 3.
Starting out 6. Reviewing lit. 5. Range of methods 2. Approaches 1.
Introduction PART I PREPARATION PART II DATA COLLECTION 12. Case
studies PART III ANALYSIS PART IV COMMUNICATE RESULTS 17.
Statistical A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for
Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge
Slide 5
Scope What is research? Why study research? Who does research?
Who pays? Outputs 25 slides A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research
Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide.
London: Routledge Content
Slide 6
Sport non-organised Walking transport Physical exercise Cycling
transport Physical work - employment Physical work domestic Walking
leisure Cycling leisure Sport - organised Other exercise
Work/domestic/ personal time Leisure time Fig. 1.1 Physical
exercise and sport Scope A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research
Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide.
London: Routledge
Slide 7
What is research? Research defined Scientific research Social
science research Three types of research A. J. Veal and S. Darcy
(2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 8
Definition: The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all
sciences. Put simply and cursorily, the aim is to make known
something previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance
human knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting.. The
aim is.. discovery. - Norbert Elias A. J. Veal & S. Darcy
(2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 9
Scientific research Research conducted within the rules of
science Based on: Logic Systematic examination of evidence Ideally
can be replicated Knowledge is cumulative A. J. Veal & S. Darcy
(2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 10
Social science research Deals with people (individually and in
informal and formal groups) Uses methods and traditions of social
science People are less predictable than non-human phenomena The
social world is constantly changing People can be aware of research
being conducted on them A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research
Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide.
London: Routledge
Slide 11
Three types of research ( Three types of research (Fig. 1.2)
Descriptive - finding out, describing what is Explanatory -
explaining how or why things are as they are (and using this to
predict) Evaluative - evaluation of policies and programmes A. J.
Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and
Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 12
Descriptive research Because the social world is constantly
changing, descriptive research is continuously needed E.g. Periodic
data on sport participation Descriptive research needed for: market
profiles needs assessment, etc. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 13
Explanatory research Involves: why and how? Causality: A is
caused by B Prediction: a change in A will result in a change in B
Biological and social science A causes B to a predictable extent A.
J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies
and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 14
Evaluative research To what extent has a programme achieved its
aims? A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport
Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge
Slide 15
Why study research? Why study research? (Fig. 1.3)
Understanding research reports, etc. which you read Conducting
academic research projects eg a thesis Research is a management
tool in: policy-making planning managing evaluating A. J. Veal
& S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport
Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 16
Examples of policy/planning/management research Level Governing
body of sport Policy Host world championships Plan (a)Develop key
facilities (b)Prepare/subm it a bid Management (If successful)
Manage the championship event. Fig. 1.4 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy
(2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 17
Examples of policy/planning/management research Level Governing
body of sport Community sport centre Policy Host world
championships Maximise use by all age-groups Plan (a)Develop key
facilities (b)Prepare/subm it a bid Two year plan to increase
visits by older people by 50% Management (If successful) Manage the
championship event. Implement daily morning keep-fit sessions for
older people A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for
Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge
Slide 18
Examples of policy/planning/management research Level Governing
body of sport Community sport centre Sport club Policy Host world
championships Maximise use by all age-groups Develop junior
competition Plan (a)Develop key facilities (b)Prepare/subm it a bid
Two year plan to increase visits by older people by 50% Prepare
strategy plan to recruit teams/coaches & secure venues/
sponsorship Management (If successful) Manage the championship
event. Implement daily morning keep-fit sessions for older people
Implement the strategy A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research
Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide.
London: Routledge
Slide 19
The Rational-Comprehensive Planning/ Management Process (Fig.
1.5) 1. Terms of reference/brief 2. Values/mission/vision/goals 3.
Decide planning approach 5. Consult with stakeholders 4.
Environmental appraisal 7. Evaluate options 8. Decide
strategy/goals/objectives 9. Implement/manage 10.
Monitor/evaluate/feedback Research can play a role in all stages 6.
Develop options A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods
for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge
Slide 20
Example of planning/management + research (Fig 1.6)
StepsPlanning/policy/management activity Associated research 1.
BriefIncrease young people's participation in sport Existing
research indicates 40% participation rate 2. Set values/
mission/goals Increase participation level to 60% over 5 years - 3.
Decide planning approach Needs-based, demand-based, etc.: for
discussion, see Veal (2010: Ch. 7) As below 4. Environmental
appraisal Consider existing supply - demandExisting programs &
infrastructure fully used 5. Consult stakeholders Consult sporting
clubs, schools, young people Survey indicates support in all
groups; confirms feasibility 6. Develop options1. Publicity
campaign 2. Free vouchers 3. Build more community facilities 4.
Provide support to clubs/ schools 5. Train leaders/coaches/
teachers Review of experience of each option in other regions,
based on published accounts and a survey A. J. Veal & S. Darcy
(2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 21
Example contd. StepsPlanning/policy/management activity
Associated research 7. Evaluate optionsEvaluate options 1-5Each
option costed; on basis of survey evidence, estimate made of
cost-effectiveness of each option. 8. Decode strategy/
gals/objectives Options 3 & 4 adoptedOptions 3 & 4
recommended 9. Implement/ manage Implement options 3 & 4- 10.
Monitor/evaluate/ feedback Assess success in terms of increased
participation. Continue program: increase resources for training
coaches/ leaders Survey indicates participation increase to 45%
after 1 year, but shortage of coaches/ leaders A. J. Veal & S.
Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport
Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 22
Who does research? Who does research? (Fig. 1.7) Academics Part
of the job description. Knowledge for its own sake = some
engagement with industry/professions Students Coursework projects +
Theses Government and commercial organisations To inform/evaluate
evidence-based policy Managers To inform practice. monitor
performance, aid decision- making Consultants Under contract to
govt and industry A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods
for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge
Slide 23
Managers conduct research on: (Fig. 1.7) Current customers
Potential customers/community market research Environmental
appraisal Organisational performance Sales Efficiency Staff
performance/motivation Competitors Products Existing New A. J. Veal
& S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport
Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 24
Who pays? Who pays? (Fig. 1.9) Unfunded University internal
funds Government-funded research councils Private trusts Industry
public, commercial or non-profit A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A
practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide 25
Research outputs Research outputs (Fig. 1.10) Academic journal
articles Professional journal articles Conference
presentations/papers Books Policy/planning/management reports
Position statements Market profiles Market research Market
segmentation/lifestyle studies Feasibility studies Sport/recreation
needs studies Sport tourism strategies/marketing plans Forecasting
studies A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport
Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London:
Routledge