Land Use and Transport for Low Carbon Cities
Sunny Kodukula, Project Coordinator, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Energy and Environment
UNCRD - Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum
October 2018, Ulaanbataar, Mongolia
Urban structures
Urban Transport Planning Approach
• Focus on automobiles
• Expand road networks
• Predict and Provide
• Parking is a need for cars
Traditional Approach
• People centred planning
• Focus on green areas
• Walking, Cycling and Public Transport
• Car restraint measures
Sustainable Approach (non-
traditional?)
Experience from Traditional Approach
- High demand for space
- High impact on health and environment
- High impact on traffic
- High demand to travel
- Urban sprawl
- Increased trips and lengths
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Changing Course in
Urban Transport
- High demand for space
- High impact on health and environment
- High impact on traffic
- High demand to travel
- Urban sprawl
- Increased trips and lengths
Experience from Traditional Approach
Is the use of space efficient?
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Is the use of space efficient?
Car-oriented planning
Delhi: current situation Is this the future we are heading to ?
Car-oriented planning: indicators❯ Sources:
❯ 1. Colorado Springs, Colarado, USA –Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg
❯ 2. Houston, TX, USA – Source: http://www.photohome.com/pictures/texas-pictures/houston/downtown-houston-4a.jpg
❯ 3. Ontario Highway 401, Canada – Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highway_401.png
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Changing Course in
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Car-oriented planning: indicators
Sources:
1. Colorado Springs, Colarado, USA – Source: http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg
2. Houston, TX, USA – Source: http:/ / www.photohome.com/ pictures/ texas-pictures/ houston/ downtown-houston-4a.jpg
3. Ontario Highway 401, Canada – Source: http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Highway_401.png
Low density
Segregated zoning
Excessive road infrastructure
Tale of two cities
Atlanta
❯ Population: 5.25 million
❯ Urban area: 4,280 km2
❯ CO2 Emissions from urban transport: 7.5 T CO2 /ha/yr(public + private transport)
❯ About 500,000 public transport trips / weekday
Atlanta, GA, USA
Barcelona, Spain
❯ Population: 5.33 million
❯ Urban area: 162 km2
❯ CO2 Emissions from urban transport: 0.7 T CO2 /ha/yr(public + private transport)
❯ About 2.6 million trips / day
❯ 953 million boardings/year
Way we move
❯Cities with similar population and the use of private transport
Figu
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Public Transit and urban density
Source: Kodukula and Rat, 2018
0K 1K 2K 3K 4K 5K 6K 7K 8K 9K 10K 11K 12K 13K 14K 15K 16K 17K 18K 19K 20K 21K 22K
UrbanDensit y
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
55.00%
60.00%
65.00%
Pu
bli
cT
ran
sp
ort
Bremen
2004
Munich
2011
St ut t gart
2004
Amst erdam
2014
Barcelona
2013
Berlin
2012
Bilbao
2004
Bogot a
2008
Bost on
2016
Brussels
2010
Budapest
2011
Chicago
2016
Delhi
2011
Eindhoven
2004
Indore
2011
Jakart a
2011
London
2016
Madrid
2006
Malmö
2011Melbourne
2016
Milan
2007
Moscow
Mumbai
2011
Osaka
2000Oslo
2013
Paris
2010
Pune-PimpriChinchwad
2011
Rajkot
2011
SanJose
2016
Shanghai
2011
Singapore
2011St ockholm
2004
Tokyo
2008
Turin
2004
Vancouver
2016
Vilnius
2011
UrbanDensit yvsPublicTransport use
Count ry
Aust ralia
Aust r ia
Belgium
Canada
China
Colombia
Denmark
France
Germany
Hungary
India
Indonesia
It aly
Japan
Lit huania
Net her lands
NewZealand
Norway
Poland
Russia
Singapore
Spain
Sweden
Swit zerland
Taiwan
Unit edKingdom
Unit edSt at es
SumofUrbanDensit yvs.sumofPublicTransport .Colorshowsdet ailsabout Count ry.ThemarksarelabeledbyCit yandsumofF9.
Urban density and energy
Sustainable approach
❯ Integrating Land Use and Transport!
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Changing Course in
Urban Transport
Principles of Sustainable approach
High density, compact
development
Mixed land uses
Transit oriented
development
Pedestrian / NMT scale
Integration is not rocket science
• To increase access to Public Transport, Walking andCycling so as to reduce dependency on personalizedmodes.
• To encourage people to travel short distances and makefewer trips.
• To encourage compact mixed use development nearnew or existing public transportation infrastructure thatprovides housing, employment, entertainment and civicfunctions within walking distance of transit.
• To reduce the fuel and energy consumption in themotorized forms of transport, reducing pollution andadverse impact on natural environment.
What carries how much?
Equivalency road width: In order to carry 20,000 automobile commuters PHPD, a highway must be at least 18 lanes wide. (assumption 1.2 passengers per automobile)
Source: Manfred Breithaupt (2016) based on Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures
19k
PPHPD Range 1.5k-2k
Mixed Traffic
40k – 60k
Heavy Rail/ Metro
60k – 90k
Suburban Rail(e.g. Mumbai)
14k
Cyclists
9k
BRT single lane
Pedestrians
5k
Regular Bus
??
BRTdouble lane
Light Rail
18k – 20k
2k 8k 14k15k,
Curitiba
19k
20k43k,
Bogota80k, HKK
>100k, Mumbai
Maximum PPHPD achieved
Accessibility + Mobility
❯ Accessibility: the ease of reaching a desired destination
❯ Mobility: Movement required (type of movement..)
Transport
• Transportation Policies, investments affect the accessibility, mobility and also the connectivity
Landuse
• The kind, size and location of a particular land can have direct effect on transport system
The 3Ds of land-use
❯Density
❯Diversity / mixed land use
❯Design
❯ Destinations (availability of jobs etc.)
❯ Distance to transit
High density / compact development
❯High density does not necessarily mean high-rise
❯High rises require large setback that result in similar density as low rise development
❯Mid-rise development (say 80% residences in 6-10 storey apartments) is optimal.
❯ It is important to note that most S. Asian cities already have high densities
Barcelona, Spain – Source: http://www.indie-holidays.com/destinations.php?city=2
Density: How not to…
❯ Inhuman scale
❯Not integrated with transit
❯Segregated zoning
❯What is the problem with a downtown?
Source: http://travelingcolors.net/post/24217917137/urban-sprawl-las-vegas-nevada-by-cocoim
Houston, TX, USA – Source: http://www.photohome.com/pictures/texas-pictures/houston/downtown-houston-4a.jpg
Diversity
❯ Is this diversity?
Diversity
❯ Mixed Land-use reduces the necessity to make some trips
❯ Distance travelled is greatly reduced
❯ Complemented by a good public realm with space for walking and cycling
Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015
Design:Who do we give the space?
Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015
Who do we design the spaces for
Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015
Design of services
❯Not just urban space
Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015
Pedestrian friendly connectionsto encourage walkability
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Transit users benefits
Transit operatorbenefits
Benefits to society
▪ More destinations near transit stations
▪ Better walking conditions
▪ Increased security near transit stations
▪ Increased ridership
▪ Lower costs per rider
▪ Better image
▪ Reduced traffic▪ Reduced public
infrastructure / service costs
▪ Community liveability
▪ Increased property values / business activity / tax
Source: Litman, 2006
Copenhagen
❯Concept of 1947
❯Over 170 kms of s-tog train lines
❯Over 400 km of bicycle lanes
Barcelona
Superblocks benefits
We know it is bad…but
❯Why do people still drive?
Source: Pereira and Schwanen, 2013
How do we do it?
❯ Integrate land use and transport
❯Don’t focus on single corridor solutions
❯ Integrate, integrate, integrate
❯Don’t control land prices but guide urban development
❯Know what kind of city you want!
Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015
Thanks for the attention
❯Sunny KodukulaProject CoordinatorWuppertal Institute, Germany
T: +49 20 22 49 22 59 F: +49 20 22 49 22 50Skype: santhosh.kodukulaTwitter: @sunnykodukulaLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/santhoshkodukula/