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PORT MANAGEMENTPORT MANAGEMENT
AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW
By:
M.M.KAMATH
Former Chief Engineer, Ne M!ng!"ore Por#
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$HIP TON$
%WEIGHT&
Load displacementLight displacement
Deadweight dwt
%CAPACIT'&
Gross Tonnage GT
Net Tonnage NT
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A MO(E) PORT
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$OME COMPARI$ON$ OF MO(A) CO$T$
Mo*e Commo*i#y !n* ro+#e $ -en# /er#onne 0 mi"e
Sea Capesize with iron ore
from Ausralia toRotterdam 0.0!
Air Australia to "urope#$.0
Rail Coal %& rail in the 'SA $.#!
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COMPARI$ON OF TRAN$PORT MO(E$
Mo*eEnergyeffi-ien-yin*e1
$/ee*
A2er!geh!+"
%$A&
(e!#h/er 344mi""ion/!engermi"e
(!#ein#ro*+-e*
Vehi-"e "ifeye!r
Air 1 400* 1,000 0.23 1958(Jet) 22
Truck 15 55* 265 2.4 1920 10
Rail 50 20
(200)
500 0.1 1830
(1970)
20
Barge 64 5.5 330 Ver "#all 17t$ % 50
&i'elie 75 4.5 300 egligile 1856
(1970)
+
$i'(-ier)
100 16.5 1,500 #all 1870
(1970)
15
* t$e "'ee/ clu# t$e igure" are "'eciic t t$e A
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EFFECT OF PORT TIME ON $HIP$5 $PEE(
$hi/5
$/ee*%Kno#&
Por# Time
%(!y&
Voy!ge
Time%(!y&
To#!"
Time%(!y&
6 Ch!nge
7yIn-re!ing
$/ee*
#0 (0 #0 )0
$0 (0 * (* #$.*
#0 # #0 ##
$0 # * )*.*
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POINT$ OF VIEW FOR CHOICE OF PORT
(e-ri/#ion Per-en#!ge
Geographical +osition ,
-reuenc& of Departure
+ersonal Relation ,
Cargo /olume #$
Cargo andling Cost #$
1ualit& of Ser2ice #!
Transport Cost (*
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WHAT $HIPPER5$ WANT MO$TWHAT $HIPPER5$ WANT MO$T
3n time Deli2er& #
32erall Responsi2eness $+rice (
3n Time +ic4up )
Transit Time *
Ser2ice Territor&
5illing Accurac& !
Correct "uipment 6
Degree of Control ,
Claims +rocessing #0
Tracin Ca acit ##
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TOTA) CO$T IN TRAN$PORT CHAIN
+R" CARR7AG" $8
+3RT ANDL7NG !8
S"A -R"7GT (!8
+3RT ANDL7NG ,8
3N CARR7AG" $#8
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THE BREAK P OF $HIP$ CO$T AT A PORT
Cost of marine facilities *8
Cost of shore facilities #08
Cost of cargo handling at shore $*8
Cost of cargo handling on %oard $*8
Ships time in particular (*8
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NAVIGATIONA) AI($
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TRANSIT MARKS
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TRANSIT TOWER
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NAVIGATIONA) BO'
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VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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C)A$$IFICATION OF PORT$
The American Association of +ort Authorities
classif& the ports under the following three
groups %ased on their functional reuirements
Land lord +orts
Tool +orts
3perating +orts
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PORT ATHORIT' RE$PON$IBI)ITIE$
Por# Ty/e Infr!#r+-#+re $+/er#r+-#+re $#e2e*oring
Landlord 9es No No
Tool 9es 9es No
Ser2ice 9es 9es 9es
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7ndia has a long coast line of a%out
!)0 4m:out of which $*0 4m is on the
"ast Coast and ((0 4m on the ;est
Coast and the %alance in Andaman
Nico%ar and La4shadweep islands.
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7n the 7ndian Conte ?a@or
> Non ?a@or
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-7G'R" #= L3CAT73N 3- ?A3R +3RTS 3- 7ND7A
N"; ?ANGAL3R"
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)OCATION AN( TOPOGRAPH' 8 MA9OR PORT$
PORT L3CAT73N "NTRANC" CANN"L T'RN7NGC7RCL"
T9+" 3-D3CB+3RT
Latitude
Longitude
Distancefromhar%our
entrancein 4mE
?inimumdepth
inmtrs.E
?inimum;idth
in mE
Num%er
Diameterin mE
Ri2erine withimpoundeddoc4s and
ri2er side @ett&
Bol4ata
$$
((FN
88
#,F"
$($ (.* $00 $ #,0 $66
Ri2erine withimpoundeddoc4s and
ri2er side @ett&
aldia $0
02FN
88
06F"
##* .! )! # *), do
+aradip
20
#*FN86
40F"
$.0 #$.6 #0 # *$0 Artificiallagoon port
/isa4 Natural
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/isa4hapatnam
7
317
)#FN
83
#6F"
$.$
0.)
#0.!
#!.*
,).#$$
$00
#
#
(
#0
Naturalhar%our
"nnore
13
#*F(0HN
80
2#F"
(.!!* #.0 $*0 # 00 Artificialhar%our
Chen
nai
13
06FN
80
#6F"
.! 7
#6.3#,.$
$)) # *)6 Artificial
har%our withwet doc4s
Tuticorin
8
)*FN
78
#(F"
).0 #0.) #$ # )66 Artificialhar%our
Cochin
9
*6FN
76
#)F"
#0.* ##.6 #6* $ $0 Lagoon port
New?ang
alore
12
5FN
74
)6F"
!.* #*.) $)* # *!0 Artificiallagoon port
?orm 25 73 * 0 #( # $*0 $ )60 3pen
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?ormugao
25
15FN
73
)!F"
*.0 #(.# $*0 $ )60 3penprotectedhar%our
?um%ai
18
54FN
72
),F"
,. #0., ( # ( Naturalhar%our withimpoundedwet doc4s
N+T 18
56.4
3FN
72
56.
24F"
#!.0 ##.0 (*0 All weathertidal port
Bandla
23
01N
70
13F"
$*.0 ). $00 "stuar& port
/adinar
3otE
6.0 $(.* #*00 Single %uo&mooring off
shore oilterminalE
Note= 7=ar%our up to Dufferin Light. 3=3uter ar%our %e&ond Dufferin Light
Source= ?a@or +orts of 7ndia I A +rofile I $00(0): 7ndian +orts Association:
New Delhi.
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(EC)ARATION OF MA9OR PORT$
NAME OF THE
MA9OR PORT
MARINTIME
$TATE
(EC)ARE( A$
AMA9OR PORT
Calcutta ;est 5engal #6!0
5om%a& ?aharashtra #6!*
?adras Tamil Nadu #66#
/isa4hapatnam Andra +radesh #,((
Cochin Berala #,(
Bandla Gu@arat #,*,
?ormugoa Goa #,(
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+aradeep 3rissa #,!
New ?angalore Barnata4a #,!)
Tuticorin Tamil Nadu #,!)
aldia ;est 5engal #,!!
awaharlal Nehru ?aharashtra #,6,
"nnore Tamil Nadu #,,,
MA9OR AN( NON MA9OR PORT$ OF IN(IA
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MA9OR AN( NON MA9OR PORT$ OF IN(IA
)ENGTH OF THE COA$T)INE
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)ENGTH OF THE COA$T)INEBE)ONGING TO EACH
MARITIME $TATE OF IN(IA
M!ri#ime $#!#e )eng#h of Co!#"ine in mGu@arat including Daman J DiuE #!00
?aharashtra !$0
Goa #0)
Barnata4a $60
Berala *0
Tamilnadu including +ondicher&E ,60
Andhra +radesh ,0
3rissa )($
;est 5engal $60
Andaman and Nico%ar islandsappro
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$TATEMENTWI$E (I$TRIBTION OF
INTERME(IATE AN( MINOR PORT$
$TATE INTERME(IATE MINOR
Gu@arat ## $6
?aharashtra $ )
Goa Daman Diu
Barnata4a $ ##Berala ( #0
Tamil Nadu $ *
Andhra +radesh $
3rissa #
+ondicherr& # #
To#!" ;< 33=
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$#!#+#e A//"i-!7"e #o #he M!>or Por#
> 7ndian +orts Act #,06
> 7ndian ?a@or +ort Trusts Act #,(
> Doc4 ;or4ers Regulation J "mplo&mentE Act
#,)6> Doc4 ;or4ers Safet&: ealth J ;elfareE Act
#,6
> ?erchant Shipping Act #,*6
> 7ndustrial Dispute Act
> Customs Act #,$
TRAFFIC HAN()E( AT MA9OR PORT$
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TRAFFIC HAN()E( AT MA9OR PORT$
Sl. No. Port 2003-04 2004-05 (P
1 Kolkata 8.69 9.942 Haldia 32.57 36.21
3 Paradip 25.31 31.10
4 Visakhapatnam 47.74 50.15
5 Chennai 36.71 43.81
6 Ennore 9.28 9.48
7 !ti"orin 13.68 15.81
8 Co"hin 13.57 14.10
9 #e$ &an'alore 26.67 33.89
10 &orm!'oa 27.87 30.66
11 (.).#ehr! 31.19 32.81
12 &!m*ai 30.00 35.13
13 Kandla 41.52 41.54
All !ort" 344.#0 3#3.$3
+P, - Proisional
/o!r"e- &aor Ports P
+&illion onnes,
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GROWT% OF TRAFFIC IN
MA&OR AN' NON-MA&OR PORTS OF IN'IA
Y)r"Port"
1961 1981 2001 2002 2003 2004
&aor Ports 33.13 80.27 281.11 287.6 313.6 344.8
&inor Ports 9.40 6.73 86.90 96.27 105.2 115.3
otal 42.53 87.00 368.01 383.85 418.8 460.1
CAPACIT' OF MA9OR PORT$
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CAPACIT' OF MA9OR PORT$
A$ ON
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! N"; ?ANGAL3R" (0.(0
6 ?3R?'GA3 $(.*0
,A;AARLAL
N"R'((.#0
#0 ?'?5A7 )0.)0
## BANDLA )*.00
TOTA)
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COMMO(IT'?WI$E CAPACIT' OF
MA9OR PORT$ A$ ON
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PORT A(MINI$TRATION
The +ort Administration is responsi%le for=
> "fficienc& of operation
> +roper maintenance and up4eep of the
ph&sical propert&
> Adeuate financing of +ort impro2ements
> Allotment of tas4s to %e performed %& thela%our
MANAGEMENT TEAM
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MANAGEMENT TEAM
Chairman =C.".3 of the +ort
D&. Chairman =Assist Chairman
Chief "ngineer Ci2ilE =Ci2il "ngineering
Chief ?echanical "ngineer =?echanical
"lectrical and
?arine
"ngineering
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Traffic ?anager =Cargo operations
Railwa& ?anager =Railwa& operations in some ports
this is loo4ed after %& the Traffic
managerE
Deput& Conser2ator = +ilotage and ?arine acti2ities
?arine Director including dredging e
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Secretary : Boards s subjects (in
some Ports, legal,
industrialrelations and public
relations are also looked
after)
Industrial Relations anager : Industrial
relations
!egal "d#iser : !egal matters
$inancial ad#iser and : $inance "ccounts
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Chief ?edical 3fficer = ?edical
+ort Securit& 3fficer = Securit&
Director +lanning J = ?anagementResearchE S&stems
"state ?anager = "state ?anagement
PORT OPERATION$
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PORT OPERATION$
The +ort operations can %e %roadl&
grouped under the following four
disciplines=
> ?arine
> Traffic
> "ngineering and
> Securit Safet J Ser2ices
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MARINE OPERATION$
The marine operations include=
> +ilotage and Towage
> Na2igation
> Conser2anc& DredgingE
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TRAFFIC OPERATION$
The traffic operations mainl& relate to =
> Cargo andling
> Ste2edoring
> ?ar4eting
> 7nfrastructural facilities
> 7nformation s&stem etc.
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ENGINEERING OPERTION$
The "ngineering operations in a +ort can %roadl& %e
classified under the following four groups=
> Ci2il "ngineering
> ?echanical "ngineering
> "lectrical "ngineering including "lectronics
> ?arine "ngineering
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PORT FINANCE
The income earned %& the +ort are generated
from=
> Cargo handling and storage charges
> +ort and doc4 charges including pilotage fee> Railwa& earnings
> "state rentals
> -inance and ?iscellaneous income
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The eCargo: handling J Storage
>+ort J Doc4 facilities for shipping including pilotage
>Railwa& ;or4ing
>Renta%le Land 5uilding
>?anagement J General Administration
>-inance and ?iscellaneous "
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The finance for capital in2estment in the +orts are
drawn from=
> Loans and ad2ances %& the Go2t
> " De%entures and
> 7nternal Reser2es
REVENE$ V. EDPEN(ITRE FOR
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ROTTER(AM 34
$o+r-e of Re2en+e
+orts Dues $8Rental income ((8
3ther *8
To#!" 3446
$o+r-e of E1/en*i#+re
+ersonnel #(.8
+ort maintenance #0.08
3ther maintenance #0.#8Depreciation $,.$8
7nterest ((.68
3ther (.(8
To#!" 3446
REVENE$ V EDPEN(ITRE FOR
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REVENE$ V. EDPEN(ITRE FOR
$INGAPORE 34
$o+r-e of Re2en+e
Container handling *).08
Cargo handling #0.08
?arine ser2ice #$.(8Commercial ser2ices ##.!8
Sundr& ser2ices #$.08
To#!" 3446
$o+r-e of E1/en*i#+re
Authorit& 6,.)8
Su%sidiaries ##.8
To#!" 3446
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T* +,) +or )!,t)l ,/"tt , t*
Port" )r 1r) +ro
> Aid from Central Go2ernment
> " De%entures and
> 7nternal Reser2es
P)ANWI$E INVE$TMENT OF THE
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P)ANWI$E INVE$TMENT OF THE
MA9OR PORT$ IN IN(IA
P"!n Perio* In2e#men#
%R. in Crore&
-irst -i2e 9ear +lan #,*#*E $
Second -i2e 9ear +lan #,*#E )
Third -i2e 9ear +lan #,#E ,(
Annual +lan #,!E $)
Annual +lan #,!6E $
Annual +lan #,6,E )0
-ourth -i2e 9ear +lan #,,!)E $6,
Annual +lan #,!6 !,E *(
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Annual +lan #,!6!,E *(
Annual +lan #,!,60E )6
Si
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g y
(re*ging in In*i!n M!>or Por#
=4@To#!"
Ni"Ni"T+#i-orin
343.Chenn!i
343.Vi!h!/!#n!m
;44;.P!r!*i/
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> 3perating Areas = 1ua&s J etties> Cargo Storage = Liuid Tan4s
Dr&=
Co2ered Shed
'nco2ered 3pen storage
> +ort Side 7ndustr& = Con2e&or
+ipe line
Road J Rail
" Communication = RailRoad+ipeline
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Con2e&or
= ?arshalling Areas
> +ort Ser2ice = To Ships
7ndustr& = To +ort 3perator
= To +ort 'sers
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$TORAGE CAPACIT'
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Shiploading and unloading #.* to $.* times ma
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AREA REIREMENT$ FOR
(IFFERENT IN($TRIE$
3il Refiner& $0 ectares upwards
per ?illion Tonne
+etro Chemicals *000 to !000 Tonnes
+er ectare
7ntegrated Steel $$* ectare +er ?illion
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7ntegrated Steel $$* ectare +er ?illion
;or4s Tonne of 3re
Aluminium $ ectares per
#00:000 Tonnes of Raw?aterial and *0:000
Tonnes of +roduction
C)A$$IFICATION OF CARGO
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The sea %orne trade is mainl& classified
into the following three %asic groups=
> General Cargo 5rea45ul4E
> Liuid 5ul4 Cargo
> Dr& 5ul4 Cargo
C)A$$IFICATION OF CARGOC)A$$IFICATION OF CARGO
GENERA) CARGO % BREAK ? B)K&
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The general cargo trade accounts for a%out $08of
the 7ndian Sea %orne traffic.
The specialised ships deplo&ed for the carriage of
general cargo can %e classified under the following %asic
categories=
> -ull& Cellular Container ships
> Rollon Rolloff ships and
> 5arge carr&ing 2essels
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The a2erage size of General Cargo ships is in the
region of $0:000 to (0:000 D;T and the
Container ships 2ar& from !*0 to :000 T"'Fs.
Ir)", ", o+ t* Cot),r S*,!"
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((6)% #(m
draft
$(6:000thGeneration
(#0 )$.6%
#)m draft
:000*thGeneration#,,*
$!*(0*$():000*:000)thGeneration#,66
$0$60$((:000):000(rdGeneration#,6*
$#*$($:000$ndGeneration#,!0#,60
#60#Less than
#:000
#stGeneration#,0#,!0
)eng#h%me#re&
$/ee*No. ofTE
Gener!#ion(!#e
Ir)", ", o+ t* Cot),r S*,!"
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)II( B)K CARGO
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The liuid cargo represents a%out )08 of the
7ndian Sea%orne trade. The Liuid %ul4 can %e classified
into the following groups and the percentage the&represent are as under=
> Crude 3il = 608
> 3il deri2ati2es in = #)8
#0 groups
> L.+.G: L.N.G etc.> Liuid: Ammonia = 8
> Chemicals
The Ty/i-!" ie of #!ner referre* #o in #he
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"i#er!#+re !re ! +n*er:
in D;TE
General purpose #*00
$),,,
?edium range $*000 I )),,,
Long range 7 )*000 I !,,,,
Long range 77 60000 I #*,,,,/er& large crude carrier #0000 I ($0000
'ltra large crude carrier a%o2e ($0000
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(R' B)K CARGO(R' B)K CARGO
Dr& 5ul4 cargo represents a%out )08 of the
sea%orne trade. The %ul4 cargo is di2ided into=
> ?a@or %ul4 and
> ?inor %ul4
The cargo co2ered under the ma@or %ul4 and the
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percentages under each classification are as
under=
> 7ron 3re = )*8
> Coal = $08
> Grain = $08
> 5au Roc4 +hospate = !8
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The cargo co2ered under minor %ul4 are
fertilizers: cement: sulphur: sugar: iron and steel
products etc.
The coal is commonl& transported in *0:000 to
60:000 D;T%ul4 carriers.
;hile 7ron 3re is freuentl& carried in #00:000 to
$00:000 D;TShips.
The -ommon #ermino"ogy +e* in #he"i# # " #i # i i f hi
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"i#er!#+re re"!#ing #o 2!rio+ ie of hi/
%(WT& !re ! +n*er=and& Size $!000
and& ?a< )*000
+anama< !0000
Cape size #*0000
+roduct A2erage )*000
Aframa< ,*000
Suez ?a< #)0000
/LCC $60000
THE APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
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THE APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
BETWEEN $HIP (RAFT AN( TONNAGE
GRT (r!f# in fee# (r!f# in*e-ime#re
#:000 #!., *).*
$:000 $0.0 0.,(:000 $#.6 .)*
):000 $(. !#.,(
*:000 $*.) !!.)$:000 $. 6#.06
!:000 $!.) 6(.*$
APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
BETWEEN $HIP (RAFT AN( TONNAGE
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BETWEEN $HIP (RAFT AN( TONNAGE
$MA))ER $HIP$
GRT(r!f#
in Me#re
#000 *.)*
$000 .0,(000 .)
)000 !.#,
*000 !.!)000 6.#0
!000 6.(*
APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
$ O G
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BETWEEN $HIP (RAFT AN( TONNAGE
)ARGE MO(ERN $HIP$
(e!*eigh#(r!f#
in Me#re
#0000 !.,
$0000 ,.#*0000 ##.
#00000 #).
$00000 #6.((00000 $#.,
*00000 $!.)
THE APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
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THE APPRODIMATE CORRE)ATION
BETWEEN $HIP (RAFT AN( TONNAGE
GRT (r!f# in fee# (r!f# in*e-ime#re
#:000 #!., *).*
$:000 $0.0 0.,(:000 $#.6 .)*
):000 $(. !#.,(
*:000 $*.) !!.)$:000 $. 6#.06
!:000 $!.) 6(.*$
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A2er!ge Ann+!" Thro+gh/+#
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A2er!ge Ann+!" Thro+gh/+#
C!rgo Thro+gh/+#in m#/!
G"N"RAL CARG3 5"RTS 0.#$* I 0.$*0
C3NTA7N"R 5"RTS 0.00 I #.$00
RoRo 0.*00 I #.*00
5'LB 5"RT 3R"C3ALE 6 T3 #0
5'LB 5"RT GRA7NE 0.* T3 $.*
37L 5"RT $ T3 #0
MANAGEMENT OF PORT$MANAGEMENT OF PORT$
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Generall& ports ma& %e managed %& an& one
of the following authorities=
> Go2ernment
> ?unicipalit&
> 5oard of Trustees
> +ri2ate owners
> 7ndustrial enterprise
EDAMP)E$ OF (IFFERENT T'PE$ OFMANAGEMENT$
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MANAGEMENT$
PORT Ty/e of A+#hori#y
5ristol Local Authorit&
?anchester +ri2ate Compan&
London A +u%lic Trust-eli
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Rotterdam State owned: managed
Antwerp Directl& or through
am%urg Local Authorit&
7ndian +orts Go2ernment ownedmanaged %& 5oard ofTrustees
$ING)E POINT MOORING $'$TEM
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MOTHER$HIP 8 (AGHTER$HIP TRAN$FER
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)NG VE$$E) 8 3
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KENAI )NG EDPORT TERMINA) A)A$KA
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