“Bhotiya” people of the borderlands practiced transhumance &trade across the Himalayas until 1962 India-China war
ended their centuries-old tradition
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km
Places of Interest with Historical Annotations
Borders and river courses are not definite or to scale, and are given herefor representation purposes only. This publication also does not purport to coverevery historical or cultural aspect of the Uttarakhand region, but does represent
a concerted attempt to bring available information together in map form.
© 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 Rajiv Rawatuttarakhand.org | uttarakhand.net
Encompassing the Central Himalayan region and adjoining plains districts,Uttarakhand was established on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of the Indian Union
State BirdHimalayan Monal
State AnimalKasturi (Musk Deer)
State FlowerBrahma Kamal (Snow Lotus)
State TreeBurans (Rhododendron)
Historical Location
Town/Village/Settlement
District/Regional Capital
Pass
Holy Site
Peak
Battle Site
Prayag (city at river confluence)
River
N a t u r e P r e s e r v e s
T R I B E
H I S T O R I C A L N A M E
DIS TRICT NAME
Provisional/Potential State Capital International BorderDistrict Border
Atkinson, E.T. 1881. The Himalayan Gazeteer. In 3 Vols.
Chandola, K. 1987. Across the Himalayas through the Ages. New Delhi: Patriot.
Dabral, S.P. 1967-1990. Uttarakhand ka Itihas. Vol. I-XIII. Dogadda: Veergatha Prakashan.
Kandari, O.P., & Gusain, O.P. (eds.) 2001. Garhwal Himalaya. Srinagar: Transmedia.
Kumar, P. 2000. The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. Delhi: Kanishka.
Khanduri, B.M. & Negi, S.S. (eds.) 2007. Uttarakhand: Historical Perspective. Srinagar: Transmedia.
Pande, B.D. 1993. Kumaun ka Itihas. Almora, U.P., India: Shree Almora Book Depot.
Rawat, A. S. 1989. History of Garhwal, 1358-1947. New Delhi: Indus.
Routledge, P. 1993. Terrains of Resistance. Connecticut: Praeger.
Saklani, A. 1987. The History of a Himalayan Princely State. Delhi: Durga.
Saklani, D.P. 1998. Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus.
Sharma, D.D. 1983. Linguistic History of Uttarakhand. Hoshiarpur: VVRI.
U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. 1980. Topographic Maps NH 43 & NH 44. 1:1,000,000.
Nelles-Verlag. 1997. Nelles Himalaya Map. 1:1,500,000. Nelles Maps.
Phillimore, R.H. 1954. Historical Records of the Survey of India. Volume I-IV. Dehra Dun: Geodetic Branch, Survey of India.
Original research supported by the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and York University (Canada).
With special thanks to Sudhir Rawat, Raju Gusain, Sunil Kainthola, & Shekhar Pathak.
Dedicated to the freedom fighters & activists of the past, present, & future.
Historical Sources
Map Sources
Acknowledgements
Glacier
The Uttarakhand Andolan Memorial in Kutchery, Dehraduncommemorating the martyrs of the movement & “Kali Raat” orthe Black Night of 1-2 October 1994 when police repression of
the separate state movement peaked at Rampur Tiraha
Sketch of the ruins of Tolingmath before theCultural Revolution in China
Dehradun's famous clock towerstands at the centre of town
Farmers throughout the Himalayas engage interraced cultivation suited to steep incline of terrain
Landholdings generally small & fragmented
The Nanda Devi Temple in Lata,one of the gateway villages to Nanda Devi Peak
Magnificient Darbar Hall built by Nawab of Rampur to houseoriental manuscripts of Rampur Raza Library 1905
PITHOR AGARH
BAGESHWAR
ALMOR A
CHAMPAWAT
NAI NITAL
“ SHAHEED ” UDHAM SI NGH NAGARsettled in the post-partition era by mainly Sikh farmers
named after heroic assassin of Michael O’Dwyer,governor of Punjab during Jallianwallah Bagh massacre
HARIDWARheavily populated districtsite of periodic protests against the district'samalgamation into Uttarakhand 1998-
PAURI
TEHRI
U T TARKASHI
DEHR ADUN“Doon Valley” changed possessionseveral times over last 300 yearsbefore final incorporation intoGarhwal Division
RUDR APR AYAG
CHAMOLI
U T T A R P R A D E S H
T I B E Tfirst unified kingdom 7th century
signed peace treaty with China 822conquered & held as tributaries to Mongols 1240
Dalai Lama position instituted 1578Chinese resident in Lhasa beginning of 18th century
Younghusband expedition 1905Chinese troops withdrawn from Tibet 1912
Chinese occupation of Tibet 1950Departure of Dalai Lama 1959
Creation of “Tibetan Autonomous Region” 1965
H I M A C H A LP R A D E S H
F A R - W E S T E R N N E P A Lseat of the Khasa Malla Empire that dominated region in 12th-15th centuries
descendants of Malla dynasties ruled much of Ngari & Kathmandu valleyuntil 18th century
SHI ML A
KULLU
HUML A
BAITADI
DADELDHUR A
KACHANPUR
DARCHUL A
BAJHANG
KAIL ALIBARE ILLYerstswhile capital of Rohilla Empire
est. 1707-1720 PILIBHIT
BIJNOR
SAHAR ANPUR
T
E
R
A
I
B
H
A
B
A
R
T
A
B
L
E
L
A
N
D
S
L
E
S
S
E
R
G
R
E
A
T
E
R
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
SH
IV
AL
IK
S
S H A U K A
M A R C H A
J A D Hlast remainingBuddhist communitiesin Uttarakhand regionrelocated by armyaway from frontier
J A U N S A R I
T H A R U
B U K S A
D R O K P A
R U N G
R A J I
T O L C H A
Tons
Yamun
a
Bhagirathi
Bhila
ngan
a
Alakna
nda
Mandakini
Pindar
Nandakini
Sara
swat
i
Dhauli
(W)
Mah
akali
Kos
i
Ram (W)
Sarju
Gori
Dhauli (E)
Ram
(E)
Sutlej
Humla Karnali
Dab
ka
Pasch
im N
ayar
Purvi Nayar
GANGA
Song
Susw
a
Henwal
Jakl
ot
Chamlia
Ladhiya
Surna
Seti
Girthi
Rishi Kuthi
Bal
Baspa
Jadh
Birahi
Bhyu
nder
Gola
Panar
Karnali
Sutlej
Asan
Lissar
Kail
Gomti
NanakSagar
RamgangaReservoir
Rupi
n
Kam
al
Sarju
Bhak
ra
Mandal
Gun
kha
Rala
m
YAMUNA
Suya
l
Yamuna
Dharam
Sutlej
Jakh
an
Huini
MansarovarLake
Rakas Lake
Gangotri Glacierhuge icefield experiencingrapid retreat 1990s-
PindariGlacier
KhatlingGlacier
Bandarpunch Glacierin retreat
Kuari Pass
Bara Hotigrazing grounds
Indo-Tibetan Borderdemarcated by Henry McMahon &
affirmed by Shimla Convention 1914closed by India-China War 1962
Uttarakhand-Uttar Pradesh Borderseparated from
Uttar Pradesh 2000
Himachal-Uttarakhand Borderboundaries of original territories defined 1948
Himachal Pradesh established 1971
Indo-Nepalese Borderdefined by Treaty of Sagauli 1816
KalapaniKali river watershed
Mana LaNiti La
KungriBingri La
LipuLekh La
Thaga La
Darma La
Lampya La
Untadhura
Nara La
To Simikot& airstrip
To Lhasa
To Delhi
To Gartokcapital of Ngari region,
traditional trading post of Ladakh & Tibet
To Shimla
To Nahan,Chandigarh
To Bareilly
K U M A O Nconsolidated kingdom c. 900-1790overrun by Gorkhas 1791-1815
ceded to British 1816incorporated into India 1947
G A R H W A Lderived from land of “Garh” or forts
unified independent kingdom c. 1500-1803overrun by Gorkhas 1803-15
ceded to British 1816western portion returned to King 1817
annexed to India 1949
N G A R I - K O R - S U Msparsely populated yet sizeable prefecture of western Tibet
birthplace of Bon religionknown as 'Hundesh' to Indians
annexed by Lhasa (Tibet) 1687
C H U M U R T Iregion renowned for its hardy horse breed
G U G Elost kingdom of 10th-17th centuries
Visited by Jesuit Father Andrade 1626sacked by Ladakh mid-1600s
D A P Asource of raids intoGarhwal in 1600s
K A N G R I
R A W A I Nvast & traditionally rebellious
pargana of Garhwal
S I R M O Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom
allied with Mughals in invasions of Garhwalcapital moved to Nahan 1621
overrun by Gurkhas 1809liberated & returned to King by British 1815
R O H I L K H A N Dlarge territory of western Uttar Pradesh once controlled by Pashtun Rohillas
southern neighbours of Garhwal & Kumaon in 1700sdefeated by Marathas 1770
recovered by Oudh 1772ceded & ravaged by British 1774
R A T Hcultural region of Garhwal
P A T L I D U N
B A R A HS Y U N
NA
GP
UR
B A D H A N
S A L A N
D A N P U R
P A L I
P A C H H A O N
DA
SO
LI
D O T Iimportant principality & adversary of Chand Kings
“Rainka” Kings descended from Katyursassisted Garhwalis in repelling Kumaoni invasion 1680
occupied by Gorkhas 1790nearly acceded to British 1815
B A I S I R A J Y A22 trans-Karnali principalities absorbed
into expanding Gorkha empirethrough series of treaties 1787-1788
S O R
P H A L D A K O T
SI
RA
B A W A RJ A U N S A R
distinct hilly region of Garhwalculturally connected with Himachal
stronghold of Mahasu Devta
C H A U G A R K H A
C H A U D A N S
NI T
I V
AL
LEY
V YA S VA L L E Y
DA
RM
A V
AL
LEY
JOH
AR
VA
LL
EY
NE
LA
NG
VA
LL
EY
K AT I Y U R VA L L E Y
stronghold of medieval Katyuri
dynasties
K A L I K U M A O Nheartland of Kumaon Chand kingdom
witnessed unrest during1857 Uprising
U P P E R D O A Bflat & fertile alluvial tract between Yamuna & Ganga
J A U N P U R
T A K N O R
AS
KO
T
B A R A HM A N D A L
P A I N K H A N D A
D H A N I Y A K O T
D H Y A N I R A U
K I N N A U Rdistrict of Himachal Pradesh long influenced by Tibetan Buddhism
part of Bushahr princely state as “Chini” tehsilentry retricted until 1993
B U S H A H Rimportant erstwhile hill kingdom
unified under King Chatar Singh c. 1611ravaged by Gorkhas 1803-1815British foothold established 1809
R A M P U Roriginally Kathera, an important Rajput principality,
later eclipsed by Pashtun settlement 1623new Rohilla kingdom founded after fall of Bareillyremained loyal to British during 1857 Uprising
G A N G O L I
K A T O L I
PA
RK
HA
ND
A
MA
I KH
AN
DA
C H A N D P U R
C H I L A
B H A R D A R
UD
AI P
UR
S A K L A N A
G A N G AS A L A N
S A L T
Anjainisainsite of SBMA campus
Askotstarting point of PAHAR’s decennialfoot march across Uttarakhand
Arakotend point ofPAHAR's decennialfoot march acrossUttarakhand
Tilaripeasant protest massacredby Tehri State militia 1930
Roopkundalpine lake with 9th centuryremains of ill-fatedroyal pilgrimage
Homkund
Badhangarhi (fort)
Henwal Valleybirthplace of freedomfighter Sridev SumanChipko actions 1970s-80sBeej Bachao Andolan 1990s-
Gaumukh“Cow’s Mouth”actual source of the Ganges
Toling“Tolingmath” possibly the original Badrinathsite of great monasteries of Gugeravaged in 1960s
Tsaprangfortress of Gugesite of Andrade’s missionnow largely abandoned
Dapa Dzongcaptured by Garhwali GeneralMadho Singh Bhandari in response to raids 1624artifacts belonging to King Fateh Shah kept here
Chandpur Garhioriginal seat of Panwar KingAjai Pal who subjugated52 Khasa chieftainsto unify Garhwal
Lakhanpurruins of importantKatyuri town
Bairath10th century seat ofKatyur King Malushahi from popular folk balladRajula & Malushahi
Dewalgarhtemporary capital of Garhwalkingdom c. 1506-1517
Govisanaseat of significantkingdom identified byChinese traveller Huien Tsang 6th-7th centuries
Gangnanione of several hot springsfound in upper Himalayas
Taklakot/Purangfortress of trans-HimalayanMalla Empire 12th-14th centuriestrinational trading post
Patal Bhuvaneshwarlimestone caves & underground templefinds mention in Skanda Purana
Malethasite of legendary16th century canalbuilt by MadhoSingh Bandhari
Sahastradhara“spring of a thousand sources”
Kempty Falls
Binsarretreat of Henry RamsayKumaon commissioner
Bedni & Aali Bugyalmountain meadowenroute to Roopkund
Nahi Kalansite of epic anti-mining struggle1986-1987
Dodi Talsparkling lakebelieved to bebirthplace of Ganesh
Abbot MountEuropean colony 1914
Sanana-Baserimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE
Lakhudiyarpalaeolithicrock art site
Nawadaold capital of theGarhwal King’s Dun territories
Laxman Jhulasuspension iron bridge built 1939
Har ki dunpoint where Pandavasascended into Heaven
Kedarnathshrine of ShivaSamadhi ofShankar Acharya
Tungnathhighest of the “Panch” Kedars that venerate Shiva
Badrinathshrine of Vishnu,est. by ShankarAcharya 9th century
Rudranath
Kalpeshwar
MadhyamaheshwarYog Dhyan Badri& Pandukeshwar
Bhavisya Badri“the future Badri”
Bridh Badri
Adibadri
Yamunotritraditionalsource ofYamuna
Gangotritraditional sourceof the GangesTemple constructedby Gurkha GeneralAmar Singh Thapa
Surkanda Devi
Jwalpa Devi
HemkundSikh pilgrimage sitediscovered 1930
Nanak MattaSikh pilgrimage sitevisited by Nanakin his travels
Chandrabadni
GarjiyaDevi
HanolMahasu Temple
Hariyali Devi
JageshwarKumaon’s preeminentShiva temple complexpatronized by Katyuri &Chand Kings
SyahiDevi
Mahendranagar
Dhanolti
Naugaon
Bhairongati
Bhatwari
Guptkashi
Thalisain
Chaukutiaalso known as
Ganai
Dwara Hat
Mukteshwar
Lohaghattraditional home ofKumaon’s deities
Bhadyargaon
Didi Hatmarket centre
of old Sira state
Dharchula
Kapkot
Martoli
Garbyang
Pipalkoti
Tapoban
Chham
Clement Town
Majra
Dadeldhura
Barkot
Shivpuri
Poling
Lata
Nagni
Adwani
(Nelang)
( Jadhang)
Purola
Dharasu
Gopeshwar
Malpa
KhatimaSitarganj
Jaspur
Munsiyarilargest Indo-Tibetantrade entrepot
Dwali
Suraithota
Niti
Malarimegalithic archaeologicalfinds point to human presencec. 1000 BCE
Vikasnagar
Pokhra
Bhironkhal
Rameshwar
Mandal
Jelum
Chaukori
Gaurikund
Agastyamuninamed after Sage Agastya
in the Ramanayana
Chandrapuri
GhatDhyari
Morang
Sangla
Mana
Pancheshwar
Nandprayag
Devprayagmarks the beginningof the Ganga
Ghansali
DundaJadhs resettledhere after militarizationof frontier
Parkha
Langsu
Namgya
Puh
Jajal
Dhumakot
Vishnuprayag
Kashipur
Kalpa
Narendranagar
Satpuli“seven bridges”important way pointfor villages inlower Garhwal
Ghamsali
Dakpathar
Kanalichinna
Govindghat
Tharali
Chamyala
Bhikiyasain
Baitadi
Darchula
Naitwar
Mori
Tiuni
Osla
Doiwala
Lilam
Tawaghat
Bazpurfounded in 1655 byRaja Baz Bahadur Chand
Lalkuan
Ufrainkhalcentre of significantecological regenerationefforts 1980s-
Ghumkhal
New Tehri
Agrakhal
HanumanChatti
ChinyaliSaur
Atai
Bunoli
Ghat
Madkot
Dung
Lambgaon
HanumanChatti
Silgarhi-DotiDipayal
Balma
Devidhura
Niehar
Kalapani
Kuti
Kardung
Deghat
Marchula
Sialkot
Syalde
Garsainalso known as Lobhaafter fort overlookingGarhwal-Kumaon frontierproposed capital ofUttarakhand 1994
Gwaldamtraditional battlegroundbetween Panwar & Chand Kings 16th-17th centuries
Kalsisite of Ashoka rock edict3rd century BCE
Kausanisite of Sarla Behn’sLakshmi Ashram 1946-
Moincer‘Missar’ revenue village ofIndia until 1962
Gyanima Manditrading post of Johar, Darma,& Vyas Bhotiya
Rampur-BushahrIndo-Tibetan trade centre, gateway to inner Kinnaur &capital of the erstwhileBushahr hill state
Sarahanold capital of Bushahrsite of 800-year-old Bhimkalitemple & palace
Nautistarting point ofNanda Devi Raj Jat
Milamcommunity of 19th centuryexplorer ‘Pundit’Nain Singh Rawat
Okhimathwinter home of Kedarnath’sdeities
Dogadda“Man-Eater of Dogadda”Chandrashekhar Azad’srevolutionaries alsotrained near here 1930
Lakha Mandaltranscribed inscriptions detailtwo lineages governingregion 4th-6th centuries
Naginacaptured by Britishmarking reconquest ofBijnor 1858
Baijnathlater seat of Katyuri empirebefore its fragmentation
Someshwaralso known asHatyura
Ramnagarregional railhead
Bhimtallake resort city site of rock art museum
Champawatoriginal seat of KumaonChand Kings 10th century-1563
Renisite of pivotalall-women Chipkoaction led byGaura Devi 1974
Tanakpurofficial tradingpost of India & Nepal
Pratapnagarsummer residence ofTehri King
Landhauraseat of Gujar Kingwho assisted in faileddefense of Garhwalagainst Gorkhas 1804
Berinagsite of numerousNaga temples
Gangoli Hatsite of Hatkalika Kali templeinstalled by Shankar Acharya
Jauljibiannual fair held at midpoint ofTibet-Terai trade routewinter home of DarmaValley transhumantcommunity
Rudrapurfounded by Rudra Chandto guard southern flank ofKumaon Kingdomsite of Atariya Devi temple
Harsilrenowned for apple orchardsintroduced by British forester“Pahari” Wilson 1860s
GaucharRudraprayag
Karanprayag
Chamoli
Pauriestablished asdistrict HQfron 1839
Pithoragarhstronghold ofold Sor state ruledby Bams dynasty
Kalagarh
Bijnor
Laldhang
Kotalbagh
Kaladhungi
Kirtinagar
Rampur
Kotdwarrailhead gateway &industrial & marketcentre of Garhwal
NainitalKnown in the Puranas as Tri-Rishi-SarovarBritish hill station from 1841-summer capital of Northwest Provinces & UP 1862-seat of Kumaon University 1973-
Najibabadfounded by Nawab Najib-ud-Daulahimportant centre for central Asiancaravan trade mid-18th century
Haridwargateway to “Devbhumi”marking entry of Ganga into plainspopular cremation grounds
Mussooriehill station est. by British 1827
Joshimathalso called Jyotirdhamseat of KarttikeyapurEmpire 8th-11th centuries
Almoracapital of Chand Kings 1563-1790traditional trade centre &cultural capital of Kumaonsite of final battle ofAnglo-Gorkha War 1815Muzaffarnagar
midway point between Dehradun & Delhinear site of 1994 massacre ofDelhi-bound Uttarakhandstate activists
Deobandsite of the venerated Darul UloomIslamic centre of learning
Chakratacantonment est.by British 1866
Dehra Dunlargest city in Uttarakhand region“Dehra” refers to camp of dissidentSikh Guru Ram Rai, 1675made provisional capital ofUttarakhand state 2000
(Tehri)capital of Tehri State 1817-1948inundated by Tehri Dam 2004
Rishikeshcentre of spiritual learning &Western pilgrimage includingThe Beatles in 1968
Srinagarsite of HNB Garhwal Universitycapital of Garhwal 1517-1803
LansdowneGarhwal Rifles regimental centrefounded in 1887 by Viceroy of India
Ranikhet“Queen’s Meadow”Kumaon Regimentcantonment &scenic hill station
Roorkeesite of first engineering schoolin British Empire outside UK
Uttarkashialso known as Barahatpossible seat of “Brahmaputra” kingdommentioned by Chinese traveller Huien Tsang 630sShiva’s retreat upon Kashi (Varanasi)’sloss of sanctity in the Kaliyuga
Pantnagarsite of first Indian agricultural university 1960instrumental in spreading “Green Revolution”
Haldwanigateway to Kumaonfounded in 1834 as mart for hill traderscaptured by rebels in 1857 Uprising
Paonta SahibSikh pilgrimage sitetemporary residence of 10thGuru Gobind Singh
Meerutoriginal site of 3rd century BCE Ashokanpillar removed to Delhi 1206revolt of Hindu & Muslim sepoy garrisonsparked the Indian War of Independence/Uprising 1857-8
BageshwarBaghnath temple erected 1602site of annual Uttarayani fair
Chambaoriginally Chamma Khalannual “Gabbar Singh Negi”fair honours WWIVictoria Cross recipient
Saharanpurinhabited since Indus Civilizationnamed by Mohammed Tughluqafter saint Shah Harun Chistiimportant Moghul hubseat of Rohilla ChiefNajib Khan who capturedDehradun 1757-1770
Kathgodamregional railhead 1884-
C o r b e t t N a t i o n a l P a r knamed after man-eater hunter &
conservationist Jim Corbett
Va l l e y o fF l o w e r s
N a n d a D e v iB i o s p h e r e R e s e r v e
R a j a j iN a t i o n a l P a r k
A s k o t S a n c t u a r y
K e d a r n a t h S a n c t u a r y
G o v i n dP a s h u V i h a r
G o v i n dN a t i o n a l P a r k
G a n g o t r iN a t i o n a l P a r k
B i n s a r S a n c t u a r y
Doodhatoli3100m
Panchachuli Peaks6312-6903mnamed after thefive “cooking pots”of the Pandava Brothers
Kamet 7756m
Nanda Devi 7816mpatron goddess &
highest peak ofUttarakhand
Nag Tibba3078m
Chau
kam
baPe
aks
to 7
138m
Gangotri Peaks
6577-6672m
Bagirathi Peaks
Gurla Mandata 7728mknown locally as Namo Nanyi
or “Faery’s Peak”
Kedarkantha3815m
Bandarpunch6316m
Mana 7272m
Hathi Parbhat6200m
Trisul Peaks6008-7120m
Dunagiri7066m
Mangtoli6803m
Changsil Range
Swargarohini6252m
Abi Gamin 7355m Mukut Parbat 7242m
Nanda Devi East7434m
Nanda Kot6861m
Mt. Kailastraditional abode of Shivaassociated with Mt. Meru, metaphysicalcentre of the world in Hindu, Buddhist,Jain & Bon cosmology
Traill’s
Pass
GARHWALconquered byGorkhas 1803
KUMAONconquered by
Gorkhas 1791
Haridwartraditional tributary of
Lord of Badrinath(Garhwal King)
Doon Valleyclaimed by
Garhwal King,frequently overrun byneighbouring powers
HUNDESHannexed by Tibet as
Ngari-Kor-Sum 1687
ROHILKHANDsettled by Afghan Pashtun 17th-18th centuries
GORKHATERRITORIES
occupied by1790
BUSHAHR
Consolidation of Kingdoms
SIRMOR
Haridwarcreated in 1988incorporated intoUttarakhand 2000
Rudraprayagdivided from Tehri &Chamoli 1997
Bageshwardivided fromAlmora 1998
“Shaheed”Udham Singh Nagardivided from Nainital 1995
Redistricting in Lead Up to Statehood
Champawatdivided fromPithoragarh 1997
British
Garh
wal
made d
istrict
from or
igina
l
Kumaon
Com
mission
ery 18
39
NORTHWEST PROVINCE 1815-1858UNITED PROVINCE 1858-1947
TIBETBritish “protectorate”
1905
“PUNJAB”HILL
STATES
NEPAL
Colonial Divisions 1815-1947
KUMAONDIVISION
Almora
Nainital
Uttarkashi
Tehri Chamoli
Garhwal(Pauri) Almora Pithoragarh
Nainital
Dehradun
TIBEToccupied byChina 1950
NEPAL
HIMACHALPRADESH
separated fromPunjab 1966
statehood 1971
UTTARPRADESH
Hill Districts of U.P. 1947-1990s
UTTARAKHAND
three new districts of Uttar Pradesh
allocated separate development portfolio in 1960
Rawain Pergana
TEHRInominally
independentprincipalityDehradun
Districtalternatively part of
Saharanpur District,Kumaon Division,Meerut Division
1815-1968
Garhwali and Kumaoni compose the nuclei of the Central Pahari languagecluster with their various subdialects showing various lingual influences fromIndia and both the trans- & cis-Himalayan regions (Sharma, 1983).
F R O M T H E P L A I N SBrahmin & Kshatriya migrations from
Western & Central India beginning in 8th centuryusurped power from Khasa chieftains
established Panwar & Chand dynasties
Mall
a Dyn
astie
s (Kha
sa)
fragm
ented
by 15
th cen
tury
KH
AS
A
arrived from Northwest through Chitral by Vedic period
established dynasties & republics throughout
entire Himalayan belt
Shaukyanaland of Sonepati Shaukalegendary merchant of
the Indo-Tibetan frontierc. 6-10th century?
KI
RA
TA
Tibeto-Burman group arrived from North by
Vedic period pushed to the East by Khasas
Nagasspread from Bagirathi &
Alaknanda Valleys4th-5th centuries
K O Lfirst people of region
displaced & subjugated bylater migration waves
K E D A R K H A N D MA N A S K H A N D
Kunindasgoverned region as republics
2nd century BCE -4th century CE
RAJYA-KIRATApresent day Raji of Askot
KIRATAancestors of Tharu and Buksa
Katyuri Dynasties (Khasa)
fragmented by 12th century
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Tehriyali
RawainJaunpuri
Jaunsari
Salani
Rathi
Kumaiya
SoriyaliRau-Chaubhainsi
Khasparjiya
Gangolia
CE
NT
RA
L
PA
HA
RI
JohariSrinagariya
Badhani
Nag
puriy
a
Dasau
lya
PachhainPhaldakoti
Chaugarkhiya
Majh
Kum
aiya
AskotiSirali
Danpuriya
GARHWALI
KUMAONI
Lobhiya
Ancient Communities & Linguistic Composition of the Central Himalayas
L ANGUAGE GROUP
Regional Subdialect
COMMUNITY
Dynasty
PauriHunger Strike1994/8/2
NainitalHunger Strike 1994/8/15Police Firing 1994/10/3
SrinagarLathi Charge 1995/11/10
MussoorieUttarakhand Kranti DalFormed 1979/7/25Police Firing 1994/9/2
KhatimaPolice Firing 1994/9/1
Muzaffarnagar (Rampur Tiraha)Police Firing, Assault1994/10/2
DehradunPolice Firing 1994/10/3
RamnagarHill State Council formed1967/6/24
GairsainCampaign for Capital2004
Reni1974/3/26
Tehri Dam1978-2004
KotdwarPolice Firing 1994/10/3
Mandal1973/4
Nahi Kalan1986/9-1987/7
Phata1973/6-12
Phalenda2005-6
Bhadyargarh1978-9
Advani,Salet,Kangar& Sabli1977-8
Chanchridhar(Dwarahat)1978/1
Bachher1987
Dungri-Paintoli1980/2
Nainital1977/10
Pulna1978/1Parsari
1979/8
Hat (Almora)1977/12
Kataldi2001-2003
Ufrainkhal“Doodhatoli
Lok VikasSansthan” 1980s-
Lata“Jhapto-Cheeno” 1998
Gwaldam“Maiti” Movement 1996-
Askot to Arakot Yatrafact-finding voyage acrossUttarakhand helped establishthe modern unified identityof the region1974, 1984, 1994, 2004
From 1974-1980, the Chipko environmental justice movementmobilized about 23,000 people from 150-200 villages across theregion. The subsequent anti-mining struggle near Nahi Kalan mayhave mobilized 2000 people from 10 villages. However, before andafter, the anti-liquor movement persisted, seeing local actions andmass rallies in the region from 1965 onwards (Routledge, 1993).
The groundwork for the creation of Uttarakhand was laid by variouspersonalities and political organizations in the decades followingindependence. Support for autonomy spanned the ideologicalspectrum beginning with the left, yet the tragic martyrdoms of 1994galvanized the demand into a mass movement (Kumar, 2000).
Basbheeraanti-liquor stir
spreads from hereacross Kumaon 1984
Tehrianti-liquor rally1971/11/20
Laasi1979/12
Main Trail
Uttarakhand Movement
Chipko Movement
Anti-DamAnti-Mining
Chipko-derived Movements
Region-wide Movements
Modern Social Movements
The consolidation of the Garhwal and Kumaon kingdoms heraldedalmost two centuries of intermittent warfare between the two, rivallingthe War of the Roses and the Hundred-Years War in their intensity andduration. Neighbouring states would likewise invariably interveneincluding Sirmor and the Mughal Empire on the side of Kumaon andDoti and Katyuri statelets on the side of Garhwal. By the end of the 18th century, the states were so weakened by this infighting that even abrief attempt at unity could not prevent their conquest by the Gorkhasnor the the empire from beyond the seas (Atkinson, 1881).
Seige of KalangaLoss of British CommanderCostly British Victoryover Gorkhas 1814/11/30
Seige of LangurgarhiSuccessful Garhwali Defense
against Gorkha Invasion1791-2
Battle of KhilpatiGorkha Victory overBritish 2nd Columnin Kali Kumaon1815/3/31
Battle of AlmoraBritish Victory over GorkhasCapture of Kumaon1815/4/27
Flight of the Kingfrom Srinagar to Barahat to Dunwith Gorkhas in pursuitFall 1803
Garhwal-Kumaon Frontierfrequent skirmishes, raids,&
full scale invasions 1591-1803
Retreat to TeraiKumaonis make severalunsuccessful attempts to recoverkingdom 1791-1794
LobhaGwaldam
BADHAN
PALI
Chaukot
Dapa IncursionsTibetan raids plunderbeyond Badrinath 1620s Punitive Expeditions
three pointed attacksucceeds at ending raids 1624influence reestablished 1690s
The Northern Expeditiontrade rights in Tibet securedTaklakot briefly seized alongwith control over all passes
to Kailash 1670
Rohilla InvasionRohilla Victory over KumaonisSacking of Almora 1743-4
Retreat to GairsainRohilla Victory over combinedGarhwal & Kumaon force 1744
Second Mughal Invasioncombined Mughal/Kumaon/Sirmorforce briefly annexes Dun 1655-60
First Mughal InvasionQueen Mother Karnavaticrushes Mughal force withguerrilla tactics 1635
Srinagar
Battle of Khurburadeath of Garhwal King
capture of Garhwalby Gorkhas
1804/1
Battle of GangoliKumaonis repulse Gorkhas towardsKali Kumaon 1790/1
Capture of AlmoraGorkhas enter capital after defeatingKumaonis near Katolbagh 1790/2
Theatre of Conflict 17th-19th Century
Risp
ana
Song
Baldi
Nala
pani
Nag
al
Anwala
Bind
al
Tons
Nun
Rajpur R
d
Haridwar Rd
Raipur Rd
Sahara
npur Rd
Kaonli Rd
Chakrata Rd
E.C
. Rd
RAJPUR
RAIPURDHARAMPUR
MOKHAMPUR
BIRPUR JAKHAN
To Mussoorie & Landour
To Sahastradhara
CHUKKUWALA
DALANWALA
HATHIBARKALA
ANARWALA
NALAPANI
Bahadurpurpossible capital of Shah Jahan’sbrief capture of Dun1655-1660
Forest Research Institutemain office built in 1929 torival Viceroy’s House in Delhi
Jhanda MohallaGuru Ram Rai’s palace 1699nucleus of later Dehra city
British Cemetery
Kalanga Memorialerected to honour bothsides of the conflictafter raising of fort1814
Race CourseHome of Viceroy’s
summer stables
Ajabpurafter Ajbu Kunwar,consort of RajmataKarnavati 1630s
Rajpur Canaloldest canal in Dunbuilt by Ajbu KunwarKaulagir
site of first tea estatein Dun
Khurburasite of last battle
of the Gorkhaconquest 1804
Survey of IndiaHQ of oldest departmentin India 1767
Robber’s Cave
Rail Service from 1900
TEHRI
DEHR ADUN
LAND OUR“European Only”
Settlement
Gun Hill
Happy Valley
Lal Tibba
Mall RdCart Rd
Mussoorie is named after a local shrub while Landourdraws its name from Llanddowror, a village inWales.
CamelBack Rd
MUSSO ORIE
Pre-Independence Dehra Dun
0 1 2 3 4 5km
Pre-Independence Nainital
Upper Mall
Upper Kaladungi
Lower Kaladungi
Cart Rd
Upper M
all
Middle M
all
Cheena 2615m
Snowview 2270m
AyarpathaDorothy’s Seatnamed after artistDorothy Kellet
Governor’s Housesummer residence of NW/United Provinces governors
The Flatsplay area created aftermassive 1880landslide
St.John in theWilderness Church
Naina DeviTemple
Sherwood Collegeest. 1869
TALLI TAL
MALLI TAL
Alma
0 1 2 3km
To Almora
CANTONMENT
Devpatta
Uttarakhand
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Three new states createdby act of Parliament
in 2000
I N D I A
1776 1800 1824 1848 1872 1920 1952 20001960 1968 1976 1984 1992
C H R O N O L O G I C A L T I M E L I N E
17281680163215841536148814401200960720 194418964800 CE480 BCE
2007 State name restored toUttarakhand
2000 Formation of “Uttaranchal”Dehradun made provisional capital
2004 Old Tehri submergedunder dam reservoir
1994 Peak ofUttarakhand AndolanMuzaffarnagar Kand
1996 PM Deve Gowdacalls for Uttarakhandfrom Red Fort
1989 UttarakhandSanyukta SangarshSamiti convened
1986-7 Epic anti-miningbattle at Sinsyaru Kala
1979 UttarakhandKranti Dal formed to fightfor separate hill state
1978 Advani Forestsaved by Chipko action
1976 UttarakhandSangarsh Vahini formed
1974 Gaura Devileads women tosave Reni Forest
1974 First Askot to Arakot Yatraacross Uttarakhand
1973 Formation of Kumaun & Garhwal Universities
2003 New industrial policybrings manufacturing to Terai
1972 Mass rallies against timber auctions
1961 UttarakhandSarvodaya Mandalformed at Kausani
1968 Uttarakhand HillDevelopment Councilformed by UP State
1962 India-China Warcloses frontier withTibet
1952 PC Joshi of the CPI calls forGarhwal & Kumaon autonomy
1949 Tehri State merged with Uttar Pradesh
1948 Nagender Saklani & Bholu Bhandarimartyred by Tehri State forcesTehri King abdicates
1944 Sridev Sumanmartyred in Tehri Jail
1939 Tehri PrajaMandal formed
1930 Tilari Kand, peasantsmassacred by Tehri King’s forces
1930 Peshawar IncidentChander Singh Garhwali revolts against ordersto fire on peaceful demonstrations
1921 Swaraj activists forceend to Coolie & Uttar Begarsystem in Kumaon
1916 KumaonParishad formedto fight for homerule
1914 Garhwal Riflessent to France at adventof WWI, suffer heavylosses but win greatrenown
1887 Garhwal Rifles raised &stationed in Lansdowne,military recruitment heraldsmoney order economy
1878 Forest Act sets pattern of colonialdomination of Uttarakhand's forests
1866 Explorer “Pundit”Nain Singh Rawatreaches Lhasa
1857 Revolt againstBritish Rule in KaliKumaon, Haldwanibriefly liberated, peacereigns elsewhere in hills
1942 Garhwali POWs join INA
1824 turbulent Rawainpargana returned to Tehri
1814-6 Anglo-Gorkha War ends in Treaty of SugauliEastern Garhwal & Kumaon ceded to British, independentGarhwal reestablished from Tehri
1840 Wilson awardedfirst timber grant from Tehri
1803-4 Gorkhas conquerGarhwal, King dies inbattle
1791 Gorkhas overrunKumaon, checked byGarhwalis at Langurgarhi
G O R K H YA N I B R I T I S H R A J T E H R I R I YA S AT I N D I A U T TA R P R A D E S H S TAT E H O O D
1785 Pradyumna Shahbriefly unites Garhwal& Kumaon
1768 Rising GorkhaEmpire occupiesKathmandu
1761 Kumaon forces aid Mughalsagainst Marathas at Battle of Panipat
1744 Rohillas overrunAlmora, defeat combinedKumaon & Garhwalforces
1720 Decline of Chandpower, heralds decadesof internecine struggles& battles in the plains
1757 Rohillas establish authority in DunDehra Dun prospers
1560 Kalyan Chandmoves capital toAlmora fromChampawat
1517 Ajay Pal movescapital to Srinagarfrom Dewalgarh
1635 Rajmata Karnavati routs invadingMughal force, cuts noses of survivors
1671 Last Katyur chiefdeposed & banished by Chands
1191 Ashokchalla, Malla king ofWestern Nepal shatters Katyuri power,marches as far as Gopeshwar & Barahat
1670 Baz Bahadur Chandoccupies Tibet trade routes,briefly seizes Taklakot
c. 820 Shankar Acharya reestablishes Shaivism,dies at Kedarnath
c. 200 BCE Kunindassovereign over the hills
304-232 BCE Ashokan MauryaEmpire extends to Terai
c. 5th centuryNagas fill vacuum
c. 630 Chinese travelerHuien Tsang passesthrough region, describesvarious Buddhistprincipalities
c. 700 Rise of pan-HimalayanKarttikeyapur dynasty
c. 11th century Karttikeyapurdisintegrates, Katyuri princesreestablish authority from Baijnath
888 Panwars establish seat at Chandpurgarhi,heralding migration from plains
c. 200 Kunindas, Yaudheyas, &Arjunayanas form confederation
1660 Prithvi Shah hands Suleiman Shikohto Aurangzeb to prevent invasionDun returned to Garhwal King
1591 Battle of GwaldamKatyuris & Garhwalisrebuff Kumaoni invasion
1374 Garur Gyan Chandbegins expansion beyondKali Kumaon
1488-1503 Kirati Chandoccupies Khagmara Kot (Almora),subjugates Katyuris, & expandsKumaon’s borders
1565-1597 Rudra Chandconquers remaining landswest of Kali, including Askot,Sira, Johar, & Darma
1597-1621 Lakshmi Chandunsuccessfully invades Garhwal seven times
K AT Y U R G A R H WA L K U M A O N
1261 Thohar Chand, first confirmedChand King, ascends to throne
1493 Panwar King Ajay Pal ascends throne,completes unification of Garhwal
6th century BCEKiratas present in hills
1946 Badri DuttPande calls forseparate hill state
1692 Fateh Shahraids Saharanpur, extendsGarhwali influence into Tibet
1624 Mahi Pat Shahsends Madho SinghBandhari to punishraiders from Tibet 1779 Lalit Shah drives
usurper from Chand throneinstalls son Pradyumna as new King
1955 State ReorganisationCommission decidesagainst smaller statesKM Panikkar dissents
960 BCE
7th centuryPaurava dynasty
105-250 Kushans prevailover North India
c. 4th centuryGuptas defeatconfederation,end Kuninda era
ince time immemorial, Uttarakhand has been knownas the Devbhumi - “abode of gods” and has played acentral role in the legends of the entire subcontinent.
Archaeological evidence such as rock art at Lakhudiyar, Nautiyal, & Dungri and burialsin Malari, Sanana & Baseri show that Uttarakhand hosted stone age cultures as early as thepalaeolithic before the arrival of Kol, Khas, & Kirata migrants mentioned in the Puranas.
3rd-2nd Millennium BCEEarliest settlement of Central Himalayas(?)
P U R A N A S
1815-35 GW Traill becomesfirst commissioner of KumaonDivision, installs personalized rule
1836 Slavery banned
1998 Protests in Haridwar & Udham Singh Nagarover inclusion in new state nearly derail statehood bill
1994 Kaushik Committeedelineates contours of newstate with capital at Gairsain
1987 Large rallies bringUttarakhand demandto the fore
S1655 Shah Jahan invades Garhwal, capturesDun with help from Kumaon & Sirmor
1815-18591859-18711871-18861886-19131913-19461946-1948
1948-1949
Panwar Dynasty(Tehri*)
1815-18161816-18301830-18391839-18471848-18561856-18841885-18871888-18891889-18921892-18941894-18981899-19021903-19051906-19131914-19241935-19391939-19411941-19431943-19471947-1948
Kumaon Commissionery*(British Raj)
* Includes Eastern “British” Garhwal
Sudarshan ShahBhawani Shah
Pratap ShahKirti Shah
Narendra ShahManabendra Shah
Praja Mandal**
E. GardnerG.W. TraillColonel GowanG.C. LoushingtonJ.N. BattenH. RamsayH.G. RossJ.R. ReidG.E. ErskinD.T. RobertsE.E. GriggR.E. HamblinA.M.W. ShakespearJ.S. CampbellP. WyndhamA.W. IbbotsonG.L. VivianT.J.C. ActonW.W. FinlayK.L. Mehta
First Dynasty(7th-8th Centuries)
Basantana (Vasudeva)...
KharaparadevaKalyanarajadeva
Tribhuvanarajadeva
AshokchallaKrachalladeva
Panwar Dynasty(Garhwal)
1790-1795
1795-179717971797
1797-17991799-1806
1806-1815
Gorkha Military Governors(Gorkhyani)
Malla (Nepalese) Hegemony
9th Century...1455-14931493-15471548-15801581-15911591-16111611-16241624-16311631-16671667-171617161717-17721772-17801780-17851785-1804
Kanak Pal...
Jagat PalAjay Pal
Sahaj PalBalbhadra Pal
Man ShahShyam Shah
Mahi Pat ShahPrithvi Pat Shah
Fateh Pat ShahUpendra ShahPradeep Shah
Lalit ShahJaikrit Shah
Pradyumna Shah*
9th Century...
1261-12811281-1286
...1360-13781378-14201420-14441444-14771477-14881488-15061506-15121512-15301530-15671567-15971597-16211621-16241625-16381638-16781678-16981698-17081708-17201720-17261726-17291730-17481748-17771777-17791779-17861786-1788
17881788-1790
Som Chand...Thohar ChandKalyan Chand...Abhaya ChandGyan ChandVikram ChandBharati ChandRatan ChandKirti ChandPratap ChandBhisma ChandBalo Kalyan ChandRudra ChandLakshmi ChandDalip ChandTrimal ChandRaj Bahadur ChandUdyot ChandGyan ChandJagat ChandDevi ChandAjit ChandKalyan ChandDeep ChandMohan ChandPradyumna Chand*Mohan ChandSiv ChandMahendra Chand
1191-12091223
Chand Dynasty(Kumaon)
L I S T O F R U L E R SUNTIL INDEPENDENCE
Compiled by Atkinson (1881)Revised & Completed by Khanduri & Negi (2007)
Joga Mall ShahKazi Nar ShahiAjab Singh ThapaBhum ShahRudravir SinghAjab Singh ThapaDhaukal Sun SinghKazi Gajeshwar PandeyRitu Raj ThapaBhum Shah
* Tehri Princely Statereinstalled Panwar lineagein Western Garhwal as a11-gun salute state of thePunjab Hill State Agency
** Revolution in Tehri,rule by democratic council untilaccession to India as a districtof Uttar Pradesh State 1949
Remnants of the Katyuris wouldrule from the Katyur Valley,
Sira & Askot (Rainkas), Sor (Bams),and Gangoli (Mankotis) before
succumbing to Chand expansionismby the end of the 16th century.
The Chand & Panwar Dynastieswould likewise consolidate theircontrol over the Bhotiya Mahals
during the same period.
*Pradyumna Shah/Chandbriefly ruled over bothGarhwal & Kumaon
in 1785-1786
Garhwal Rifles
Raised May 5, 1887Lansdowne, Uttarakhand
“Badri Vishal Ki Jai”
Battle Honours
1897-1898191419141914-1915191519151914-19151915-19161918191819181917-1918194019411941194119411942194219421944194419441944194519481962196519651971
1940-19431941-19421942-19451943-19451947-194819621965196519711999
Punjab FrontierLa Bassee
ArmentiersFestubert
Neuve ChapelleAubers
France and FlandersEgypt
MacedoniaKhan Baghdadi
ShargatMesopotamia
GallabatBarentu
KerenMassawa
Amba AlagiKuantan
YenangyaungMonywa
Citta Di CastelloNorth Arakan
Ngakyedauk PassRamree
TaungupTithwal
NuranangButtar Dograndi
Gadra RoadHilli
North AfricaMalayaBurma
ItalyJammu & Kashmir
LadakhPunjab
RajasthanEast Pakistan
Kargil
1947196219651971197119711971
1947-194819621965196519711999
Srinagar (Badgam)Rezang LaGadra CityBhaduriaDaudkandiSanjoi MirpurShamsher Nagar
Jammu & KashmirLadakhPunjabRajasthanEast PakistanKargil
Kumaon Regiment
Raised October 27, 1945Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
“Kalika Mata Ki Jai”
Battle Honours
Theatre Honours
Theatre Honours
Kumaonis had earlier served in theHyderabad Contingent of the BritishEast India Company from the late
1700s. In 1922, the 19th HyderabadRegiment was formed from earlier
units, and was joined by the4th battalion Garhwal Rifles
(Kumaon Rifles) to form the nucleiof what would become the
Kumaon Regiment after WWII.
Second Dynasty(8th-9th Centuries)
NimbartadevaIshtaganadevaLalitasuradeva
Bhudeva
Third Dynasty(9th-10th Centuries)
SalonadityaIchchhatadeva
DesatadevaPadmatadeva
Subhiksharajadeva
(followed by lesser unknown princes)
Katyuri Hegemony
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