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Pipe Design, Testing,
&Specifications
Jim GoddardJimGoddard3, LLC.
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Design & SelectionWhats Important:1. Hydraulic Capacity2. Structural Design
3. Durability4. Installation
5. Quality
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Hydraulic CapacityThe anticipated design flows determine the
size of pipe or structure required. Forculverts or storm sewers, design flows arenormally determined from rainfall intensity
information available from the USGS,NOAA, or BuRec.For sanitary sewer designs, the numberand type/size of connections and length ofthe collectors.
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Hydraulic DesignFor most culvert
installations, inletcontrol determinesthe capacity of the
pipe. Mannings nvalue has no impact.
The flow capacity of the
pipe seen here is thesame regardless ofpipe type.
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Hydraulic CapacityFlow capacity of storm sewers, sanitary
sewers, and longer, relatively flat culvertsis determined by outlet control, andManning's n determines capacity.
Manning's n IS NOT constant for any pipetype, but varies with the velocity and
diameter of the pipe.
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Manning 's "n" VS. Liner Roughness
y = 0.0145x + 0.01R2 = 0.7016
y = 0.0108x + 0.0087R2 = 0.7796
y = 0.008x + 0.0088R2 = 0.8766
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Liner Roughnes s (inches)
M a n n
i n g
' s " n
"
3 FPS
10 FPS
15 FPS
Linear (3 FPS)
Linear (10 FPS)
Linear (15 FPS)
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Hydraulic Design All pipe industry tests are done in the lab
with near perfect alignment, tight joints,clean water, and new, clean pipe.
In the real world, none of this is true.Have you ever seen a 2 year old pipe that
did not have some debris or build-up in it?Thus, for smooth interior pipe the design
n should be a minimum of 0.013 to0.015!
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Hydraulic Design Available diameters of available pipe types varies:
1. Depending on local capabilities, concrete pipeis available up to 10 diameter or more.
2. Corrugated steel pipe is generally available
from 6 up to small bridges (40 or more)3. Thermoplastic pipe is generally available fromvery small diameters (2) through 10 orgreater depending on pipe type.
Available diameters may determine the pipe typeor types specified.
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Structural Design AASHTO LRFD Section 12 provides current
structural design methodologies forreinforce concrete pipe, corrugated metalpipe, and thermoplastic pipe (both PVC
and HDPE). The determination of theloads on these buried pipes comes fromLRFD Section 3.
Both dead loads and live loads must beconsidered.
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Live LoadsLive Loads
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Cooper E80 Live Loads
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29 Years of Highway Loads
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Dead Loads - Testing
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Pennsylvania Deep Burial Study 23 Years of Data 100 Feet Deep
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Utah DOT Legacy Parkway
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Utah DOT Legacy Parkway
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FEMA P-675 Plastic Pipe in Dams
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Structural DesignEvery pipe type has different load
or structural limits.Site loading conditions; depth of fill,
magnitude of live loads; maydetermine pipe types to beconsidered.
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DurabilityEvery pipe type has different durability limits.
Generally, the environmental conditionseffecting pipe durability are:
1. pH2. Salts3. Soil chemistry (sulfides, chlorides, etc.)4. Water chemistry5. Abrasion
6. Soil resistivity7. Stray currents
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Supporting Durability InformationInformation on material selection criteria is
available in:AASHTO Highway Drainage Guidelines,
Volume 14, Culvert Inspection, MaterialSelection and Rehabilitation Guideline
and/or
NCHRP Project 20-5, Topic 25-21, ServiceLife of Drainage Pipes.
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Quoted Permissible pH Range for Various Pipe Materials
pH Levels 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
CMP 6 - 9.5
RCP 4 - 10
HDPE 1.5 - 14
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CALTRANSHIGHWAY DESIGN MANUALSection 850
50 Year Min. Maintenance-Free Life
GALV STEEL 6-8 >3000 ALUM. STEEL 5.5-8 >1500
ALUMINUM 5.5-8.5 >1500CONCRETE 5.5-9 -HDPE No Limits No Limits
Pipe Material pH Range Resistivity Range
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PennDOT I-99 pH
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HDPE, PVC and Vitrified Clayunaffected by most chemicals
Concrete affected by road salts, low pH, solublechlorides and sulfates. Deterioration may beaccelerated when subjected to freeze/thaw action.
Aluminum affected by low and high pH, electro-chemical corrosion and abrasion. Corrugated metal pipes affected by low and high
pH, electro-chemical corrosion, acids, alkalis anddissolved salts.
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InstallationCurrent AASHTO Construction Standards
include installation requirements for thedominant pipe types:
Section 27 for corrugated metal pipe;Section 28 for concrete pipe;Section 30 for thermoplastic pipe (PVC &
HDPE).
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InstallationPost installation inspection of ALL pipe types
should be required, with different concernsfor different pipe types:
Rigid pipe should be inspected for cracking, joint tightness and integrity, alignment;
Flexible pipe should be inspected for
deflection, joint tightness and integrity,alignment.
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Installation TimeCosts associated with the time to completion
of an installation has become more of afactor. Traffic disruption, detours, andinconvenience to the public is not beingconsidered by several DOTs in their bidevaluations.
Innovative installation methods can havesignificant impact.
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Installation Delaware DOT
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AASHTO Pipe StandardsIn 1972, the only pipe types covered by AASHTO
Specifications were reinforced concrete pipe andcorrugated steel pipe. Today there are 5material types, including:
Reinforced concrete pipeCorrugated steel pipe
Corrugated Aluminum pipe
PolyVinyl Chloride pipeHigh Density Polyethylene pipe
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AASHTO Pipe Standards
AASHTO StandardConcrete Pipe Corrugated Metal
PipePolyethylene Pipe PVC Pipe
Subcommittee onMaterials AASHTO M 86AASHTO M 170AASHTO M 175AASHTO M 176AASHTO M 206AASHTO M 207AASHTO M 242
AASHTO M 36AASHTO M 167AASHTO M 190AASHTO M 196AASHTO M 197AASHTO M 218AASHTO M 219AASHTO M 245AASHTO M 246AASHTO M 274AASHTO M 289
AASHTO M 252AASHTO M 294 AASHTO M 278AASHTO M 304
Subcommittee onBridges and Structures
Design
AASHTO LRFDBridge Design
Specifications Section12
AASHTO LRFDBridge Design
Specifications Section12
AASHTO LRFDBridge Design
Specifications Section12
AASHTO LRFDBridge Design
Specifications Section12
Subcommittee onBridges and Structures
Construction
AASHTO LRFDBridge Construction
SpecificationsSection 27
AASHTO LRFDBridge Construction
SpecificationsSection 26
AASHTO LRFDBridge Construction
SpecificationsSection 30
AASHTO LRFDBridge Construction
SpecificationsSection 30
National TransportationProduct Evaluation
Program
None None NTPEP forThermoplastic Pipe
None
Notes: 1. Only one of the four pipe types has in place AASHTO Materials Specifications, AASHTO Design Standards, AASHTOConstruction and Inspection Standards, and an AASHTO NTPEP for quality assurance; HDPE pipe.
1.The corrugated metal pipe AASHTO Materials Specifications include both fabricated pipe and metal sheet or platestandards and coating standards for both steel and aluminum; whereas material standards are within the pipe standardsfor concrete pipe, HDPE pipe, and PVC pipe.
1.Design standards for all four listed pipe types are contained in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
Section 12.4. The AASHTO NTPEP for Thermoplastic Pipe lists over 100 test reports from 11 producing companies (as of 1/2/2010).
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Product QualityIndependent, 3 rd Party testing should be
required for all pipe types.The AASHTO NTPEP might be the best
example of such a program. Currently, theHDPE pipe program has been in place forabout 8 years. Reinforcing steel is also
included in NTPEP. Other pipe typesshould, and eventually will be included.
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CompetitionCompetition is not only the
basis of protection to theconsumer, but is the incentive
to progress.Herbert Hoover
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Pipe selectionThere is no one pipe type appropriate for
every installation or application.
Specifying multiple pipe types, whereapplicable, reduces costs.
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Thank You Any Questions?
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