Patrick Janot
PhysicsopportunitieswiththeFCC
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
1
FCC-ee/hh LEP/LHC SPS
PS
See Seminar of Frank Zimmermann, Future Colliders for Particle Physics Jan 2018 See also three lectures on FCC at the CERN Academic Training, Oct. 2017
Patrick Janot
q OutcomeoftheEuropeanStrategyforParticlePhysicsinMay2013◆ FromCERNCouncilofficialdocuments:
● Notbasedonaphysicscase.Mostlytechnological/strategicalarguments.
GenesisoftheFCC
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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CLIC
https://cds.cern.ch/record/1567295
https://cds.cern.ch/record/1567258/
FCC !
Patrick Janot
TheFCCConceptualDesignStudyq StudykickedoffinGenevainFeb.2014q Internationalcollaboration(124institutes)
◆ Studycircularcollidersfittinginanew~100kminfrastructure,intheGenevaarea
● Baselinecircumference:97.75km
q Ultimategoal:100TeVppcollider(FCC-hh)◆ RequiresR&Dfor16Tmagnets◆ Definestheinfrastructure
q Possiblefirststeps◆ ppcollider(HE-LHC)intheLEP/LHCtunnel
● WithFCC-hhtechnology(16T→26-27TeV)◆ e+e-collider(FCC-ee)attheintensityfrontier
● Highluminosity,√s=90-400GeV
q Possibleadd-on◆ e-poption(FCC-eh)
● Withanew60GeVERLforelectrons
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
3
q EuropeanStrategyupdate(2019)◆ Conceptualdesignreport(CDR)◆ Costreviewfortunnelandeachcollider◆ Schedulesandoperationmodels
Patrick Janot
GenesisoftheFCC-eeq Seminalpapersstartedin2011
◆ OriginalideacamewiththefirsthintsfortheHiggsbosoninLHC(Dec.2011)
◆ Firstphysicsstudiesfollowedimmediatelyafter(Aug.2012)
◆ ExtendedtoalargertunnelinthewakeoftheHF2012workshop(Nov.2012)
q ConcludedwiththeESPP’13famousstatement
q UnambiguouslytailoredtoILCatthetime◆ TheFCC-eeturnsouttobeideally(andmuchbetter)suitedtothisphysicscase
● ThesynergeticcombinationoftheFCC-eeandtheFCC-hhisuniqueandunbeatable● Strategicallykillstwobirdsinonestone
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
4
A High Luminosity e+e− Collider in the LHC tunnel to study the Higgs Boson Alain Blondel (Geneva U.), Frank Zimmermann (CERN) https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2518
Prospective Studies for LEP3 with the CMS Detector, Patrick Janot et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.1662
Higgs Factory: Linear vs Circular (HF2012), Alain Blondel et al., https://indico.fnal.gov/event/5775/ First look at the physics case of TLEP, Patrick Janot et al., https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.6176
https://cds.cern.ch/record/1567258/
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Unprecedentedprecisionsq Today:NotlessthanfiveprojectsforEWfactoriesintheworld
◆ TostudythepropertiesoftheHiggsboson● Andotherparticles:theZ(91.2GeV)&W(80.4GeV)bosons,thetopquark(173.3GeV)
◆ Baselineluminositiesandcentre-of-massenergies:
q TheFCC-eeuniquediscoverypotentialismultipliedbythepresenceofthefourheavyparticlesofthestandardmodelinitsenergyrange
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
5
q Ultimateprecision@FCC-ee:◆ 100000Z/second(!)
● 1Z/secondatLEP◆ 10000W/hour
● 20000Win5yearsatLEP◆ 1500Higgsbosons/day
● 10timesmorethanILC◆ 1500topquarks/day
…ineachdetector◆ Inacleanexp’talenvironment:
● nopileup;beambackgroundsundercontrol;E,pconstraints
Z WW HZ tt LEP×105!
CLIC
ILC
CEPC
FCCLEP3
-
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Luminositygoalsandoperationmodelq TheFCC-eephysicsgoalsrequireatleast
◆ 150ab-1atandaroundtheZpole(√s~91.2GeV)◆ 10ab-1attheWWthreshold(√s~161GeV)◆ 5ab-1attheHZcrosssectionmaximum(√s~240GeV)◆ 0.2ab-1atthetopthreshold(√s~350GeV)and1.5ab-1above(√s~365GeV)
q Operationmodel(with10%safetymargin)withtwoIPs◆ 200scheduledphysicsdaysperyear(7months–13daysofMD/stops)◆ Hübnerfactor~0.75(lowerthanachievedwithKEKBtop-upinjection,~0.8)
◆ HalfthedesignluminosityinthefirstyearsofZandtopoperation(~LEP1)◆ MachineconfigurationbetweenWPschangedduringWintershutdowns(3months/year)
q Totalrunningtime:13(+1)years(~LEP)
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
6
Workingpoint Z,years1-2 Z,later WW HZ ttthreshold 365GeV
Lumi/IP(1034cm-2s-1) 100 200 31 7.5 0.85 1.5
Lumi/year(2IP) 26ab-1 52ab-1 8.1ab-1 1.95ab-1 0.22ab-1 0.39ab-1
Physicsgoal 150 10 5 0.2 1.5
Runtime(year) 2 2 1 3 1 4
Longershutdowns:install196RFCMsLEPRecord:32inoneshutdown!
-
5×1012Z108WW106HZ106tt-
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Discoverypotentialinanutshellq EXPLOREthe10-100TeVenergyscale
◆ WithprecisionmeasurementsofthepropertiesoftheZ,W,Higgs,andtopparticles● 20-50foldimprovedprecisiononALLelectroweakobservables(EWPO)
➨ mZ,ΓZ,mW,mtop,sin2θweff,Rb,αQED(mz),αs(mz),topEWcouplings…● 10foldmorepreciseandmodel-independentHiggscouplingsmeasurements
q DISCOVERthattheStandardModeldoesnotfit◆ Thenextraweakly-coupledandHiggs-coupledparticlesexist◆ Understandtheunderlyingphysicsthrougheffectsvialoops
q DISCOVERaviolationofflavourconservation/universality◆ Examples:Z→τµin5×1012Zdecays;ort→cZ,cHat√s=240or350GeV◆ Alsoalotofflavourphysicsin1012bbevents,e.g.,withB0→K*0τ+τ- orBS→τ+τ-
q DISCOVERdarkmatterasinvisibledecaysofHiggsorZ
q DISCOVERveryweaklycoupledparticlesinthe5-100GeVmassrange◆ Suchasright-handedneutrinos,darkphotons,…
● Mayhelpunderstanddarkmatter,universebaryonasymmetry,neutrinomasses
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
7
-
MayhelpshapeupFCC-hhdetectors
Today,wedonotknowhownaturewillsurpriseus:otherthingsmaycomeupwithFCC-ee
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Energyupgradeq RequestedbytheEuropeanStrategystatement(2013)
◆ Inlineare+e-colliders,anenergyupgradeismostlyrelevantfor● Theproductionandstudyof(a)putativenewparticle(s)athighmass
➨ TheILCbaselinedesignnolongerplansanenergyupgrade➨ ThedomaincoveredbyCLIC(0.4–3TeV)isbeingexploredbytheLHC
CLICbecomesaninterestingoptiontoconsiderifanewparticleproducedine+e-collisionswerediscovered/hintedatinthisrangebytheLHC
➨ Amuchbiggerenergystepisneededtogobeyond→hadroncollidersWith√s=100TeV,theFCC-hhhasaccesstoabroaderrangeTheSppCislessambitiouswithR&Dfor12Tdipoles
● ThemeasurementofthetopYukawacoupling(ttH)andHiggsselfcoupling(HHH)➨ IncombinationwithFCC-ee,theFCC-hhdoesbetterthanlinearcolliders
q TheFCC-hhisthemostambitiousscientifically◆ Withnumeroussynergiesandcomplementarities
● Tunnel,infrastructure,cryogenics,time,long-termCERNfuture,andphysics◆ AnditpavesthewaytotheFCC-µµ,aleptoncolliderwithpotentiallymuchhigher√s
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Luminositygoalsandeventratesq Luminosityandpileup
◆ HL-LHC:3ab-1at14TeVin15years,upto200PU◆ HE-LHC:10ab-1at27TeVin15years,upto850PU◆ FCC-hh:20ab-1at100TeVin25years,upto1000PU
● Baseline:0.25ab-1thefirstyear,increasingfor~10yearstowards…● Ultimate:1.5ab-1/yearfor15years
q Eventrates(examples)◆ 2×1010Higgsbosons(200×HL-LHC)
● 2×107pairsofHiggs(400×HL-LHC)● 108ttHevents(600×HL-LHC)
◆ 1012toppairs(300×HL-LHC)◆ 105pairsofgluinosifmgluino~8TeV(noneatHL-LHC)◆ 5×1013Wbosons,1013Zbosons(70×HL-LHC)◆ …
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Discoverypotentialq Twomainfeatures
◆ MassreachofdirectparticleobservationenhancedbyafactorE/14TeV~7@100TeV● Newgaugebosonsupto40TeV● Strongly-interactingparticlesupto15-20TeV● NaturalSUSYupto5-20TeV● Darkmatterupto1.5–5TeV
➨ PossibilitytofindorruleoutthermalWIMPDMcandidates● Increasedsensitivitytohigh-energyphenomena(e.g.WWscattering,Drell-Yan)
◆ Hugeproductionrates● PrecisionstudyofHiggsandtopquarkproperties
➨ ExplorationofEWSBphenomenawithunmatchablesensitivityYes/No:DidbaryogenesistakeplaceduringEWphasetransition?
➨ RareorBSMdecays● Sensitivitytoheavynewphysicsthroughindirect(precision)probes
➨ E.g.,withratiosofcrosssections➨ E.g.,withhigh-pTfinalstatesforchannelssystematics-limitedattheLHC
ShiftbetweenstatisticsandsystematicsFurtherimprovedbysynergieswithFCC-ee
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Physics at the FCC-hh: https://cds.cern.ch/record/2270978
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Detectorsq Aformidablechallenge,wellbeyondHL-LHC
◆ Muchlargerlongitudinaleventboost● Enhancedcoverageatlargerapidity(withtrackingandcalorimetry)● Forwardsolenoidsordipoles● Length~46m
◆ Zs,Ws,Higgses,topswillbehighlyboosted(esp.inhighpTfinalstates)● Highgranularitytrackingandcalorimetry● 4T,10mboremainsolenoidsurroundingthecalorimeters
◆ Upto1000PUeventsoverabunchlengthof5cm● Highresolutionvertexing● Ultrafastdetector/electronics
◆ Energeticjets● 2m-thickHCAL
◆ HighpTmuons● 20%resolution@10TeV
◆ Radiationhardness◆ …
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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See Werner Riegler’s Academic Training here
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Detectorsq Twobaselinedesignsaimedforhigh-precisionmeasurements(~10-5)
◆ CLD:CLICdesignadaptedforFCC-eeIDEA:FCC-eespecific,R&Dahead
◆ Silicontracker,thickness~30%X0Driftchamber(50Kwires,L=4m,0.4%X0)◆ Highgranularity(3D+timing)calorimetry2T,4mboresolenoidaroundtracker◆ 2T,8mboresolenoidaroundcalorimetersDualreadoutlead/fibrecalorimeter◆ +maybealargesurroundingtrackertoenhancelong-livedparticlesearches?
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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UltraLightInnovativeCosteffective
ProvenconceptKnownperformancefromfullsimulation
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 13
ElectroweakPrecisionMeasurements
Patrick Janot
EWPOs@FCC-ee
28 March 2018
q Boilsdowntomeasuringcrosssectionsandasymmetries
◆ Dominantexp’taluncertainties:beamenergyknowledge,luminositymeasurement
University of Geneva 14
0200400
(GeV) s50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
_)/_(
m
-510
-410
at FCC-eeµµ
FB accuracy from AQED_
(GeV) s50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
µµ FBA
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
AFB(µµ)
√s(GeV) √s(GeV)
Δα/α
Currentuncertainty
With 2×40 ab-1
√s(GeV)
mZ,ΓZ
mW, ΓW
mt, Γt, λt
HZ • Measuresin2θWwithAFBat√s=mZ
• MeasureαQED(mZ)withAFBat√s=87.9and94.3GeV
• MeasuremZ, ΓZ fromthethree-pointZresonancescan
AFBµµ =
NFµ+ − NB
µ+
NFµ+ + NB
µ+≈ f (sin2ϑW
eff )+αQED (s)s−mZ
2
2sg(sin2ϑW
eff )
e+e-→µ+µ-
e+e-→qq,WW,tt- -
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Beamenergycalibrationq Auniquefeaturecirculare+e- colliders
◆ Achievetransversepolarizationofafew10’sofmonitoringnon-collidingbunches● Outof16000or1300bunchesattheZandWenergies● Requireswigglerstohavefastpolarizationatthebeginningofphysicsrun● Toomuchdepolarizingeffects(SR,energyspread)athigherenergies
◆ “Continous”beamenergycalibrationwithresonantdepolarization● Onemonitoringbunchatatime● Demonstrated(andused)atLEP,outsidephysicsruns(extrapolationerror2MeV)
◆ Targetprecisionon√sis±100keVattheZpole(mZ)andattheWWthreshold(mW)● Crucialforsensitivitytonewphysicsofallelectroweakmeasurements● AboveWWthreshold:UseWW,ZZandZγeventstodetermine√sfrommWandmZ
◆ Systematicstudiesongoingwithpromisingperspective
q Noteaboutlongitudinalpolarization(naturalatlinearcollider)◆ Muchlowerprioritythantransversepolarization
● Bringsnoinformationthatcannotbeobtainedotherwise(largeFCC-eestatistics)➨ Fromunpolarizedasymmetriesorfromfinalstatepolarization(tau,top)
● Causestoomuchlossofluminositytoprovidegaininprecision
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Luminositymeasurementq Notmuchroomfortheluminositycounter(withlowangleBhabhae+e-→e+e-)
◆ Emittanceblow-upfromdetectormagneticfield(beamcrossingatangle)● RequiresacompensatingsolenoidevenclosertotheIP
➨ Whichinturnlimitsthedetectormagneticfieldto2T● Andamagneticshieldingaroundthefinalfocusquads
◆ LumiCalFrontfaceat1.2mfromtheIP(insidethetracker–was~2.5matLEP)
● Strongmagneticforces,quenches:dangerouslongitudinalmovements➨ LumiCalsupportedbythecalorimeter,fixedtothecentralbeampipe
◆ Currentchallenge:Outgoingelectronsdeflectedbychargedensityoftheotherbunch● Effect10timeslargerthantherequiredluminosityaccuracy(10-4)
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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2m
Beam pipes
Luminosity counter
Compensating solenoid
Shielding solenoid
Final focus quads
3 m
2 m 1 m
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Summaryofprecisionsachievable
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Observable Measurement Currentprecision TLEPstat. Possiblesyst. Challenge
mtop(MeV) Thresholdscan 173340±760±500 20 <40 QCDcorr.
Γtop(MeV) Thresholdscan ? 40 <40 QCDcorr.
λtop Thresholdscan µ=1.2±0.3 0.08 <0.05 QCDcorr.
ttZcouplings √s=365GeV ~30% ~2% <2% QCDcorr
Observable Measurement Currentprecision TLEPstat. Possiblesyst. Challenge
mw(MeV) Thresholdscan 80385±15 0.6 <0.6 EWCorr.
ΓW(MeV) Thresholdscan 2085±42 1.5 <1.5 EWCorr.
Nν e+e-→γZ,Z→νν,ll 2.92±0.05 0.001 <0.001 ?
αs(mW) Bhad=(Γhad/Γtot)W Bhad=67.41±0.27 0.00018 <0.0001 CKMMatrix
Observable Measurement Currentprecision FCC-eestat. Possiblesyst. Challenge
mZ(MeV) Lineshape 91187.5±2.1 0.005 <0.1 QEDcorr.
ΓZ(MeV) Lineshape 2495.2±2.3 0.008 <0.1 QED/EW
Rl Peak 20.767±0.025 0.001 <0.001 Statistics
Rb Peak 0.21629±0.00066 0.000003 <0.00006 g→bb
Nν Peak 2.984±0.008 0.00004 <0.004 Lumimeast
sin2θWeff AFBµµ (peak) 0.23148±0.00016 0.000003 <0.000005 Beamenergy
1/αQED(mZ) AFBµµ (off-peak) 128.952±0.014 0.004 <0.004 QED/EW
αs(mZ) Rl 0.1196±0.0030 0.00001 <0.0002 NewPhysics
Patrick Janot
q Electroweakobservablesaresensitivetoheavyparticlesin“loops”◆ Forexample,inthestandardmodel:Γ(Z→µ+µ-)ormW
◆ WithprecisemeasurementsoftheZmass,Zwidth,andWeinbergangle[+αQED(mZ)]● LEPconfirmedtheexistenceofthetopquarkandwasabletopredictmtopandmW
◆ Withtheobservationofthetop(Tevatron)attherightmass● LEPconfirmedtheexistenceoftheHiggsbosonandwasablepredictmH
◆ WiththeobservationoftheHiggs(LHC)attherightmass● LEPwasabletoimprovethemWprediction(andmeasuredmWaswell)
mW2 =
παQED mZ2( )
2GF sin2θW
×1
1−Δr
Precision⟺Discovery
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Γll =GF
2mZ3
24π1+ 1
4− sin2θW
eff⎡
⎣⎢⎤
⎦⎥
2⎛
⎝⎜⎜
⎞
⎠⎟⎟× 1+Δρ( )
Δρ =απmt2
mZ2 −
α4πLogmH
2
mZ2 +!≈1% Δr = − cos
2ϑW
sin2ϑW
Δρ +α3π
12−13sin2ϑW
1− tan2ϑW
⎡
⎣⎢
⎤
⎦⎥Log
mH2
mZ2 +!≈1%
µ+
µ- µ-
µ+
sin2ϑWeff = 1− mW
2
mZ2
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟× (1+Δκ )
Patrick Janot
[GeV]tm140 150 160 170 180 190
[GeV
]W
M
80.25
80.3
80.35
80.4
80.45
80.568% and 95% CL contours
measurementst and mWfit w/o M measurementsH and Mt, mWfit w/o M
measurementst and mWdirect M
σ 1± world comb. WM 0.015 GeV± = 80.385 WM
σ 1± world comb. tm = 173.34 GeVtm
= 0.76 GeVσ GeV theo 0.50⊕ = 0.76 σ
= 125.14 GeV
HM = 50 GeV
HM = 300 GeV
HM = 600 GeV
HM G fitter SM
Jul ’14
Precision⟺Discovery,cont’dq Withmtop,mHandmWknown,thestandardmodelhasnowheretogo
q TheFCC-eewillsignificantlyimproveprecisiononallfronts◆ Moreprecisemeasurementsbecomesensitivetoother(heavier)particlesintheloops
● Ifoneingredientismissing,thesensitivitytonewphysicsdrops/vanishes➨ Fullprogramme(fromtheZpoletoabovethetopthreshold)welljustified
● Theoreticalcalculationsneedtobebroughttohigherorders(moreloops)
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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LEP,Tevatron,LHC
Teva
tron
,LHC
LEP(EWprecisionmeasurements)
LEP+mH(LHC)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1407.3792.pdf
FitoftheSMandnothingelse
Patrick Janot
Precision⟺Discovery,cont’dq CombiningallFCC-eeEWmeasurements
◆ InthecontextoftheSM…andbeyond
◆ Newphysics:blueandredellipsesmaynotoverlap● Orevenbetter,datamaynotfittotheSM
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Requires10-foldimprovedtheorycalculations
No theory uncertainties
6/17/2016 E.Perez15
Higgscouplings
Precision and indirect searches for new physicsTop couplings
Extra-dim models: Probe NP scalesof O ( 20 TeV )
4D-CHM,f < 2 TeV
Ex. NP models,probed by HL-LHC
EW precision
Power of loops :In terms of weakly-coupled new physics: ΛNP > 30 – 100 TeV
J. Ellis & T. You, JHEP03 (2016) 089
ILC Physics case, arXiv:1506.05992
Theo. uncertainties need to be improved inthe next 20 years, to match the exp. uncertainties
P. Janot, arXiv:1510.09056D. Barducci et al, JHEP 1508 (2015) 127
AfterFCC-ee:Λ/√c > 50-100TeV?
FCC-ee projections
J. De Blas, Jan. 2017
w/o theory uncertainties
with current theory uncertainties
Today: Λ/√c > 5-10 TeV
PointstothephysicstobelookedforatFCC-hhΛ
(TeV
)
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Theorycalculationsq Today
q WithFCC-ee
q TheoryR&D
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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ConclusionfromPrecisionCalculationsMini-WorkshopinJanuary2018:Thenecessarytheoreticalworkisdoablein5-10yearsperspective,duetosteadyprogress in methods and tools, including the recent completion of NNLO SMcorrectionstoEWPOS.Thisstatement isconditionaltoastrongsupportbythefundingagenciesand theoverall community.Appropriatefinancial supportandtrainingprogramsfortheseprecisioncalculationsaremandatory.
±0.0006 GeV
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Probesdim6op’swithhighmassDYq Overallcredo:Tradeextremeprecisionfordynamicalrange@100TeV
◆ Inthesamepursuitofhigh-scalesensitivity● EffectofDim6operatorinaprocesswithmomentumtransferQonobservableO
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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cY cW cZ
ΛY/√cY ΛW/√cW ΛZ/√cZV
AtQ~100GeV,precisionprobeslargeΛe.g.δO=10-4⇒Λ~10TeVLargerQprobelargeΛevenifprecisionislowe.g.δO=15%atQ=4TeV⇒Λ~10TeV
GlobalfitwithFCC-eebeingperformed
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 23
ElectroweakSymmetryBreakingTheHiggsbosonasaBSMprobe
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Higgsbosonproductionq Largestrateat√s~240GeV:106e+e-→HZeventswith5ab-1
◆ Complementedwithanother200keventsat√s=350–365GeV● Ofwhich30%intheWWfusionchannel(usefulfortheΓHprecision)
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
24
1.2 Theoretical structure of the Standard Model Higgs boson
Table 1.1. The Standard Model values of branching ratios of fermionic decays of the Higgs boson for each value ofthe Higgs boson mass mh.
mh (GeV) b¯b ·+·≠ µ+µ≠ cc ss125.0 57.7 % 6.32 % 0.0219 % 2.91 % 0.0246 %125.3 57.2 % 6.27 % 0.0218 % 2.89 % 0.0244 %125.6 56.7 % 6.22 % 0.0216 % 2.86 % 0.0242 %125.9 56.3 % 6.17 % 0.0214 % 2.84 % 0.0240 %126.2 55.8 % 6.12 % 0.0212 % 2.81 % 0.0238 %126.5 55.3 % 6.07 % 0.0211 % 2.79 % 0.0236 %
Table 1.2. The Standard Model values of branching ratios of bosonic decays of the Higgs boson for each value ofthe Higgs boson mass mh. The predicted value of the total decay width of the Higgs boson is also listed for eachvalue of mh.
mh (GeV) gg ““ Z“ W +W ≠ ZZ �H (MeV)125.0 8.57 % 0.228 % 0.154 % 21.5 % 2.64 % 4.07125.3 8.54 % 0.228 % 0.156 % 21.9 % 2.72 % 4.11125.6 8.52 % 0.228 % 0.158 % 22.4 % 2.79 % 4.15125.9 8.49 % 0.228 % 0.162 % 22.9 % 2.87 % 4.20126.2 8.46 % 0.228 % 0.164 % 23.5 % 2.94 % 4.24126.5 8.42 % 0.228 % 0.167 % 24.0 % 3.02 % 4.29
are listed for mh = 125.0, 125.3, 125.6, 125.9, 126.2 and 126.5 GeV [47]. In Table 1.2 the predictedvalues of the total decay width of the Higgs boson are also listed. It is quite interesting that witha Higgs mass of 126 GeV, a large number of decay modes have similar sizes and are accessible toexperiments. Indeed, the universal relation between the mass and the coupling to the Higgs boson foreach particle shown in Fig. 1.1 can be well tested by measuring these branching ratios as well as thetotal decay width accurately at the ILC. For example, the top Yukawa coupling and the triple Higgsboson coupling are determined respectively by measuring the production cross sections of top pairassociated Higgs boson production and double Higgs boson production mechanisms.
1.2.4 Higgs production at the ILC
At the ILC, the SM Higgs boson h is produced mainly via production mechanisms such as theHiggsstrahlung process e+e≠ æ Zú æ Zh (Fig. 1.3 Left) and the the weak boson fusion processese+e≠ æ W +úW ≠ú‹‹ æ h‹‹ (Fig. 1.3 (Middle)) and e+e≠ æ ZúZúe+e≠ æ he+e≠. TheHiggsstrahlung process is an s-channel process so that it is maximal just above the threshold of theprocess, whereas vector boson fusion is a t-channel process which yields a cross section that growslogarithmically with the center-of-mass energy. The Higgs boson is also produced in association witha fermion pair. The most important process of this type is Higgs production in association with a topquark pair, whose typical diagram is shown in Fig. 1.3 (Right). The corresponding production crosssections at the ILC are shown in Figs. 1.4 (Left) and (Right) as a function of the collision energy byassuming the initial electron (positron) beam polarization to be ≠0.8 (+0.2).
The ILC operation will start with the e+e≠ collision energy of 250 GeV (just above threshold forhZ production), where the Higgsstrahlung process is dominant and the contributions of the fusionprocesses are small, as shown in Fig. 1.4 (Left) . As the center-o�-mass energy,
Ôs increases, the
Z
ZHe+
e< i
i<
W
WH
e+
e<
e+
e−
H
t
t-
γ/Z
Figure 1.3. Two important Higgs boson production processes at the ILC. The Higgsstrahlung process (Left), theW-boson fusion process (Middle) and the top-quark association (Right).
19
1.2 Theoretical structure of the Standard Model Higgs boson
Table 1.1. The Standard Model values of branching ratios of fermionic decays of the Higgs boson for each value ofthe Higgs boson mass mh.
mh (GeV) b¯b ·+·≠ µ+µ≠ cc ss125.0 57.7 % 6.32 % 0.0219 % 2.91 % 0.0246 %125.3 57.2 % 6.27 % 0.0218 % 2.89 % 0.0244 %125.6 56.7 % 6.22 % 0.0216 % 2.86 % 0.0242 %125.9 56.3 % 6.17 % 0.0214 % 2.84 % 0.0240 %126.2 55.8 % 6.12 % 0.0212 % 2.81 % 0.0238 %126.5 55.3 % 6.07 % 0.0211 % 2.79 % 0.0236 %
Table 1.2. The Standard Model values of branching ratios of bosonic decays of the Higgs boson for each value ofthe Higgs boson mass mh. The predicted value of the total decay width of the Higgs boson is also listed for eachvalue of mh.
mh (GeV) gg ““ Z“ W +W ≠ ZZ �H (MeV)125.0 8.57 % 0.228 % 0.154 % 21.5 % 2.64 % 4.07125.3 8.54 % 0.228 % 0.156 % 21.9 % 2.72 % 4.11125.6 8.52 % 0.228 % 0.158 % 22.4 % 2.79 % 4.15125.9 8.49 % 0.228 % 0.162 % 22.9 % 2.87 % 4.20126.2 8.46 % 0.228 % 0.164 % 23.5 % 2.94 % 4.24126.5 8.42 % 0.228 % 0.167 % 24.0 % 3.02 % 4.29
are listed for mh = 125.0, 125.3, 125.6, 125.9, 126.2 and 126.5 GeV [47]. In Table 1.2 the predictedvalues of the total decay width of the Higgs boson are also listed. It is quite interesting that witha Higgs mass of 126 GeV, a large number of decay modes have similar sizes and are accessible toexperiments. Indeed, the universal relation between the mass and the coupling to the Higgs boson foreach particle shown in Fig. 1.1 can be well tested by measuring these branching ratios as well as thetotal decay width accurately at the ILC. For example, the top Yukawa coupling and the triple Higgsboson coupling are determined respectively by measuring the production cross sections of top pairassociated Higgs boson production and double Higgs boson production mechanisms.
1.2.4 Higgs production at the ILC
At the ILC, the SM Higgs boson h is produced mainly via production mechanisms such as theHiggsstrahlung process e+e≠ æ Zú æ Zh (Fig. 1.3 Left) and the the weak boson fusion processese+e≠ æ W +úW ≠ú‹‹ æ h‹‹ (Fig. 1.3 (Middle)) and e+e≠ æ ZúZúe+e≠ æ he+e≠. TheHiggsstrahlung process is an s-channel process so that it is maximal just above the threshold of theprocess, whereas vector boson fusion is a t-channel process which yields a cross section that growslogarithmically with the center-of-mass energy. The Higgs boson is also produced in association witha fermion pair. The most important process of this type is Higgs production in association with a topquark pair, whose typical diagram is shown in Fig. 1.3 (Right). The corresponding production crosssections at the ILC are shown in Figs. 1.4 (Left) and (Right) as a function of the collision energy byassuming the initial electron (positron) beam polarization to be ≠0.8 (+0.2).
The ILC operation will start with the e+e≠ collision energy of 250 GeV (just above threshold forhZ production), where the Higgsstrahlung process is dominant and the contributions of the fusionprocesses are small, as shown in Fig. 1.4 (Left) . As the center-o�-mass energy,
Ôs increases, the
Z
ZHe+
e< i
i<
W
WH
e+
e<
e+
e−
H
t
t-
γ/Z
Figure 1.3. Two important Higgs boson production processes at the ILC. The Higgsstrahlung process (Left), theW-boson fusion process (Middle) and the top-quark association (Right).
19
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee@240:Model-independentcouplingsq HtaggedbyaZandmRecoil(indep.ofHdecay)
◆ Measureσ(e+e-→HZ);deducegZcoupling● InferΓ(H→ZZ*)proportionalto(gZ)2
◆ Measureσ(e+e-→HZ,withH→ZZ*)
● DeducethetotalHiggsbosonwidthΓH➨ SignificantlyimprovedwithWW→H→WW,bb@365GeV
◆ Measureσ(e+e-→HZ,withH→bb,cc,gg,WW,ττ,γγ,µµ,Zγ,…)● Deducegb,gc,gg,gW,gτ,gγ,gµ,gZγ,...
◆ SelecteventswithH→“nothing”● DeduceBR(H→invisible)
q With106HZevents,precisionsrangefrom0.2%to5%◆ SensitivitytoBRinv~0.5%;PrecisiononΓH~1%◆ Note:100KH→ggeventsforgluonfragmentationstudies
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
25 e+e-→ HZ
mH2 = s+mZ
2 − 2 s(E+ +E− )
µ+
µ-
σ (e+e− →HZ→ ZZZ ) =σ (e+e− →HZ )× Γ(H→ ZZ )ΓH
gZ.gW gµ , gZγ
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:SensitivitytonewPhysicsq Higgs-couplednewphysicsinSMEFT
◆ Probesdim6operatorsfor Λ/√cupto5–30TeV
q Specificmodels:patternofdeviations◆ E.g,CompositeHiggsModeltosolvehierarchyproblem
● DeviationsinHiggscouplings● DeviationsinEWtopcouplings● DeviationsinEWleptoncouplings
◆ Correlationsbetweenobservations● Allowuniquecharacterizationofthemodel
◆ Forexample,gaugesectorparametersinbenchmarkA● f=1.6TeV,g*=1.78,mZ’~3TeV,ΓZ’~600GeV● WiththeFCC-eeprecision
➨ Z’masspredictedwth2%precision➨ Scalef,couplingg*predictedwith8%precision
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
26
gbvsgZ
tRtRZvstLtLZ
σµµ(√s)
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:ttHandHHHcouplings?q Model-dependentmeasurementsarepossible
◆ ToppaircrosssectionatthresholdHiggscrosssectionat240,350,and365GeV
◆ TopYukawacouplingprecision<10%
◆ Higgsselfcouplingprecision~30%● Reducedto~20%withgHZZfromSM
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
27
FCC-eeαsprecisionmeasurementhelps!(GluonandHiggsexchangescompete)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03978.pdf
SimilarprecisionsareobtainedwithdoubleHiggsproductionatCLIC(√s=1.4and3TeV)orwiththe
(nolongerconsidered)0.5+1TeVupgradeoftheILC
365
Patrick Janot
t
tH
t
tZ
vs
- Identical production dynamics:
o correlated QCD corrections, correlated scale dependenceo correlated αS systematics
- mZ~mH ⇒ almost identical kinematic boundaries:
o correlated PDF systematicso correlated mtop systematics
To the extent that the qqbar → tt Z/H contributions are subdominant:
+
For a given ytop, we expect σ(ttH)/σ(ttZ) to be predicted with great precision
t
t
H
t
t
Zt
t
Z
+
+
Example, ytop from pp→tt H/pp→tt ZDominant
FCC-hh:ttHandHHHcouplingsq ttHproductionevidencewith4.2σinATLAS
◆ MeasurementofσttH/σSMsystematics-limited
q AtFCC-hh,tradestatisticsforsystematics◆ MeasureσttH/σttZatlargepT(H,Z)
● Verysimilarproductionmechanism● Mosttheoryuncertaintiescancel
◆ UsettZcouplingmeasurements@FCC-eetopredictσttZ
q DoubleHiggsproductiondifficultatHL-LHC◆ Sensitivitytoselfcouplingreducedbydestructiveinterference
q AtFCC-hh,gotolargepT(H)again◆ HH→bbγγchannel:pT(bb),pT(γγ)>100GeV◆ StatisticaltargetonλH:3.4%with20ab-1
● Systematicstudiesongoing,e.g.,➨ Signal&backgroundSMrates➨ Luminositymeasurement➨ Effectofpileup
28 March 2018
University of Geneva 28
bbγγ ttH
HHmbb vs mγγΔλH/λH~5%
BR(H→ bb,ZZ) from FCC-ee
Δλt/λt~1%
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:OtherHiggscouplingsq Example:gg→H→γγ
◆ AtLHC,S/Boftheorderofafew%
◆ AtFCC-hh,S/B~1forpT(H)>300GeV● Statisticaluncertaintystill<0.5%● pTspectrumasBSMprobe
q Precise“ratios-of-BRs”measurements◆ Manytheorysystematicuncertaintiescancel◆ AbsoluteBRfromfeedbackofprecisegHZZFCC-eemeasurement◆ OneshouldnotunderestimatethestandalonevalueoftheseratiosasBSMprobes
● BSMeffectstypicallyinfluenceBRsindifferentways➨ BR(H→γγ)/BR(H→ZZ*):loop-levelvstree-level➨ BR(H→µµ)/BR(H→ZZ*):2ndgenerationYukawavsgaugecoupling➨ BR(H→γγ)/BR(H→Zγ):differentEWchargesintheloops
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
29
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Higgsmeasurementsummaryq Typicaltargetprecisions~%
◆ ConstraintsonBSMmodelsunderstudy
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
30
95%CLsensitivity~4timesbetterthanSMBR(H→ZZ*→νννν)
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 31
DiscoverypotentialviadirectobservationAfewexamples
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Discoverypotentialathighestmassesq SUSY:AdditionalHiggsbosons(A,H,H±)upto~10TeV
● Beyondanycurrentleptoncolliderdesign
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
32
arXiv:1605.08744 arXiv:1504.07617
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Discoverypotentialathighestmassesq Newgaugebosons
◆ Z’→µµcancoveralltheparameterspacewhere“LHCbanomalies”fitwithZ’interpretation
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
33
Patrick Janot
FCC-hh:Discoverypotentialathighestmassesq 2ndgenleptoquarks(aspossibleexplanationforLHCb“anomalies”)
◆ PairproductionSingleproduction
● Cancoverlargepartofthe“LHCbanomalies”parameterspacewhichfitwiththeLQinterpretation
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
34
Ben Allanach, 2nd FCC Physics workshop
Patrick Janot
q SUSYandWIMPDarkMatter:Farbeyondthenaturalnessparadigm◆ Simplifiedmodels:samecaveatsasatLHCapply–directdiscoverymightbehidden
● NLSP/LSPmasssplitting;100%BR;HeavyDMmediators;…
◆ FromDMrelicabundance:
● FCC-hhcandind(orruleout)lot’sofweaklyinteractingmassiveDMcandidates.
FCC-hh:Discoverypotentialathighestmasses
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
35
Patrick Janot
NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION JINST_044P_0315 v1
HNL mass (GeV)1 10
2|U
|
-1110
-1010
-910
-810
-710
-610Inverted hierarchy
BBN
Seesaw
BAUPS191CHARM
NuTeV
SHiP 0 Z12FCC-ee 101 mm < r < 1 m
0 Z13FCC-ee 10m < r < 5 mµ100
Figure 1. Physics reach in the nMSM for SHiP andtwo realistic FCC-ee configurations (see text). Pre-vious searches are shown (dashed lines), as well asthe cosmological boundaries of the model (greyed-out areas) [3, 9].
' mass (GeV)γ
-310×3 -210 -210×2 -110 -110×2 1 2 3 4 5
ε' c
oupl
ing
to S
M
γ
-1210
-1110
-1010
-910
-810
-710
-610
-510
-410
-310
-210
'γ p+→p 'Xγ →mesons
previous experimental limits
BBN excluded areas
D/H
He4
Li/H7
Figure 2. SHiP sensitivity to dark photons producedin proton bremmstrahlung and secondary mesons de-cays. Previous searches explored the greyed-out area.Low-coupling regions are excluded by Big Bang Nu-cleosynthesis.
A method similar to the one outlined in Section 2 was used to compute the expected number ofevents. HNL production is assumed to happen in Z ! nn decays with one neutrino kinematicallymixing to an HNL. If the accelerator is operated at the Z resonance, Z bosons decay in place andthe HNL lifetime is boosted by a factor
g =mZ
2mN+
mN
2mZ. (3.1)
All `+`�n final states are considered detectable with a CMS-like detector with spherical symmetry.Backgrounds from W ⇤W ⇤, Z⇤Z⇤ and Z⇤g⇤ processes can be suppressed by requiring the presenceof a displaced secondary vertex.
Figure 1 shows SHiP’s and FCC-ee’s sensitivities in the parameter space of the nMSM, fortwo realistic FCC-ee configurations. The minimum and maximum displacements of the secondaryvertex in FCC-ee, referred to as r in Figure 1, depends on the characteristics of the tracking system.Inner trackers with resolutions of the order of 100 µm and 1 mm, and outer trackers with diametersof 1 m and of 5 m have been considered. Figure 2 shows SHiP’s sensitivity to dark photons,compared to previous searches.
This work shows that the SHiP experiment can improve by several orders of magnitude thecurrent limits on Heavy Neutral Leptons, scanning a large part of the parameter space below theB meson mass. Similarly, SHiP can greatly improve present constraints on dark photons. Right-handed neutrinos with larger mass can be searched for at a future Z factory. The synergy betweenSHiP and a future Z factory would allow the exploration of most of the nMSM parameter space forsterile neutrinos.
Acknowledgments
This work would not have been possible without the precious theory support by M. Shaposhnikov.We thank A. Blondel for useful discussions about the FCC-ee project. We are indebted to all our
– 3 –
FCC-ee:Highmassorsmallcouplings?q (Oneofthe)mostnaturalextensionofthestandardmodel:theνMSM
◆ Completeparticlespectrumwiththemissingthreeright-handedneutrinos
● Couldexplaineverything:Darkmatter(N1),Baryonasymmetry,Neutrinomasses◆ SearchedforatFCC-eeinveryrareZ→νN2,3decays
● FollowedbyN2,3→W*𝓵orZ*ν
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
TheνMSMTheSM
Veryweakcoupling:longlifetime,detachedvertex36
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Highmassorsmallcouplings?q MixingwithνRreduceνLcouplings
◆ AffectmanyprecisionobservablesatFCC-ee● Leptonicτbranchingratios(1.5×1011ττatFCC-ee)● Rarelepton-flavour-conservation-violatingdecays
➨ Irrespectiveofthemassoftheright-handedneutrino(>>100TeV!)
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
37
Detachedvertices
Precisiontestsq DiscoverywouldshapeupFCC-hhdetectors
◆ Fordisplacedvertexsearches,◆ andlepton-flavour-violatingsignatures
● TowardstestsofthePMNSmatrix
q DetailedFCC-hhstudyrequired◆ Tounderstandfeasibility
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 38
Flavourphysics
Patrick Janot
FCC-ee:Flavourphysicsq Currenttensions(several2-3σ deviations)ofLHCbdatawithSMpredictions
◆ Inparticular,leptonflavouruniversalityischallengedinb→s𝓵+𝓵-transitions● Forexample,theratesofB0(B+)→K*0(K+)𝓵+𝓵-aredifferentfor𝓵=eand𝓵=µ● Differencesarealsoobservedintheleptonangulardistributions
◆ Thiseffect,ifreal,couldbeenhancedfor𝓵=τ,inB→K(*)τ+τ- ● Extremelychallenginginhadroncolliders● With1012Z→bb,FCC-eeisbeyondanyforeseeablecompetition
➨ Decaycanbefullyreconstructed➨ Fullangularanalysispossible
q Alsosensitivetonewphysics:BS→µ+µ-
◆ NonefoundyetattheLHC(~50events)
● Expectafew1000’sbytheendofLHC◆ BS→τ+τ- is250timesmoreabundant
● ButalmosthopelessattheLHC◆ Again,FCC-eeisbeyondanyforeseeablecompetition
● Several100,000eventsexpected–reconstructionefficiencyunderstudy
28 March 2018
University of Geneva 39
B0→ K* (892) τ+τ-
~SM
-
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 40
Synergies
Patrick Janot
Physicscomplementarity/synergy(examples)q Higgsphysics
◆ FCC-eefixesHiggswidth,HZZcouplings,andttZcouplings(andmanyothers)◆ FCC-hhmeasuresratios-of-BRandgiveshugestatisticsofttZ,ttH,andHHevents
● FortopYukawacouplingandHiggsselfcoupling,inparticular◆ Combinationcanfind/ruleoutstrong1storderEWPT(candidateforbaryogenesis)
q Searchforheavyphysics◆ FCC-eegivesprecisionmeasurementssensitivetoheavyphysicsupto…100TeV
● PatternsofdeviationsmaypointstospecificBSM◆ FCC-hhgivesaccesstodirectobservationatunprecedentedmassesandpT’s
● AlsohugesamplesofZ,W,Higgs,top
q Heavyneutrinos◆ FCC-ee:powerfulandclean,butflavourblind:Z→νN,allνflavourstogether◆ FCC-hh:moredifficult,butpotentiallyflavoursensitive:W→l1(Q1)N,N→l2(Q2)W*
q Flavour“anomalies”(iftheypersist–richflavourphysicsprogrammeotherwise)◆ FCC-eebeyondanyforeseeablecompetitionwithinB→K(*)τ+τ- andBS→τ+τ-
◆ FCC-hhgivesdirectaccesstoZ’gaugebosonsandleptoquarks
q QCD◆ FCC-eegivesαSto±0.0002(RlforZandW),butalso100kH→gg(gluonfragmentation)◆ FCC-ehprovidesstructurefunctionsandasimilarprecisiononαS
◆ ImprovessignalandbackgroundpredictionsfornewphysicsdiscoveryatFCC-hh
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
41
5×1012 Z
5×1013 W
Patrick Janot
Futuresynergy:TowardsFCC-µµ?q Whyhigh-energymuoncolliders?
◆ Muonsareleptons:Canaprioridoallwhatelectronscando◆ Muonsareheavy:Smallcircularcollidersuptolarge√s(SPS/LHC/FCC:6/28/100TeV)◆ Muonsdecay:Ultra-precisebeamenergymeasurement◆ OpenthewaytoprecisionstudyofparticlesobservedbytheFCC-hh
● Spectrum,masses,couplings,processes,…uptoverylargemasses(√s/2)● SimilartoCLIC,ifnewparticleswereobservedbytheLHCintheTeVrange
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
42
(FromCLICstudy:SUSYspectrum)
Patrick Janot
Futuresynergy:TowardsFCC-µµ?q Recentintriguingapproachtomuoncollider:LEMMA
◆ Producelowemittancemuonbeamswithe+e-→µ+µ- atproductionthreshold◆ Thethresholde+energyforµ+µ- productiononathintarget(e-)is…43.7GeV!
● CanusetheFCC-eee+ring/boosterasµaccumulationandinternaltargetring➨ (OrtheFCC-eeRFinstalledintheLHCtunnel,orintheFCC-ehERL)➨ Requiresane+sourceabout20timesmoreintensethanFCC-ee/CLIC
● Allmuonsareproducedwith~thesameenergy,inthesamedirection➨ Nomuoncoolingneeded(ΔE/E~0.07%at√s=6TeV)
● Transverseemittance500×smallerthanwithprotonsontarget+cooling(MAP)➨ TwoordersofmagnitudelessmuonsneededforsameluminosityasMAP
Lowerbackgroundfrome±inthedetector(frommuondecays)Lowerradiationhazardfromneutrinointeractionsatthesurface
➨ MAPswerelimitedto√s=4TeVtocopewithregulationsonCERNsite
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
43
LEMMAcangoto√s>20TeV(intheFCCtunnel)withinthesameregulations
Patrick Janot
Futuresynergy:TowardsFCC-µµ?q Example:FCC-hhdiscoverMSSMHiggseswithmA,H~1.55TeV
◆ ScantheAandHpolesProduceeitherAorHwithtransversepolarization
UniqueCP(violation)andH/Amixingstudies◆ FromH,A→τ+τ-→π+π-ντντFromH,A→τ+τ-→ρ+ρ-ντντwithρ±→π±π0
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
44
128 E. Eichten, A. Martin / Physics Letters B 728 (2014) 125–130
Table 1Properties of the H and A states in the Natural Supersymmetry benchmark model[44]. In addition to masses and total widths, the branching ratios for various decaymodes are shown. For this benchmark point, tanβ = 23a.
H A
Mass 1.560 TeV 1.550 TeVWidth 19.5 GeV 19.2 GeV
(Decay) Br (Decay) Br
(bb) 0.64 (bb) 0.65
(τ+τ−) 8.3 × 10−2 (τ+τ−) 8.3 × 10−3
(ss) 3.9 × 10−4 (ss) 4.0 × 10−3
(µ+µ−) 2.9 × 10−4 (µ+µ−) 2.9 × 10−4
(tt) 6.6 × 10−3 (tt) 7.2 × 10−3
(gg) 1.4 × 10−5 (gg) 6.1 × 10−5
(γ γ ) 1.1 × 10−7 (γ γ ) 3.8 × 10−9
(Z 0 Z 0) 2.6 × 10−5 (Z 0γ ) 4.3 × 10−8
(h0h0) 4.4 × 10−5
(W +W −) 5.3 × 10−5
(τ±1 τ∓
2 ) 9.2 × 10−3 (τ±1 τ∓
2 ) 9.5 × 10−3
(t1 t∗1) 3.1 × 10−3 (t1 t∗
2) 1.1 × 10−3
(χ01 χ0
1 ) 2.6 × 10−3 (χ01 χ0
1 ) 3.2 × 10−3
(χ02 χ0
2 ) 1.3 × 10−3 (χ02 χ0
2 ) 1.1 × 10−3
(χ01 χ0
3 ) 2.8 × 10−2 (χ01 χ0
3 ) 3.9 × 10−2
(χ01 χ0
4 ) 1.7 × 10−2 (χ01 χ0
4 ) 4.0 × 10−2
(χ02 χ0
3 ) 3.8 × 10−2 (χ02 χ0
3 ) 2.7 × 10−2
(χ02 χ0
4 ) 4.0 × 10−2 (χ02 χ0
4 ) 1.5 × 10−2
(χ±1 χ∓
2 ) 5.7 × 10−2 (χ±1 χ∓
2 ) 6.0 × 10−2
a For tanβ = 10 (5), the branching ratio to muons drops by a factor of 4 (15),while the branching fraction increases by a factor of 1.3 for tanβ = 30.
include gaussian beam-energy smearing with a resolution param-eter R = 0.001. As can be seen from the top panel of Fig. 2, thepeak signal is more than an order of magnitude larger than thebackground.
We use this channel to study the ability of extracting separateinformation about the two nearby resonances. We fit the cross sec-tion in this region by a sum of background, σB given by:
σB(√
s) = c1(mHmA)
s(8)
and one or two Breit–Wigner’s (Eq. (1)) for the signal contribu-tions.
The resulting fits are shown in Table 2. A single Breit–Wigner iscompletely ruled out while the two resonance fit provides an ex-cellent description of the total cross section and allows an accuratedetermination of the individual masses, widths and Bbb branchingratios of the A and H .7
As can be seen in Fig. 1, a large H/A signal to background ratioat a muon collider is fairly independent of mH/A , provided H/A arenarrow and assuming s has been tuned to mH/A . The separabilityof the signal into two distinct resonances, however, is more modeldependent because depends on the overall H/A mass, and the ra-tio of the H/A mass difference &mH/A to the width ΓH/A . Themass sets the overall rate, and thereby the number of events one
7 Note that interpreting the improved fit as evidence for a 2DHM Higgs sectorrequires some caution: a scenario with three resonances where two of the threestates are degenerate (or a similar configuration with more than three resonances)would generate the same rate vs.
√s shape as H/A.
Fig. 2. Pseudo-data (in black) along with the fit results in the bb (top) and τ+τ−
(bottom) channels. The two Breit–Wigner components (A in green, H in red) alongwith the background component (yellow) are also shown. In each bin, the expectednumber of events – the PYTHIA cross section times 5 fb−1 was allowed to fluctuateaccording to Poisson statistics. (For interpretation of the references to color in thisfigure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Table 2Fit of the H/A region to background plus Breit–Wigner resonances. Both a sin-gle and two resonance fits are shown. General form of the background fit isσB (
√s) = c1(1.555)2/s (in TeV2). The values of the best fit for one or two Breit–
Wigner resonances are given.
Mass (GeV) Γ (GeV) σpeak (pb)
One resonance1555 ± 0.1 GeV 24.2 ± 0.2 1.107 ± 0.0076χ2/ndf = 363/96 c1 = 0.0354 ± 0.0006
Two resonances1550 ± 0.5 GeV 19.3 ± 0.7 0.6274 ± 0.05741560 ± 0.5 GeV 20.0 ± 0.7 0.6498 ± 0.0568χ2/ndf = 90.1/93 c1 = 0.040 ± 0.0006
can fit, while &mH/A/ΓH/A quantifies how much the resonancesoverlap.
To study the separability, we performed a small Monte Carlostudy. Specifically, we created pseudodata by randomly draw-ing a fixed number of events from a truth distribution madefrom two Breit–Wigner lineshapes with a given width-to-massand mass-difference-to-width ratio. We then compared a fit tothe pseudodata using a single resonance to a fit from two sepa-rate resonances. If the difference in χ2 between the double- and
δE/E=0.1%
tanβ=20
E. Eichten, A. Martin PLB 728 (2014)125
Polarization: overview
fermions: longitudinal Lz = 0 ⇒ Sz = Jz
⇒⇐
⇒⇐ J = 0: Higgs channels; Jz = ±1: continuum
fermions: transverse
⇑ ⇓⇑⇓ (anti)parallel spins: ↔ CP-even/CP-odd Higgs ch.
⇑ ⇓⊙ orthogonal spins: ↔ triple products (CP-odd obs.)
Federico von der Pahlen, Fermilab, November 2009 – p. 11
µ+ µ-Parallelspins:producesHAntiparallelspins:producesA
F. Palhen et al. JHEP 0808:030 JHEP 0801:017
5
Fig. 1. The π+π− acoplanarity distribution (angle φ∗) in the Higgs boson restframe. The thick line denotes the case of the scalar Higgs boson and thin line thepseudoscalar one.
Fig. 2. The π+π− acollinearity distribution (angle δ∗) in the Higgs boson rest frame.Parts of the distribution close to the end of the spectrum; δ∗ ∼ π are shown. Nosmearing is done. The thick line denotes the case of the scalar Higgs boson and thethin line the pseudoscalar one.
π+π- acollinearity H
A
9
Fig. 5. The ρ+ρ− decay products’ acoplanarity distribution angle, ϕ∗, in the restframe of the ρ+ρ− pair. A cut on the differences of the π± π0 energies defined intheir respective τ± rest frames to be of the same sign, selection y1y2 > 0, is used inthe left plot and the opposite sign, selection y1y2 < 0, is used for the right plot. Nosmearing is done. Thick lines denote the case of the scalar Higgs boson and thinlines the pseudoscalar one.
Fig. 6. The ρ+ρ− decay products’ acoplanarity distribution angle, ϕ•, in the restframe of the ρ+ρ− pair. A cut on the differences of the π± π0 energies definedin their respective replacement τ± rest frames to be of the same sign, selectiony1y2 > 0, is used in the left plot and the opposite sign, selection y1y2 < 0, is usedfor the right plot. All smearing is included. Thick lines denote the case of thescalar Higgs boson and thin lines the pseudoscalar one.
ρ+ρ- acoplanarity
A A H H
y+y- > 0 y+y- > 0
y± = Eπ±-Eπ0
Feasible??
Patrick Janot 28 March 2018
University of Geneva 45
HE-LHC,CLIC,ILC,CEPC?
Patrick Janot
HE-LHCasafirststepfortheFCC-hh?q PhysicspotentialexploredintheCERNworkshoponHL/HE-LHCphysics
◆ High-massreach~2×MLHC
◆ Higgsself-coupingδλH~±30%◆ Higgsproperties,topandEWobservables:understudy
◆ Instead,withthecomplementaritiesandsynergiesshowntoday
q WhatdoestheHE-LHCpracticallyentail?◆ EmptytheLHCtunnel(moretimeandCHFthanremovingLEP)◆ Fullreplacementofthemagnets(whosecosttoday>costofLHCmagnets)◆ UpgradeofRFcryogenics,collimation,beamdumps◆ MajorupgradeoftheSPStoinjectat1TeV,possiblywithSCmagnets◆ Majoroverhaulofdetectors
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https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04319
Obvioustheorem:Physics(HE-LHC⨂FCC-hh)≡Physics(FCC-hh)
Physics(FCC-ee⨂FCC-hh)>Physics(FCC-ee+FCC-hh)>Physics(FCC-hh)
TimewithoutphysicsatCERNwithHE-LHC>7years
TimewithoutphysicsatCERNwithFCC-ee:NONE
Patrick Janot
HE-LHCasafirststepfortheFCC-hh?q Cost–notallowedtogivenumbersjustasyet,butarithmetic'siseasy
◆ BuildingHE-LHCislikebuildingtheLHCex-novo–andmore(SPS)● It’sveryunlikelytobecheaper
◆ Today’sestimatesshowthat,forthecollider,Cost(HE-LHC)~2to3×Cost(FCC-ee)● MayarguethattheFCC-eeneedsanewtunnelinaddition…
➨ butsodoestheFCC-hh
q StrategicvalueofHE-LHConthewayto100GeV◆ TheHE-LHCdelaysFCCby~25years,andweakensthecaseforFCCintwoways
● ItreducestherelativecaseforFCC-hh(smaller√sincrement)● ItreducestheabsolutecaseforFCC(noFCC-ee)
◆ ItleavesCERNvulnerabletothepossibilitythatafrontiercolliderisbuiltelsewhere● WithworseperformancethanFCC● ButstillsufficienttorenderthecaseforFCCmuchmoredifficulttomake
◆ Itkeepsphysicistsdoingphysicswiththesametechniquesformanymanyyears● After30yearsofLHCandHL-LHC,andbefore30yearsofFCC-hh● ItmightnobeaveryhealthyplantomaintainCERNattractiveness
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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Cost(HE-LHC+FCCtunnel+FCC-hh)>Cost(FCCtunnel+FCC-ee+FCC-hh)
Patrick Janot
So…FCC-eeasafirststep?q Physicsabsolutelyneedane+e-EWfactorywith90<√s<400GeV
◆ Fivee+e-colliderstudiesontheplanet(ILC,CLIC,CEPC,LEP3,FCC)inthisrange!● FCC-eecoversthewholerange:Z,W,H,andtop.
➨ withthehighestluminosities(10×ILCat250GeV,105×LEPat90GeV)➨ withuniquediscoverypotentialtoveryhighscaleandverysmallcouplings➨ technologicallyreadytoday–futureR&Dcanonlyimprovethecase➨ wellaffordablewithinCERNconstantbudgetoncethetunnelisfunded
◆ Muchhardertomakeaconvincingphysicscasefore+e-colliderswith√s>400GeV● PossibilitythatnewphysicsbefoundbytheendofLHCRun2/3isgettingthin● Explorationoftheenergyfrontierbestdonewithahadroncollider(e.g.,FCC-hh)
◆ CannotcontinueindefinitelywithR&Dtowardsallpossiblefuturefacilities● Achoicewillhavetobemadein2019-2020
q TheFCC-eeisthebestfirststepforFCC-hh1. Itgivesapreviewofthenewphysicstobesearchedfor,uptoascaleof100TeV2. ItsignificantlyreducessystematicuncertaintiesonmanyFCC-hhmeasurements
3. ItprovideshandlestounderstandtheunderlyingtheoryuponparticlediscoveryattheFCC-hh4. Itprovidestheinfrastructure(tunnel,experimentalshafts,cryogenics,…)atreasonablecost5. Itbuystimetodevelop16T(or–whynot?–20T)magnetsforFCC-hhatlowercost6. ItcanevenbeaspringboardforaFCC-µµ (circularµ+µ- colliderwith√s=6,28,or100TeV?)
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Patrick Janot
Asuccessfulmodel!q Backtothefuture…
◆ DidthesepeopleknowthatwewouldberunningHL-LHCinthesametunnelmorethan60yearslater?
28 March 2018 University of Geneva
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e+e-1989-2000
pp2010-2039
Let’snotbeshy!TheFCCsareshapingupasthemostnatural,complete,andpowerfulaspirationofHEPforitslong-termfuture
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