Physics In Europe Ideas drawn from Astronomy, Optics, and
Mechanics Rational understanding of Nature Early Physicians:
Ptolemy, Archimedes, Aristotle New Physicians: Copernicus, Galileo,
Newton More mathematical approach
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Galileo Galilei Made contributions to the law of motion Came up
with the basic idea of Newtons 1 st law Discovered the Law of
Inertia Heavily Supported Copernicus and the Heliocentric
belief
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Sir Isaac Newton Invented Calculus Wrote principia in 1686
Explains gravitational law Includes ideas from Copernicus, Galileo,
Kepler Only scientist to buried in Westminster Abbey
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Three Laws Of Motion 1. Every object continues in a state of
rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a
force 2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional
to the force acting on it 3. Every action has an equal
reaction
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Optics Study of sight and the behavior of light Psychological
optics: pertains to the role of light in vision Geometrical optics:
deals with the properties of reflection and refraction of light
Pioneers of Optics Willbrod Snell Galileo Galilei
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Willbrod Snell Mathematician Contributed to the development of
Physics Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)
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Inventions Microscope was first invented in 1590 became famous
when Galileo invented the compound microscope in 1625 Telescope
Galileo creates 1 and inch lens telescope
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Chemistry Before the 18 th Century Alchemy converting materials
to gold Essentially an art Poisons and antidotes Incendiary
weaponry
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The Chemical Revolution Quantification Lavoisiers matter
conservation Combustion Theories/Gunpowder 4 KNO 3 + C 7 H 4 O + 2
S > 2 K 2 S + 4 CO 2 + 3 CO + 2 H 2 O + 2 N 2
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Antoine Lavoisier (Fra.) Compiled data from others Law of
Conservation of Matter M reactants = M products Nomenclature (i.e.
oxygen and hydrogen ) ReactantsMass (Relative) ProductsMass
(Relative) Water400Carbon Dioxide 35 Sugar100Alcohol58
Yeast10Acetic Acid 3 Water409 Sugar4 Yeast1
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Joseph Black (Sco.) Discovered Carbon Dioxide from acidic
solutions Discovered Specific Heat Heat can transfer without
temperature change (e.g. water (l) and water (s) coexist at 32F)
Theories later lead to Watts steam engine Discovered that boiling
points and freezing points are different depending on
substances
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Other Important Discoveries Air more than one gas (Cavendish)
Oxygen source of rusting (Priestly) Ventilation and circulatory
systems (Hales) Evaporation properties (Cullen) Dissolving and
solutions (Bergman)
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Scientific Revolution Increased curiosity of the natural world
because of the enlightenment Areas of science began to question
previous scientific discoveries Established the Scientific Method
to establish the proper means to examine and understand