PEVs: The Smart Grid Killer App
Chris ChenSan Diego Gas & Electric
Grid-Interop 2010
Why Do PEVs Need to Integrate with the Grid?
• Charging– Smart Charging based on grid conditions and client
preferences– Utility awareness, management, and control
• Billing/Transaction Settlement• Billing/Transaction Settlement– Waxman-Markey– LCFS– Multiple charging networks
• PEVs as grid accessible storage (V2G)• PEVs as ancillary services
Grid-Interop 2010
Potential Impacts on the Grid
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Worst Case PEV Load200 MW
MW
Example Summer Daily Load ProfileExample Summer Daily Load Profile
System & PEV charging load profile are for illustrative purposes only, and not intended for forecasting.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Noon
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Midnight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Midnight
Best Case PEV Load200 MW
On-peakOff-peak Off-peakSuper Off-peak
MW
Grid-Interop 2010
Distribution Impacts are Immediate Concern
Interoperability required between the vehicle/EVSE and utility from day 1. Grid-Interop 2010
What Influences Charging Times?
AM PM
•• Price?Price?
Will greater TOU price variations drive more Will greater TOU price variations drive more charging activity to offcharging activity to off--peak periods?peak periods?
•• Technology & Information?Technology & Information?
Will enabling technology help drive charging Will enabling technology help drive charging activity to offactivity to off--peak? peak? activity to offactivity to off--peak? peak?
Why? (convenience, $ savings)Why? (convenience, $ savings)
•• Do Travel Do Travel Needs and Lifestyle Needs and Lifestyle Rule?Rule?
Will daily travel needs trump the impact of TOU Will daily travel needs trump the impact of TOU pricing? pricing?
Does Lifestyle make TOU pricing irrelevant?Does Lifestyle make TOU pricing irrelevant?
Grid-Interop 2010
PEV Experimental Rates – SummerCe
nts p
er k
Wh
30
35
40
Cent
s per
kW
h
On-peak Off-peak Super Off-peak
0
5
10
15
20
25
EV-TOU Rate 2 Rate 3
Grid-Interop 2010
Smart Charging Issues• Too many unknowns to create long-term architecture
– Where and how will people charge?– Technology– Business processes (direct control vs DR vs rates, etc.)– Regulation (role of utilities, regulation of third parties,
etc.)etc.)– Multiple control authorities (utility/consumer/vehicle)
Grid-Interop 2010
Potential Utility Architectural Principles
• Load is load– No distinction between PEVs vs. Air Conditioners vs.
Pool Pumps, etc.
• No direct utility control of customer-owned equipment on customer premises.equipment on customer premises.
• Substation most effective local control point given computing and security requirements.
Grid-Interop 2010
EMS
Preferences
InternetPowerMeter)
ApplicationCloud(e.g.
PowerMeter)
Utility
Transformer loading and temp
Gridcom
m
Smart Charging ArchitectureData and Communication Interfaces
Preferences
Internet
PLC
Smart Transformer
EVSE
Grid-Interop 2010
Harmonizing Standards Efforts• SAE J1772, J2293, J2836, J2847, 2931
– Physical power connection and quality– Communication/messaging between vehicle and grid– IEC maps closely to SAE
• NIST PAP 11 - Common Object Models and connectors for Electric Transportation – Scheduled to be complete 9/2011
• IEEE P2030.1 – Electric-sourced Transportation • IEEE P2030.1 – Electric-sourced Transportation Infrastructure– Began as P1809 and moved under the SmartGrid effort in
August, 2010– IEEE began after the SAE and NIST efforts and is working to
fill any gaps identified• Smart Energy Profile 2.0 – Application standard for HAN
communications
Grid-Interop 2010
Information Needs• Control System (Vehicle/EVSE/EMS)
– Electricity Pricing– Demand Response signals– Consumer preferences– Battery SOC– Charger/vehicle status – Charger/vehicle status
• Fault indications• Connector lock status• Ready/not ready
– Voltage current requests/limits
Grid-Interop 2010
Information Needs• Utility
– Vehicle type/ID– Consumption data– Battery SOC– Consumer preferences– Charge schedule– Charge schedule– Charge session start and stop– Grid (transformer) condition
Grid-Interop 2010
Information Needs• Charge Station Network Operator
– Billing information– Consumption data– Battery SOC– Consumer preferences– Charge schedule– Charge schedule– Charge session start and stop
Grid-Interop 2010
Business Model Issues• Public Infrastructure
– Square peg in round, and very small, hole?– Lack of sustainable business models
• Utility role– Regulatory models and agendas– Infrastructure ownership– Infrastructure ownership– Allocating infrastructure costs
• Payment/Settlement Requirements– LCFS– Road taxes– “Bill to home”
Grid-Interop 2010
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