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Page 1: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

PEST AND DISEASES OF

COCAPREPARED BY :•NABILAH BINITI NGAHDIRIN•LYEANA NURAIN BINTI ABU KASSIM•NURUL HUSNIYAH BINTI ABD MUTALIB•AISYAH BINTI JAAFAR•NUR ATIQAH BINTI MOHD SHAH

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PEST

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COCOA POD BORER (CPB)• Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen• Life cycle – 27 to 33 days• Symptoms:

– Attack from size of 7cm until 10 weeks before the fruit ripen.

– Occurrence of a exit and entry hole on the pod surface.– The cocoa beans were hard to remove from placenta.

• Control:– Pruning-control canopy and height– Rapid harvesting- ripe pod should be harvested in the 10-

14 days interval– Insecticide-Deltamethrin, Alphacypermethrin,

Cypermethrin,Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos+cypermetrin– Biological control- parasitoid (Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

fumata), black ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus)– Pod wrapping.

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Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen

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Page 6: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

Mirids or capsids• Helopeltis theivora (P. M’sia) and H. clavifer (Sabah)• Life cycle : H. theivora (20-25 days) and H. clavifer (34-45

days)• Symptoms:

– Both nymph and adult attack fruits and shoot– Attack shoot when the fruit is reducing– Small water-soaked areas of tissue, circular (1-4mm

diameter)– Lead to the secondary pests and fungal infections

• Control:– Insecticide (end of fruiting season)-morning– Good canopy management– Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos– Biological control- black ant (Dolichoderus thorachicus)

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Helopeltis theivora and Helopeltis clavifer

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Stem borer• There are 2 species: Zeuzera coffea and Z. conferta• Life cycle- 4-5.5 months• Symptom:

– Larvae bore into trunks– The galleries formed are especially damaging to young cocoa, often

causing the snapping-off of smaller branches.– may introduce diseases such as Phytophthora palmivora cankers:

possibly resulting in tree death.• Control:

– Pruned the infected branches– Pesticide- dimethoate, monoctophos (trunk injection)

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Zeuzera coffea and Zeuzera conferta

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Cocoa shoot borer

• Glenia celia• Life cycle- 5-6 months• Symptoms:– Bore into branches and shoots– Infected part will start to wilt and die

• Control:– Concentrate on the infected part and killed the larvae– Insecticide is not effective

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Mealy bugs

• Cataenocococus hispidus, Pseudococcus pelisae, Pseudococcus sp., Crypticerya jacobsoni, Ferrisiana vigata, Planococcus lilacinus and P. pacificus.

• symptom:– Attack on the buds and young plant can stunt the

tree• Control:– Spray chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan on the

infected part– Use black ant (Dolichoderus thorachicus)

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Page 13: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

DISEASES

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Phytophthora pod rot(black pod)• Phytophthora palmivora• infected at any age• Significant loss if infected 2 months before ripening.• Symptoms:

– Appearance of a small translucent spot on the pod surface- normally appearing about 2 days after infection under condition of high humidity.

– This spot soon turns to a chocolate brown colour, then darkens and expand rapidly with a slightly irregular margin so that the whole surface of the pod is blackened within 14 days.

• Control:– Good cultural practices- reduction of shade, regular weeding and pruning.– Chemical- copper fungicides, metalaxyl, fosetyl-Aluminium, phosphonate.

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Page 16: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

Witches’ broom• Crinipellis perniciosa/ Marasmius perniciosus• Symptoms:

– Characteristic shoots or brooms, caused by the hypertrophic growth of an infected bud.

– Usually infected fan branches– Infection can also occur on chupons in the form of

localized lesions.• Control:

– Planting of material resistant to the disease– Applying prophylactic fungicides– Remove and destroy all the infected branches/

shoots away from field (pruning)

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Page 18: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

Vascular-streak dieback• Oncobasidium theobromae (fungi)• Common in cocoa nurseries (5 mnths) and immature stands.• Generally refers to the condition of progressive desiccation of the

branches of a cocoa tree from the tip inwards. • The severity of the damage can vary from a few twigs to complete

tree mortality. • Symptoms:

– The 1st indication of infection is a yellowing of one or two leaves in the second or third flush from the growing tip with the development of a very characteristic pattern of green spots scattered over the yellow background; the infected leaves will fall within a few days of turning yellow; neighbouring leaves then progressively develop similar patterns and are lost; a distinctive situation where the youngest and oldest leaves are still present, but all the middle ones have fallen.

• Control:– Use resistance planting materials. Eg KKM 25, PBC 123, PBC 159, ICS 95– Cut back the infected branches– Systematic and proper manuring system will reduce the incidence of VSD.– Reduce shading– Fungicides (triademenol, flutiriafol and cyproconazole)- nursery

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Page 20: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

Phythopthora canker• Phytophthora spp.• Symptoms:

– Difficult to detect in its early stage because infected bark does not show external symptoms, though a pink-red discoloration of the cambial tissue will be found beneath the bark. The pink colour of this tissue darkens after a few minutes exposure.

– Subsequent development of the infection depend on the susceptibility of the cultivar.

– From pod to cushion then to the stem– Early indication is watery brown lesion on the bark.– Can caused mortality

• Control:– Selecting and planting resistant cultivars.– Fungicides application- matalaxyl, fosetyl-Aluminum, phosphonate

and copper fungicides (spray, trunk injection and brush)– Good cultural practice– Remove and destroyed infected tree from the field.

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Pink disease• Corticium salmonicolor• Symptom:

– 1st indication of infection is the death of the branch or the tree.– On examination of the bark of a dead or dying tree the salmon pink encrustation of

fruiting bodies would be seen.– The penetration of the fungus to the cortical tissue disrupts the physiological

processes of the tree and quickly leads to defoliation and death of the distal parts of the branch.

– Prolonged insolation will bleach the pink colour of the fruiting bodies to a greyish white colour.

• Control:– Fungicide (tridermorph, oxycaboxin, captafol and copper)– Good cultural practices; regular pruning, remove and destroy infected branches and

reduce shade.

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Page 24: Pest and diseases of cocoa (presentation)

Root diseases• Symptoms:

– Early indication of the infection is the leaves start to wilt

– Changing of color from green to yellow and finally to brown.

– Dead leaves usually remain on the tree before falling.

• Control:– Remove all debris before replanting– Regular inspection in the field– Remove the infected tree from the field. Make a

trench around the infected tree to avoid infection to other tree.

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