Pengetahuan Dasar Batubara
Batubara termasuk dalam batuan sedimen yang dibentuk dari hasil pengubahan sisa-sisa tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terjadi selama puluhan atau ratusan juta tahun.Sesuai dengan bahan asalnya batubara terdiri dari elemen-elemen arang (karbon), oksigen, belerang, hidrogen, dan beberapa mineral logam dalam bentuk dan jumlah bayangan (traces). Dengan demikian kualitas batubara tergantung dari jenis bahan asalnya dan peningkatan mutu oleh faktor geologi termasuk gradien geotermal dan sebagainya.
COMPOSITION OF COALCOMPOSITION OF COAL
COAL
LOI : loss on ignition
Mineral MatterPure Coal
(C,H,N,O,S,N, Trace elements)Moisture
Ash LOI Volatile Matter Fixed CarbonInherent Moisture
Adherent Moisture
Kandungan Unsur Kimia Dalam Batubara
Secara kimia, batubara tersusun atas tiga komponen utama, yaitu:
1. Air yang terikat secara fisika dan dapat dihilangkan pada suhu sampai 105 o C disebut Moisture;
2. Senyawa batubara atau coal substance atau coal matter;
3. Zat mineral atau mineral matter
Total Moisture
FreeMoisture
ResidualMoisture
OrganicMatter
(pure coal)
VolatileMatter
Fixed Carbon
Volatile
MM
Ash
MineralMatter
Raw Coal Air-dryCoal
DryCoal
RawCoke
PureCoke
SKEMA SUSUNAN KIMIA BATUBARA
Moisture terdiri dari satu senyawa kimia tunggal , wujudnya dapat berbentuk air dalam batubara, berbentuk senyawa teradsorpsi, dan sebagai senyawa yang terikat secara kimia.Sebagian dari moisture merupakan komponen dari zat mineral dan tidak terikat pada batubara.
Moisture yang datang dari luar yaitu pada waktu batubara ditambang, diangkut atau kehujanan selama penyimpanan disebut Free Moisture (moisture jenis ini dapat dihilangkan dengan cara dikering-udarakan)
Total Moisture adalah penjumlahan dari free moisture dan moisture in air-dried sample atau residual moisture
Proses Pembentukan Endapan Batubara
Tahapan Dalam Proses Pembentukan Batubara
• TIDAK TERBARUKAN • TERJADINYA DITENTUKAN OLEH
PROSES GEOLOGI: - SIFAT KIMIA DAN FISIKA
TERTENTU - KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS
TIDAK MERATA - PENYEBARAN DAN BENTUK
TIDAK TERATUR ( TIDAK MENGENAL BATAS
ADMINISTRASI )
• UMUMNYA MEMPUNYAI RISIKO TINGGI YANG
MEMERLUKAN TAHAPAN KEGIATAN SISTIMATIK
PEMETAAN GEOLOGI, PENYELIDIKAN UMUM,
EKSPLORASI, STUDI KELAYAKAN,
KONSTRUKSI, EKSPLOITASI, PENGOLAHAN
DAN TRANSPORTASI • NILAI EKONOMINYA SANGAT
DIPENGARUHI OLEH TEKNOLOGI,
POLEKSOSBUD, KEBIJAKAN FISKAL, INDUSTRI, PASAR
DAN GEOGRAFI ( INFRASTRUKTUR / LOKASI )
6
Cibuniasih(Pb, Au)
9
11
N
SUNDA - BANDA
C u
Tangse(Cu)
Rawas(Au)
S n
Bangkinang(Sn)
S n
S n
Lebong Tandai(Au, Ag)
Cikotok(Au)
Lampung(Au)
Singkep(Sn)
3S n
Kelapa Kampit(Sn)
G. Pongkor(Au,Ag)
S. Liat & Belinyu(Sn)
Salopa/Cineam(Au)
G. Bawang(Mo)
Sanenrejo(Cu, Au)
Selogiri(Au)
Barru(Cr)
Meratus(Ni)
MT. Muro(Au,Ag)
Cempaka(Pt)
Kelian( Au)
Sekko(Cu)
Batuhijau(Cu,Au)
Malala(Mo)
Baturape (Pb)
Sangkaropi(Cu)
Bulagidun(Cu,Au)
Tapadaa(Cu)
G. Pani(Au, Cu)
Ratatotok(Au)
Gosowong(Au)
Soroako(Ni, Co)
Lerokis/Kalikuning (Au, Ag)
Pomala(Ni,Co)
Kaputusan(Cu)
Loloda(Cu,Mn)
0 600300
KilometerTanjung Buli
(Ni, Co)
P. Gebe(Ni,Co)
G. Bijih(Cu, Au)
Grasberg(Cu, Au)
A u
Peg. Cycloop(Ni,Co)
Granit Tersier
KETERANGAN
Vulkanik Tersier
Vulkanik Kuarter
Batuan Basa-Ultrabasa
Granit Pra Tersier
Vulkanik Pra Tersier
Sedimen Tersier-Kuarter
Sedimen dan VulkanikPaleozoikum - Mesozoikum
Sedimen dan VulkanikMesozoikum - Kenozoikum
Ni-Co dalam batuan Ultramafik
Au-Cu dalam batuan Asam-Intermediet
Cr-Fe dalam batuan Ultramafik
Bauksit-Timah dalam Granit
Au- Cu - Mo Porpiri dalam batuan Granit
Keterdapatan Mineral
Tambang Aktif
SIMPLIKASI ZONA MINERALISASI BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN BATUAN INDUK (DIADOPSI DARI BEBERAPA SUMBER)
Kilometer
N
0 250 500
Busur Aceh
Busur Kalimantan Tengah
Busur Sumatera - Meratus
Busur Sunda - Banda
Busur Sulawesi Timur - Mindanau
Busur Halmahera
Busur Irianjaya Tengah
C u
Tangse(Cu)
Rawas(Au)
S n
Bangkinang(Sn)
S n
S n
Lebong Tandai(Au, Ag)
Cikotok(Au)
Lampung(Au)
Singkep(Sn)
3S n
Kelapa Kampit(Sn)
G. Pongkor(Au,Ag)
S. Liat & Belinyu(Sn)
Salopa/Cineam(Au)
G. Bawang(Mo)
Sanenrejo(Cu, Au)
Selogiri(Au)
Barru(Cr)
Meratus(Ni)
Sumatera - Meratus Arc
MT. Muro(Au,Ag)
Cempaka(Pt)
Kelian( Au)
Sekko(Cu)
Batuhijau(Cu,Au)
Malala(Mo)
Baturape (Pb)
Sangkaropi(Cu)
Bulagidun(Cu,Au)
Tapadaa(Cu)
G. Pani(Au, Cu)
Ratatotok(Au)
Gosowong(Au)
Soroako(Ni, Co)
Lerokis/Kalikuning (Au, Ag)
Pomala(Ni,Co)
Kaputusan(Cu)
Loloda(Cu,Mn)
0 600300
KilometerTanjung Buli
(Ni, Co)
P. Gebe(Ni,Co)
G. Bijih(Cu, Au)
Grasberg(Cu, Au)
A u
Peg. Cycloop(Ni,Co)
KETERANGAN
MIOSEN AKHIR - PLIOSEN
PALEOSEN - TERSIER TENGAH
KAPUR AKHIR
Keterdapatan Mineral
Tambang aktif
PENYEBARAN BUSUR MAGMATIK BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MINERALISASI DI INDONESIA
RISIKORISIKO BIAYABIAYA
WAKTUWAKTU (TH)(TH)00
PENYELIDIKANPENYELIDIKANUMUMUMUM
EKSPLORASIEKSPLORASI
22 55
STUDISTUDIKELAYAKANKELAYAKAN
SURVAI DASARSURVAI DASARGEOLOGIGEOLOGI
WILAYAHWILAYAHSURVAISURVAITINJAUTINJAU100 %100 %N HaN Ha
WILAYAHWILAYAHCADANGANCADANGAN
PERTAMBANGANPERTAMBANGAN
<10 %<10 %N HaN Ha
SUMBERDAYASUMBERDAYA TEREKATEREKA
SUMBERDAYA SUMBERDAYA TERTUNJUK/TERTUNJUK/TERUKURTERUKUR
CADANGAN CADANGAN TERBUKTITERBUKTI
ENDAPANENDAPANHIPOTETIK HIPOTETIK
77
KONSTRUKSIKONSTRUKSIDAN EKSPLOITASIDAN EKSPLOITASICADANGANCADANGANLAYAK TAMBANGLAYAK TAMBANG
1010
4040
2020
RISIKO DAN BIAYA EKSPLORASIRISIKO DAN BIAYA EKSPLORASISUMBERDAYA MINERAL DAN SUMBERDAYA MINERAL DAN
BATUBARABATUBARA
Klasifikasi Sumber Daya dan Cadangan PBB
Classification of CoalsClassification of Coals
Scientific classification
Commercial classification
Coalification High Low
Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Brown-Coal Peat
Utilization Coking coal for coke and gas
Stream coal for power generation
Anthacite for briquetting
Scientific ClassificationScientific ClassificationClassification Contents Etc.
RankVitrinte mean random refrectance (%)
Gross calorific value (MJ/kg)ECE-UN
Petrographic Content
Maceral group analysis
(vitirnite,liptinite,mmf volume %)ECE-UN
Grade Ash (mineral matter) content (%,db) ECE-UN
C% Carbon content (% daf)
Geological era Paleozoic, Jurassiera
Original plants Terrestrial, aqua plant
Scientific ClassificationScientific ClassificationESE-UN in Seam Coal Classification, 1993
R : Reflectance of vitrinite
R
High Rank Antharacite
Meta > 4.0
Ortho 2.5-4.0
Semi 2.0-2.5
Medium Rank Bituminous
Meta 1.4-2.0
Ortho 1.0-1.4
Semi 0.6-1.0
Low RankSub-bituminous
Lignite
0.4-0.6
0.4<
Commercial ClassificationCommercial Classification
1. Standard for coal classification
International classification
2. For utilization
Stream Coal, Coking Coal, Anthracite
3. By size
Run-of-mine Coal > 50 mm
Lump Coal 38-50 mm
Coarse Grain Coal 25-37 mm
Fine Grain Coal <25 mm
Small Coal >1-3 mm
Very Fine Coal < 3 mm
Proved Recoverable ReservesProved Recoverable ReservesWEC 1998WEC 1998
[Mtonnes]
Bituminous + Anthracite
Sub-bituminous
Lignite Total Share (%)
USA 111,338 97,472 33,327 246,643 25.1
Russian 49,008 33,700 10,450 157,010 16.0
Chinna 62,200 1,900 18,600 114,500 11.6
Australia 47,300 -- 41,200 90,400 9.2
India 72,733 -- 2,000 74,733 7.6
South Africa 55,333 -- -- 55,333 5.6
Germany 24,000 -- 43,000 67,000 6.8
Others 8,749 43,971 47,122 178,592 18.1
Word Total 509,491 279,021 195,699 984,211 100
Coal and Their UsesCoal and Their UsesHigh High
Carbon/Energy Content Moisture Content
(%:World Reserves)
Domestic/ Manufacture Power Generation Largely power
Uses Industrial of iron and stell Cement manufacture generation smokeless fuel Industrial isues
(Source:WCI,1996)
Coal
Hard Coal50%
Low Rank Coal50%
Sub-bituminous19%
Lignite31%
Anthracite-1%
Bituminous49%
Metallurgical(Coking Coal)
Thermal(Steam Coal)
Basis of AnalysisBasis of Analysis Received/sampled/dispatched base
Air dried base (a.d.)
Dried base (d.b.)
Dry,ash-free base (d.a.f.)
Dry,mineral-matter-free (d.m.m.f.)
LOI : loss on ignition
Ash LOI Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Inherent MoistureAdherent Moisture
Mineral Matter Pure Coal (C,H,N,O,S,etc) Moisture
COAL
Coal Analysis by Different BaseCoal Analysis by Different Base
As received Dry basis Dry, ash free
Proximate Analysis (wt%)
Moisture
Ash
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon
3.4
9.5
20.6
66.5
---
9.8
21.3
68.9
---
---
23.7
76.4
Ultimate Analysis (wt%)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
77.29
4.59
5.61
1.73
1.31
80.00
4.36
2.69
1.79
1.36
88.69
4.83
2.99
1.98
1.51
Calorific Value (MJ/kg)
Gross 31.68 32.79 36.15
Classification of Coal in UseClassification of Coal in UseSteam Coal Direct use Pulverized coal combustion
Fluidized bed combustionStoker combustionPulverized coal injection
Processing CWM Atomizing combustionCCS Pulverizing coal combustion
Conversion Gasification Combined cycle generationRaw material for chemicals
Liquefaction Alternative fuel
Coking Coal Carbonization Coke Iron making
Tar Raw material for chemicals
Anthracite Carbon material, Briquette
Example of Coal Quality for Power GenerationExample of Coal Quality for Power Generation
Evaluation Items Unit LimitGross calorific value (a.d.) Kcal/kg > 6,200
Total moisture (a.d.) Wt% < 20
Fuel ratio (FC/VM) --- < 2.2
Nitrogen (d.b.) Wt% < 1.7
Total sulfure Wt% < 1.0
Size distribution(-2mm) Wt% < 30
Ash / Initial deformation temp. °C > 1,150
Ash / Hemisphere temp. °C > 1,150
Na2O in ash Wt% < 2.0
Basicity of ash (CaO+MgO) / Fe2O3 --- < 1.0
Ash electric resistivity Ohm-cm < 1013
Coal Properties Required for CombustionCoal Properties Required for Combustion
Chemical Properties :
1. Total moisture
2. Ash content
3. Volatile matter
4. Calorific value
5. Sulfur content
6. Chlorine content
7. Trace element
8. Swelling and agglomerating behavior
9. Reflectance and petrographic content
Ash Properties :
1. Ash composition
2. Ash fusion temperature
3. Slagging and fouling Indices
4. Ash electric resistivity
Physical Properties :
1. HGI
2. Abrasion index
3. Friability
4. Dustiness
Evaluation Indices for CombustionEvaluation Indices for Combustion
Evaluation Items Indices
Combustibility (burn out) Fuel ratio (FC/VM), VM
NOx emissions Nitrogen content, Fuel ratio
Slagging property Ash fusion temp.,B/A ratio, Slagging index
Heat transfer property (Slagging&Fouling property)
Electrostatic precipitabilityAsh composition, Particle size profile, Intrinsic electric resistance
Grindability HGI
Handling property Moisture, Particle size profile, Fine particle
Spontaneous combustibility O/C, VM, Fuel ratio
Coal dust dispersion Moisture, HGI, Fine particle
Coal Properties for Other UsesCoal Properties for Other Uses
1. Gasification
More active sites
Higher porosity
Higher calcium content
Low ash fusion temperature
2. Liquefaction
High volatile matter
High vitrinite content
Low ash content
High ash fusion temperature
Environmental Impact of CoalEnvironmental Impact of Coal
3. Steel-making1) Chemical properties
2) Rheological properties
3) Petrographical composition
4) Coke strength prediction
Environmental Impact of CoalEnvironmental Impact of Coal
1. Coal production
Dust, Mine waste disposal, Mine water drainage
2. Coal preparation
Solid waste disposal, Liquid waste disposal,
Noise and vibration, Process water,
Particulate and gaseous effluents
3. Coal transportation and storage
Dust, Pipeline slurry, Spontaneous combustion,
Surface water run - off
4. Coal utilization
CO2, SOx, NOx, Solid waste disposal
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
NOx, Sox, Dust Trace Element
Present Regulation Present Regulation (ash Disposal) NOx ≈ 20 ~ 50 ppm Pd < 0.3 mg/l, Cd < 0.3 mg/l SOx ≈ 20 ~ 50 ppm Se < 0.3 mg/l, Hg < 0.005 mg/l Dust ≈ 10 ~ 20 mg/Nm3 As < 0.3 mg/l, Cr < 1.5 mg/l
Future Regulation Future Regulation NOx ≤ 10 ppm SOx ≤ 10 ppm Waste Water B, F, Ni, Mo,……. Dust ≤ 10 mg/Nm3 Air Pollution Cl, F, Hg
Triple Ten
CHANGE OF REQUIRED COAL QUALITYCHANGE OF REQUIRED COAL QUALITY
√ At Present √ In The Future
Customer Needs Customer Needs Decrease of fuel cost Decrease of fuel cost Expansion of supplying country New environ mental regulation
Required Coal Quality Required Coal Quality Low sulfur and nitrogen Low rank coal High volatile matter Low Na, Ca Non-trouble handling Low Cl, F, Trace elements(Se….)
Combustion Process Combustion Process Pulverized coal combustion PFBC Fluidized bed combustion IGCC etc