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What is PCS?
Personal Communication Services
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What is PCS
Personal Communication Services
A wide variety of network services that
includes wireless access and personal mobility
services
Provided through a small terminal Enables communication at any time, at any
place, and in any terminal form.
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Several PCS systems
High-tier Systems
Widespread vehicular and pedestrian services
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
The mobile telephony system that we are using
IS-136
USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
TDMA based multiple access
Personal Digital Cellular
IS-95 cdmaOne System
CDMA based multiple access
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Several PCS systems
Low-tier systems
Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT) Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)
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Several PCS systems
Wideband wireless systems
For Internet access and multimedia transfer
Cdma2000, evolved from cdmaOne
W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe
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Several PCS systems
Other PCS Systems
Special data systems
CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
RAM Mobile Data
Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
Paging Systems Mobile Satellite Systems
LEO, MEO, GEO satellites for data/voice
ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band systems:Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.
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PCS Problems
How to integrate mobile and wireless users
to the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network) Cellular mobile telephony system
How to integrate mobile and wireless usersto the Internet (Data Network)
Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
How to integrate all of them together and
also add multimedia services (3G Systems)
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InternetPSTN(Telephone Network)
Looking to PCS from different
Angles
Wireless Access
Mobile Users
-Laptop users-Pocket PC users-Mobile IP, DHCP enabledcomputers
Mobile Users
-Cell phone users-Cordless phone users
Telecom People View Data Networking People ViewSeptember 30, 2005 Girish Kumar Patnaik 8
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Telecom and Data Networking
Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest
-Radio Propagation-Link Characteristics-Error Models-Wireless MediumAccess (MAC)- Error Control
-Data Transmission
-Mobile IP (integratingmobile hosts tointernet)-Ad-hoc Networks-TCP over Wireless-Service Discovery
- Voice Transmission- Frequency Reuse
- HandoffManagement-Location Tracking-Roaming-QoS-GSM, CDMA,Cordless Phones,-GPRS, EDGE
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Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture
Base Station(BS) Mobile Station
MobilityDatabase
Mobile
SwitchingCenter(MSC)
Base StationController
Radio Network
Public Switched
Telephone Network
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Wireless System Definitions
Mobile Station A station in the cellular radio service intended for use
while in motion at unspecified locations. They can beeither hand-held personal units (portables) or installed on
vehicles (mobiles)
Base station A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiverantennas mounted on top of a tower.
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Wireless System Definitions
Mobile Switching Center Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in
a large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSCconnects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to thePSTN (telephone network). It is also called MobileTelephone Switching Office (MTSO)
Subscriber A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
Transceiver A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals
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Wireless System Definitions
Control Channel Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
Forward Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information fromthe base station to the mobile
Reverse Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information frommobile to base station
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Wireless System Definitions
Simplex Systems Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
Half Duplex Systems Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for bothtransmission and reception. At any given time, the usercan either transmit or receive information.
Full Duplex Systems
Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way communication. Transmission and reception istypically on two different channels (FDD).
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Wireless System Definitions
Handoff The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
Roaming A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
Page A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations atthe same time.
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PCS Architecture
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PCS Architecture
Each PCS technology has similar architectures
which consists two parts
Radio Network
MS (Mobile Station)
BS (Base Station) System
Wireline Transport Network
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
The Mobility Database connected to MSC is used totrack the locations of mobile station.
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PCS Systems Classification
Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS 3G Wireless Systems
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Cellular Telephony
Characterized by
High mobility provision
Wide-range
Two-way tether less voice communication
Handoff and roaming support Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)
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Cellular Telephony - Architecture
Radio tower
PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center
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Cellular Telephony Systems
Mobile users and handsets
Very complex circuitry and design
Base stations Provides gateway functionality between
wireless and wireline links
Mobile switching centers
Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone network
C ll l N t k
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Cellular Networks First Generation
Analog Systems Analog Modulation, mostly FM
AMPS
Voice Traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access Second Generation (2G)
Digital Systems
Digital Modulation
Voice Traffic
TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
2.5G Digital Systems
Voice + Low-datarate Data
Third Generation Digital
Voice + High-datarate Data
Multimedia Transmission also
Ad d M bil Ph S i
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Advanced Mobile Phone Services
(AMPS) Analog FM radio for voice transmission
FSK modulation for signal channels FDMA
FDD
Total 50 MHz=824-849 MHz(down-link) + 869-894MHz(up-link)
832 full-duplex channels using 1664 discrete frequencies
Downlink: from base station to handset
Uplink: from handset to base station
30 KHz spacing
Ad d M bil Ph S i
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Advanced Mobile Phone Services
(AMPS) Frequency reuse scheme for radio communication
Cells are grouped into clusters Cells within a cluster must use different frequencies
Frequencies may be reused by cells in different clusters
In AMPS 12-cell cluster using omni-directional antennas
7-cell cluster using three sectors per BS
EIA/TIA IS-41 standard for roaming management.
Global S stem for Mobile
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Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
Digital cellular system
TDMA/FDD
935-960 MHz for Downlink
890-915 MHz for Uplink
200 kHz for RF channel spacing
Speech coding rate 13 Kbps
Global System for Mobile
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Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
Frequency carrier is divided into 8 time slots
Every pair of radio transceiver-receiver supports 8 voice
channels.
GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) for roamingmanagement
Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging, group addressing,call waiting, multiparty services
EIA/TIA IS 136 Digital Cellular
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EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular
System Digital AMPS (DAMPS), American Digital Cellular(ADC), or North American TDMA (NA-TDMA), IS-
136 The successor to IS-54
TDMA/FDD
Every frequency carrier supports three voice channels
Speech coding rate is 7.95Kbps
The same spectrum used by AMPS 3 times of capacity of AMPS
30 KHz frequency spacing
EIA/TIA IS 136 Digital Cellular
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EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular
System
2 types of channel usage:
Full-rate: use 2 timeslot for a voice channel
Half-rate: use 1 timeslot for a voice channel
Digital switch can provide many applications: Example: point-to-point short messaging, broadcast
messaging, group addressing, private user groups
IS-41 standard for mobility management
EIA/TIA IS 95 Digital Cellular
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EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular
System CDMA/DSSS for the air interface.
A shared 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth User signals distinguished with different codes
MSs links to many BSs during phone calls.
GPS for synchronization of BSs Interference-based capacity (soft capacity)
The capacity of IS-95 is 3-6 times of IS-136 system, and 10
times of AMPS. IS-41 for core network
Advanced Radio Resource Management
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Cordless Telephones
PSTNTelephone
NetworkBase unitCordlessPhone
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Cordless Telephones
Characterized by
Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
Low power consumption Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
High circuit quality
Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
No handoffs between base units
Appeared as analog devices Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT
standards in Europe and ISM band technologies in
USA
Cordless Telephone Second
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Cordless Telephone, Second
Generation (CT2) Developed in Europe, available since 1989.
40 FDMA channels 32-Kbps speech coding rate
TDD
The maximum transmit power of a CT2 handset is 10mW
No handoff in CT2 No call delivery in CT2
In CT2+, both handoff and call delivery are OK.
Digital European Cordless
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Digital European Cordless
Telephone (DECT) Published in 1992
TDMA/TDD
12 voice channels per frequency carrier
Sleep mode is employed in DECT to conserve the power ofhandsets.
32 Kbps speech coding rate DECT is typically implemented as a wireless- PBX (Private
Branch Exchange) connected to the PSTN.
Dynamic channel allocation Time slot transfer
Seamless handoff
Dual mode: DECT + GSM
Low-Tier PCS: Personal Handy
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ow e CS: e so a a dy
Phone System (PHS) Developed by Research and Development Center (RCR), Japan 1993
Offers telecommunication services for homes,offices, and outdoor environment
TDMA/TDD
4 multiplexed channels/frequency carrier
1895-1906.1 MHz = 300 KHz 37 channels
(home/office) 1906.1-1918.1 MHz = 300 KHz 40 channels
(public system)
32 Kbps speech speech coding rate
Low-Tier PCS: Personal Access
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Communications System (PACS) Developed at Telcordia, U.S.A. PACS is designed for wireless local loop and
Personal Communications Services.
TDMA
8 voice channels/frequency carrier Both TDD and FDD are accommodated.
The highly effective and reliable mobile controlledhandoff (MCHO) completes in less than 20 msec.
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3G Systems
Goals
Voice and Data Transmission
Simultanous voice and data access
Multi-megabit Internet access
Interactive web sessions Voice-activated calls
Multimedia Content
Live music
Third-Generation Wireless
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Third Generation Wireless
Systems First Generation System: AMPS
Analog voice calls
Second Generation Systems: GSM, IS-136, IS-95,
and low-tier systems
Digital speech with low-bit-rate data services
Third-Generation:
Better system capacity
High-speed and wireless Internet access (to 2Mbps)
Wireless multimedia services (audio and video)
Third-Generation Wireless
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Third Generation Wireless
Systems 2.5G: GPRS and EDGE
Bridge 2G into 3G The new features for 3G includes
High bit rates, QoS, Bit rates dependent ondistance
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) backbone
Wideband CDMA (DS-CDMA FDD), SCDMAand cdma2000 (multi-carrier FDD) for air
interface
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GSM and CDMA Coverage Map
Worldwide
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Acknowledgement
Slides obtained from home page of
Prof.Phone Lin
Slides obtained from home page of
Prof.Gerald Q. Maguire Jr.
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