Download - Paradigmatic Word-Formation in a Decaying …w3.erss.univ-tlse2.fr/ParadigMo2017/diapos/Gaeta...Paradigmatic Word-Formation in a Decaying Language: The Case of -etò in Walser German

ParadigmaticWord-FormationinaDecayingLanguage:

TheCaseof-etoinWalserGermanLivio Gaeta MarcoAngster

UniversityofTurin & [email protected] [email protected]

Insteadofanintroduction…

• In1998IendedmyPhDthesiswiththistabledescribingtheactionnounsinItalian(cf.Gaeta2002:227):

• Basically,theverbsaredifferentlyselectedbythenominalizationstrategiesrangingfromthenominalizedinfinitivein(3i)totwodifferentsuffixes,respectivelyin(3ii)and(3iii),andtotheso-calledfemininepastparticipleof(3iv).• Theselectionobeysdifferentactional propertiesofthebaseverbs,namely[±dynamicity]in(3ii)and[±boundedness]in(3iii)and(3iv).

Paradigmo2017,Toulouse19-20june2017 2

Insteadofanintroduction…

• 20yearslater,IremodeledthispictureadoptingthenotationsuggestedinBooij's(2010)ConstructionMorphology,basicallyreflectingthesameconclusion(cf.Gaeta2017:230):


Aderivationalparadigmforactionnouns• Fromtheperspectiveofaparadigmaticapproachtoword-formation,|ACTIONNOUN|canbeconsideredasthehorizontalmanifestationofaderivationalparadigmwhich"isconstitutedwithinaparticularcognitivecategoryasabinaryrelationsharingacommonstem"(Štekauer 2014).• ACTION NOUN

• [V,+dyn]:conseguire1 'toattain'→ conseguimento 'attainment',insaponare 'tosoap'→insaponamento 'soaping'

• [V,+dyn]:accelerare 'tospeed'→ accelerazione,manifestare 'tomanifest' →manifestazione'manifestation'

• [V,+dyn,(+prof)]:spuntare 'totrim'→spuntatura'trimming',stirare'toiron'→stiratura 'ironing'• [V,+dyn,(+techn)]:dragare 'todredge'→dragaggio 'dredging',montare'toassemble'→montaggio'assembly'

• [V,- dyn]conseguire2 'tofollow'→ conseguenza 'consequence',discendere1 'todescend'→discendenza 'lineage'• [V,+dyn,-bound]:accelerare→accelerata,insaponare→ insaponata,spuntare→spuntata,dragare→dragata,montare→montata• Unaccusative verbs:discendere2 'todescend'→ discesa 'descent',cadere 'tofall'→caduta'fall'• Rule Blocking: caduta/*cadimento,discesa/*discendimento


Aderivationalparadigmforactionnouns• Thehorizontalmanifestationissystematicallyinterwovenwiththe"verticaldimension"whichconceivesthederivationalparadigmas"arangeofrelationsunifiedbyacommonstem"(Štekauer 2014).

• Accordingly,verbscangiverisetodifferentactionnounsdisplayingapartiallydifferentsemantics,andmoreingeneraltodifferentderivativesofthesamederivationalfamily:

➚ accelerazione |ACTION NOUN|• accelerare ➙ accelerata |SEMELFACTIVE ACTION NOUN|

➘ accelerabile |MODAL VERBAL ADJECTIVE|➘ accelerativo |VERBAL ADJECTIVE|➘ acceleratore |INSTRUMENT NOUN|


Thefemininepastparticiple…

• The|SEMELFACTIVE ACTION NOUN|isparticularlyinterestingbecauseitrepresentsaclearinnovationwrt Latinandisprovidedwithpeculiarpropertiesasitproducesboundedactionnouns.• Boundedactionnounscanalsobeformedonthebasisofnouns:

• occhio 'eye'→occhiata 'glance',gomito 'elbow'→gomitata 'jab',etc.• Inseveralcases,asemelfactive actionnouncanbeanalysed asdeverbal aswellasdenominal,i.e.itreceivesadoublemotivation:

• martello 'hammer'→martellata 'hammerblow'←martellare 'tohammer'• ospite 'host'→ospitata 'appearanceashost'←ospitare 'tohost'

• The|SEMELFACTIVE ACTION NOUN|– alsocallednomen vicis /'ism'al-marrat –canbecharacterizedinallRomancelanguagesbutRomanianas(cf.Gaeta2015):

|singleinstantiationofanactivitytypicallyconnectedwithXV/N|

Paradigmo 2017,Toulouse19-20june 2017 6

Aderivationalparadigmforactionnouns

• Towhatextentarederivationalparadigms(cognitively)real?• Bauer(1997),Štekauer (2014)

• Horizontal/Verticaldimension• Inflectionalcategories(e.g.|PLURALITY|)vs.inflectionalclasses(e.g.-s,-en,-Ø,-a)

• "Morphomic"effects• mangV-erFUT-ebbeCOND 'shewouldeat' discendere /discesa ←discesoPASTPART

• Semanticregularity• Productivepatterns svapata,whatsappata

• Paradigmaticpressure• Potential(productive)derivatives berlusconizzare→berlusconizzazione

• Suppletion• ai 'Ihave'/av-ons 'wehave' soleil 'sun'/solaire 'solar',bere 'todrink'/sorso 'sip'

• Languagecontact


TheWalserarea


ancestral homelandWalsersettlementsabandoned Walsersettlements,other German dialects orromanised

TheWalsercommunities• Switzerland

• Kanton Wallis(Upper Alemannic)• Tessin:BoscoGurin• Graubünden

• Italy• AostaValley:Gressoney(Titsch),Issime(Töitschu)• Piedmont:Formazza,Macugnaga,Alagna,Rimella(Titschu)

• Liechtenstein• Triesenberg

• Austria• Vorarlberg• Tirol

• France• Haute-Savoie:Vallorcine (Bärental)


WalserinAostaValley• Foundation:SecondhalfoftheXIIIc.• ConstanttradingwithGerman-speakingareas(inparticularXV-XIXc.)• 1861-1914:firstlydiminishing,theninterruptedcontacts• 1922-1945:strongrepressionduetotheFascistpolicy• 1946-:widespreadtrilingualism Ital/Piedm/Titsch,languagedecay

• Population:19012001

• GressoneySaintJean949 789 80,0%• GressoneyLaTrinité 167 297 68,3%• Issime 776 403 63,4%(1992) 79,8%• Rimella 1007 142 90,8%


54,3%(1977)

Doyou speakdialect?

Doyou know thedialect?(2003)

DiWaC


• ADigitalarchivetosafeguardtheWalserCulturalandlinguisticheritage:• www.diwac.it

• Sponsoredby

• SourcesforTitsch• Oldsources(XIXc.)

• ElicitedConversations(Schott1840),Poems,Documents(Catechismsetc.),Secondaryliterature(Schott1840)

• Modernsources• Novels,Poems,Documents(ethnologicalmaterial,e.g.cookbooksetc.)Secondaryliterature(Greschòneytitsch Wörterbuch,Zürrer 1999)

• Interviewswithspeakers• Fieldwork (with questionary), Elicited Conversations (Angster 2004-05)

TheDiWaC Archive

• TheDiWaC Archiveconsistsoftwocomponents:• AlexiconwhichbasicallyresultsfromthedigitalizationoftheGreschòneytitsch Wörterbuch(1998).

• Acorpus which is coindexed with the lexicon and is meant to enrich it with alargeamount offresh entries.

• Moreover,alsothanks to the extant lexicon,the corpus willbe automatically tagged.

• To date,the lexicon contains about 10330lexemes:• V=2554• N=5041

• Thecorpus is currently being uploaded into the archive:• http://www.diwac.it/corpus-greschoney/


ActionnounsinTitsch

• Likeanywell-behavedGermaniclanguage,thederivationalparadigmof|ACTION NOUN|inTitsch consistsofthreedifferentmainpatterns:

• suffix-òng 112• bessrò 'toheal'→bessròng 'tohealing',fiere 'tolead'→fieròng 'direction',usstelle 'toexhibit'→

usstellòng 'exhibition'• conversion 72

• antwòrtò 'toanswer'→antwòrt 'answer',loufe 'torun'→louf 'run',redò 'totalk'→red'talk'

• apophonic alternation 93• bisse 'tobite'→bés 'bite',goa'togo'→gang'(wayof)walking',sprenge 'tojump'→spròng jump'

• rest 36• dienò 'toserve'→dientscht 'service',toufe 'tobaptize'→toufé 'baptism',verliere 'tolose'→

verlòscht 'loss'• suffix-etò 56


Derivativesformedwith-etò• Thesederivativescomefromtwolexicalcategories

• verbs[+dyn,-bound]:• chrétzò 'toscratch,scribble'→chrétzetò 'scribble',erschétte 'toshake'→erschéttretò 'shake',fépple 'totease'→

féppletò 'joke',frässò 'todevour'→frässetò 'feast', katzò 'tokick'→katzetò 'kick',läckò 'tolick'→läcketò 'lick',lésmò 'toknit'→lésmetò 'knitting',nätschò 'toscold'→nätschetò 'scolding',ròtschò 'toslip'→ròtschetò 'slip',schnue 'tosnow'→schnuetò 'snowfall',schwétze 'tosweat'→schwétzetò 'sweat',seikò 'topee'→ seiketò 'pee',sifzkò 'tosigh'→sifzkòtò 'sigh',spoue 'tospit'→spouetò 'spit',stéffò 'tosting'→ stéffetò 'jibe',tichò 'tocaress'→tichetò 'caress',ufrume 'tocleanup'→ufrumetò 'cleaning',wénkò 'towink'→wénketò 'wink',zelle 'tochat'→zelletò 'chat',zwenke 'topinch'→zwenketò 'pinch'

• nouns:• chorb 'basket'→chorbetò 'basketful',flammò 'flame'→flammòtò 'blaze',fuscht 'fist'→fuschtetò 'punch',gabelò

'fork'→gabletò 'pitschfork',hòre 'horn'→hòrnetò 'butt',leffél 'spoon'→leffietò 'spoonful',oug 'eye'→ougetò'glance'

• doublemotivation:• blétzk /blétzkò 'toflash'→blétzketò 'flashing',fues 'foot'/fuessò 'tokick'→fuessetò 'kick',hoamer 'hammer'/

hoamrò 'tohammer'→hoamretò 'hammerblow',näscht 'nest'/näschtò 'tobrood'→näschtetò 'brood',peitschò'lash/tolash'→peitschòtò 'lashblow',messer 'knife'/messrò 'toknife'→messretò 'knifewound',stäcke 'stick'/stäckò 'tobeatwithacane' →stäcketò 'blowwithastick',tésch 'table'/téschò 'tosetthetable'→ téschetò 'tableful'


Derivativesformedwith-etò• ThesederivativescloselyreplicatethepatternoftheItaliansemelfactiveactionnouns:• Theycanbeanalysed as

• |singleinstantiation ofanactivity typically connected withXV/N|• Inthehorizontal dimension ofthederivational paradigm |ACTION NOUN|they areflanked byother patterns,while inthevertical dimension they enrich thederivational familyofaverb:

• ACTION NOUN• [V,+dyn]: wénkò 'towink'→wénk 'wink'• [V,+dyn]:bisse 'tobite'→bés 'bite'• [V,+dyn]:erschétte 'toshake'→erschéttròng 'shaking'• [V,+dyn,- bound]:bisse→bissetò, erschétte→erschéttretò,wénkò→wénketò

• Derivationalfamily:• erschétte➙ erschéttròng |ACTION NOUN|

➘ erschéttretò |SEMELFACTIVE ACTION NOUN|


Derivativesformedwith-etò• ItisstraightforwardthattheyresultfromcontactwithItalianandotherRomancevarietiessuchasPiedmontese andFranco-Provençal:acaseforcontact-inducedgrammaticalization (Heine&Kuteva 2005).• Inthisway,thederivationalparadigmof|ACTION NOUN|inTitsch hasacquiredanewcategorywhichisunknowntotherestoftheGermanicfamily


ougetòschwétzetò

Titsch ⇕ Italianocchiatasudata

Wheredoesthissuffixreallycomefrom?• TheetymologicalsubstanceofthesuffixishowevercompletelyindependentofthefunctiondisplayedinTitsch.• Infact,thesuffixseemstocomefromthefeminineformoftheRomancediminutivesuffix-etta /-ette asitappearsinanumberofloanwords:

• FrProv.brotsetta >brotschetò 'faucet',Fr.serviette>schärvietò 'napkin',FrProv.terretta >tärretò 'tureen'• Thefeminineendingisnormallyadaptedas-ò inTitsch whichcontinuestheoldendingoftheGermanicfeminines reducedtoSchwainGerman:• gara >garò 'competition',sigaretta >sigarettò 'cigarette',etc.• klockò 'bell', pfannò 'pan',seifò 'soap'(cf.GermanGlocke,Pfanne,Seife)

• Probably,theroadfollowedbythissuffixwas:i. theextensiontonativenounslikechorb,gabelò,etc.,andspecificallytothosecaseswherethe

derivativemighthavebeeninterpretedasdeverbal likefuessetò,hoamretò,etc.ii. theacquisition– replicatingtheItalianmodel– ofthesemelfactive actionvaluefavoredbythe

meaningextension|DIMINUTIVE|>|SINGULATIVE|(e.g.It.zuccherino 'smallsugar>pieceofsugar')


Conclusion

• Derivationalparadigmsaretheexpressionofthecognitivecategoriesactivatedinword-formationpatterns.• ThecaseoftheTitsch actionnounsin-etò showsthatinthepresenceofalong-lastingcontactsituationthederivationalcategory|ACTIONNOUN|hasacquiredanewpatternwhichisverysalientinthetrilinguals'mind.• Theurgetowardstheacquisitionofthenewpatternwassocompellingthattheetymologicalsubstancerecruitedforthispurposeisquitefarfromitsactualvalue.


Tankvél mòal!Merci!Thanks!


References• Angster,M.(2004-05),Laperifrasitue+infinitoneltitschdiGressoney,BA-Thesis,UniversityofTurin.• Bauer,L.(1997),"Derivationalparadigms",inG.Booij&J.vanMarle(eds.),YearbookofMorphology1996,Dordrecht:Kluwer,243-256.

• Booij,G.(2010),Constructionmorphology,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.• Gaeta,L.(2002),Quandoiverbicompaionocomenomi,Milano:Angeli.• Gaeta,L.(2015),"ActionNounsinRomance",inP.O.Mülleretal.(eds.),Word-Formation.AnInternationalHandbookoftheLanguagesofEurope,Berlin&NewYork:MoutondeGruyter,vol.2,1165-1185.

• Gaeta,L.(2017),"NomideverbaliinMIDIA",inP.D'Achille,M.Grossmann(eds.),Perlastoriadellaformazionedelleparoleinitaliano,Roma:Cesati,221-241.

• GreschòneytitschWörterbuch.Titsch/Deutsch/Italiano.Italiano/Titsched.byCentroStudieCulturaWalser/WalserKulturzentrum,Quart:Musumeci,1998.

• Heine,B.&T.Kuteva(2005),LanguageContactandGrammaticalChange,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.

• Schott,A.(1840),DieDeutschenamMonteRosa,Zürich.• Štekauer,P.(2014),'Derivationalparadigms',inR.Lieber&P.Štekauer(eds.),TheOxfordHandbookofDerivationalMorphology,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

• Zürrer,P.(1982),WorterbuchderMundartvonGressoney,Frauenfeld:Huber.• Zürrer,P.(1999),Sprachinseldialekte.WalserdeutschimAostatal,Aarau:Sauerländer.
