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Pan AmericanHealthOrganization
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•PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION
•Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the
•WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
United Nations:Civil-Military Coordination
and the Cluster System
Dr. Ciro R. UgarteEmergency Preparedness and
Disaster Relief
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Outline:
• UN Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination
• UN Cluster System.
• Challenges & opportunities of DOD / International Organizations Coordination.
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UN Civil-Military Coordination• The focal point for UN civil-military coordination
is the Civil-Military Coordination Section (CMCS) of OCHA.
• CMCS often deploys a Coordination Officer to support field-effective mechanisms.
• The most common interface mechanisms are: – Civil-Military Operations Centre (CMOC)– Civil-Military Cooperation House (CIMIC House) – Humanitarian Operation Centre (HOC)
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UN Civil – Military Coordination
Humanitarian organizations and military forces have different mandates
• Humanitarian organizations endeavour to provide assistance to affected populations based on assessed needs and on the humanitarian principles.
• Civil defense units are deployed in a humanitarian crisis based on the agenda of their government.
• Militaries are deployed with a specific security and political agenda or in support of a security and political agenda.
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Range of civil-military relationship
Low opportunities of CM cooperation / high risks for
humanitarians of being drawn into conflict dynamics
COMBAT
High opportunities of CM cooperation / low risks for
humanitarians of being drawn into conflict dynamics
PEACETIME
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Principles on military-civilian relations
• Humanitarian criteria to use/accept military assets.
• Military assets unique and only as a last resort.
• A humanitarian operation retains its civilian nature.
• Follows principles of humanitarian assistance.
• Avoid direct delivery of humanitarian assistance.
• Retains its international and multilateral character.
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UN Civil-Military coordination in the health sector
• The mission of the Global Health Cluster (GHC) is to build consensus on humanitarian health priorities and related best practices, and strengthen system-wide capacities to ensure an effective and predictable response.
• The GHC looks at how civil-military coordination might affect humanitarian agencies’ ability to access affected populations and provide health assistance.
Global Health Cluster - Position Paper Civil-military coordination during humanitarian health action
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Building a Stronger, More Predictable Humanitarian Response System
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Changing Environment Proliferation of humanitarian
actors Demands for more structured
international responses Changing role of the UN (less
direct implementation, more standard-setting and facilitation, more capacity-building)
Competitive funding environment
Increased public scrutiny of humanitarian action
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Whose reform?
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)
Composed of NGO consortia, Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, IOM, World bank and UN agencies
Inter-Agency Standing Committee Full Members and Standing Invitees
Full Members
Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAO)
Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA)
United Nations High Comissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF)
World Food Programme (WFP)
World Health Organisation
(WHO)
Standing Invitees
International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC)
International Council of Voluntary
Agencies (ICVA)
International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (IFRC)
American Council for Voluntary
International Action (InterAction)
International Organisation for
Migration (IOM)
Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Office of the Special
Representative of the Secretary
General on the Human Rights of
Internally Displaced Persons
(RSG on HR of IDPs)
Steering Committee for
Humanitarian Response (SCHR)
World Bank (World Bank)
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FOUR PILLARS OF REFORM
CLUSTER APPROACHAdequate capacity and predictable leadership in all sectors
HUMANITARIAN COORDINATORSEffective leadership and coordination in humanitarian emergencies
HUMANITARIAN FINANCINGAdequate, timely and flexible financing
PARTNERSHIP
Strong partnerships between UN and non-UN actors
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Cluster mechanism
General Assembly Resolution 46/182 on humanitarian assistance: IASC (Inter Agency Standing Committee)– Cluster lead agencies identified, PAHO/WHO
for health cluster,– UNICEF for WASH cluster and nutrition
cluster– WFP for food– Others…
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Links with Government and national authorities
“Each State has the responsibility first and foremost to take care of the victims of natural
disasters and other emergencies occurring on its territory. Hence, the affected State has the primary role in the initiation, organization,
coordination, and implementation of humanitarian assistance within its territory.”
UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182
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AIM
• High standards of predictability, accountability and partnership in all sectors or areas of activity
• More strategic responses
• Better prioritization of available resources
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United Nations Cluster Approach
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New global cluster leadsTechnical areasNutrition UNICEFWater/Sanitation UNICEFHealth WHOEmergency Shelter: Conflict IDPs UNHCR
Disasters IFRC ‘Convenor’
Cross-cutting areasCamp Coord/Mgmt: Conflict IDPs UNHCR
Disasters IOMProtection: Conflict IDPs UNHCR
Disasters & civiliansin conflict (non-IDPs)
HCR/OHCHR/UNICEFEarly Recovery UNDP
Common service areasLogistics WFPTelecommunications OCHA/UNICEF/WFP
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Responsibilities of global cluster leads
• Standard setting - Standard setting and consolidation of
‘best practice’
• Building response capacity- Training and system development at
local, regional and international levels- Surge capacity and standby rosters- Material stockpiles
• Providing operational support• Emergency preparedness• Advocacy and resource mobilization
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Designating sector/cluster leads at the country level
• The UN consults the host government and national/international humanitarian actors to determine priority sectors.
• The UN ensures lead agencies are designated for all the key sectors. Where possible, lead agencies at the country level should mirror those at the global level.
• Sector/cluster leads are the provider of last resort, subject to access, security and funding.
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United Nations Cluster System
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Cluster Approach in Haiti:
Specific Challenges in Haiti: – Too many people– Civil-military cooperation– Over coordination (10 meetings a day)– Weakness of national authorities– No legal or formal authority of the cluster
coordinator to triage….
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External actors in Haiti,an unregulated industry
• Urban SAR teams: from 30 countries (1,800 rescuers)
• UN agencies• Red Cross societies• International NGOs• Bilateral non state institutions (universities)• Religious associations• Ad-hoc initiatives• Total of 43,000 Internationals
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Health Cluster in Haiti
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Coordination: the Health Cluster in Haiti• The Cluster began operating 3 days after the
earthquake and a full time HC Coordinator. • By February 16, 390 agencies registered with the
HC.• Sub-working :
– primary care, – hospital care– referral system– medical supplies– rehabilitation.
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Health Cluster in Haiti
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Hospitals• Day 10: 8 foreign field
hospitals/40 health facilities• Day 13: 12 foreign field
hospitals( 2 ships)/ 48 health facilities
• Day 15: first military hospital leaving, others schedule their departure
• Day 21: two more hospital ships arrived
• Day 24: 21 foreign field hospitals/91 health facilities
Russian Field Hospital
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Land based Foreign Field Hospitals: 21
• MSF (Doctors without borders): 5 field hospitals,16 Operating theatres and 1,237 bed capacity, 800 internationals and over 3,000 nationals, 5,707 surgical interventions (first month 2,386; second 1,902 and third 1,419). No patients were rejected.
• Israel military Hospital: arrived on day 41,100 treated patients. 242 surgical procedures under anesthesia were performed on 205 patients. Patients with brain injuries; paraplegia, low Glasgow coma score not accepted.
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Other disasters
• Bam: 11 FFH 550 beds /Ukrainian first• Banda Aceh: 9 FFH /Singapore first/beds?• Pakistan: 10 FFH/Turkish first/ 38 Cuban
FFH???• Costs/bed/day: +/- 2,000 USD• No FFH arrives early enough for trauma care
Source: Karolinska/Sweden PDM vol 23.no 2, 2008
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Challenges:• Field hospitals concentrate on what they do best.• Rapid turnover of patients to achieve efficient use
of theatres.• No post op care. the least sophisticated facilities
were the most overworked.• No referral system between facilities.• No internationally accepted standards but
professional groups (military, Red Cross, MSF) developed their own guidelines.
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The problems• Unacceptable practices.• Questions about clinical competencies.• Accountability and coordination.• Complementarity of deployed medical teams
(trauma, plastic surgery, crush syndrome, post op, rehab.)
• Better match btw supply and demand (time of arrival).
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Opportunities: establishing an international registry of FMT (Foreign Medical Teams)
• Faster deployment (if governments can rapidly identify and approve FMT).
• Better complementarities.• Reduction of duplications or overlap.• Better transparency and coordination with
national authorities/cluster• Donors encouraged to support a registered FMT.
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Thinking big…
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Other initiatives• Registration: database of foreign medical
teams, no validation required.• Certification: technical evaluation, implies
liability for the certifying agency (INSARAG classification).
• Accreditation: formal compliance with predetermined standards: is usually voluntary.
• Licensure: Government permission( UK, Spain).• Emergency surgery coalition( ESC).
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The three wishes of the humanitarian organizations
“We know what to do”, the military should provide:
– Security … without inconvenience
– Transport … at no cost– Communications... without controls
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In normal times . . .
¡ I NEED A DOCTOR !
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In disaster situations. . .
I NEEDONE
DOCTOR!
DISASTERZONE
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Lessons Learned from Tsunami Recovery
Key Propositions for Building Back Better
Beneficiaries deserve the kind of agency partnerships that move beyond rivalry and unhealthy competition.
A Report by the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery,
William J. Clinton. December 2006
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The real challenge: Coordination
IFRC
ICRCOXFAMCARESCR
Local NGO
WFP
ACNURPAHO WHO
FNUAP
UNICEFCDERA
ECHO
ORAS CONHUCEPREDENAC
OASCIDA USAID
UK
Netherlands
Donor countries
CAPRADE
UNDAC
National Emergency Agency
Red Cross
Ministry of health
ChurchPRESS
Universities
Hospitals
MSF
MC
INTERPOL
CARITASSecurity
Private health centers
Japan France
HHSCDC
Health Canada
DOD
South Com
Lessson…learned?
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Pan AmericanHealthOrganization
.
•PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION
•Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the
•WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
United Nations:Civil-Military Coordination
and the Cluster System
Dr. Ciro R. UgarteEmergency Preparedness and
Disaster Relief
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