Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 1
Palmen an der Ostsee oder was wir gegen den Klimawandel tun können
Christian Oliver Paschereit
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 2
Global warming
Glacier in Patagonia, Argentina
1928
2004
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 3
Outline
Presentation of the chair
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 4
Outline
Presentation of the chair
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 5
Our missionOur goals
We provide highly trained engineers who comply with the ambitious demands of industry and research
Our basic technology development follows long term goals
We integrate “real world” challenges into the academic fundamental research
Goal: Develop technologies for energy conversion with lowest CO2 impact
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 6
Fluid Dynamics Wind Tunnel Test Facility
Building and vehicleaerodynamicsLift and drag controlSeparation control
Plasma assisted controlNoise reduction
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 7
Fluid Dynamics – Building AerodynamicsForces, emissions
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 8
Fluid Dynamics – Vehicle AerodynamicsAirplanes, cars, trucks, trains, ships
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 9
Fluid Dynamics –Active flow control for wind turbines
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 10
Fluid Dynamics – Sailing research
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 11
Fluid Dynamics – Misc
Fluid dynamics in medical applications
Micro gas turbine
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 12
Combustion –Increase efficiency, decrease emissions
Combustion chambers and boilersThermoacoustics, combustion noiseControl & Modelling
New combustion conceptsHydrogenadvanced sensors
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 13
Outline
Presentation of the chair
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 14
The greenhouse effect
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 15
What are greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
Nitrous Oxide N2O (Lachgas)
Water vapour H2O
Ozone
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 16
Outline
Presentation of the department
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 17
Reconstructing past climate change
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 18
Concentration of green house gases for the last 2000 years
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 19
Global warming
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 20
Evidence for global warming
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 21
Which sector is the first in world wide CO2 emissions?
Transport (cars, trains, airplanes, ships)
Industry (excluding electricity generation)
Electric power generation
Heating (residential and tertiary)
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 22
CO2 Emissionen
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 23
Outline
Presentation of the department
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 24
How is power generation related to climate change?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 25
What are the consequences?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 26
Outline
Presentation of the department
What is global warming?
Evidence for global warming
How is “energy” related to global warming?
What can we do? What are we doing?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 27
Energy and climate change
Continue as before
Fast development and introduction of efficient technologies
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeFourth Assessment Report
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 28
Energy generation now and in thefuture
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Prim
ary
Ener
gy (P
J)
SolarWindHydroNuclear
BiomassNat. GasOilCoal
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 29
Power generationHydro power plant
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 30
Power generationNuclear power plant
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 31
Power generationCoal-fired (steam) power plant
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 32
Power generationCombined cycle (gas & oil) power plant
Gas Turbine
Control Systems
GeneratorSteam Turbine
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 33
Gas turbinesSchematic
ALSTOM GT13E2
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 34
Gas turbine Power generation
• Single cycle engine– Base-load power generation
– Engine efficiency ~40 %
Generator
Source: ALSTOM
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 35
Gas TurbineControl Systems Generator
Steam Turbine
Gas turbine Power generation (II)
• Combined cycle engine– Cycle efficiency ~60 %
Source: ALSTOM
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 36
Brayton cycle (gas turbine cycle)Diagrams
2 3 41 compressorisentropic compression
combustorisobaric heat
addition
turbineisentropicexpansion
ambientisobaric heat loss
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 37
Efficiency & specific workInfluencing factors
Efficiency depends on– pressure ratio r = p2 / p1 and gas
properties– increases with r
23QWη =
Specific work -depends on r and t = T3 / T1 with t from metallurgical limit (e.g. T3 = 1650 K)
-maximum when T2=T4
1TcW
p
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 38
Effects of turbine and compressor losses
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 39
“Greener” power
Efficiency increase– Pressure– Temperature– Cooling– Losses
Carbon capture and storage– Loss in efficiency
• Pre combustion 6 – 10 %
• Post combustion 10 – 14 %
Advanced cycles– Recuperation– Wet cycles– Pressure increased
combustor
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010uncooled
Internal cooling
Annular combustorFilm cooling
optimization
effic
ienc
y [%
]
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 40
Humid Gas Turbine Cycle
In the Humid Gas Turbine (HGT) cycle, water or steam is introduced into the working fluid of the gas turbineTwo different approaches are possible:– Injection of steam or water, e.g. Steam Injected Gas Turbine (STIG)
or Cheng Cycle– Use of humidification towers to evaporate the water, e.g. Humid Air
Turbine (HAT) or Evaporative Gas Turbine (EvGT)
Different versions of these technologies are being developed, using intercooling, recuperation or reheat
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 41
Higher efficiency at reduced NOx
Advantages:– Higher efficiency (10 – 15 %):
• Use of exhaust gas heat– Significantly increased power density (>100 %)– Reduced NOx emissions:
• The moisture lowers the flame temperature – CO2-sequestration:
• The flue gases have a high concentration of CO2 after condensation of the steam– Hydrogen combustion:
• Steam injection allows for H2 combustion at low NOx emission levelsDisadvantages:
– Need for purified water– Increased complexity of the power plant
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 42
Ultra wet cycles
With increased degree of humidity:– NOx emissions decrease
The operating range (ΔΦ) is extendedNOx emissions can be reduced by 90% (Ω=0.3, at constant power output)
air
steam
mm&
&=Ω
air
steam
mm&
&=Ω
H2
Natural gas Hydrogen
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 43
Pressure increase combustor
Constant volume combustionEfficiency increase by > 10 %
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 44
What else are we doing already?
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 45
Fundamental ThermoacousticsPossible Consequences
TA instabilities result in high-amplitude pressure pulsationsConsequences– increased pollutant emissions– reduced lifetime & system failure– increased noise emissions
deterioration of system performance
by courtesy of T. C. Lieuwen Sewell et al. GT2004-54310
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 46
Atmospheric combustion test rigSet-Up
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 47
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Abs
(T22
)
Frequency [Hz/Hz]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Phs
(T22
)
Frequency [Hz/Hz]
Flame transfer matrix measurement
Analytic models
Fit unknown coefficients
•Stability analysis•Frequency response•Time-domain simulation
Full 3-D acoustic model
gas turbine
Hybrid approach:steady CFD analysis for flame model parameterssteady CFD analysis of the burner transfer function
Thermoacoustic simulation strategy
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 48
Application of Helmholtz dampers Simulation of engine spectra
multiple burner silo combustor– non uniform arrangement
non-uniform arrangement of Helmholtz dampersdifferent dampers for different frequencies
suppression ofinstability byadditional Helmholtz dampers
stronginstability
23 24 25 2622 10 11 12 27
21 9 3 4 13 28
GT 20 8 2 1 5 14 29 VD37 19 7 6 15 30
36 18 17 16 3135 34 33 32
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 49
Impedance Tuning – Motivation
Different acoustic boundary conditions of engine and test rigdifferent dynamicsassessment of new burner technologies in test rig not transferable toengine performancereliable prediction of thermoacoustic stability and emissions not possible
HFI test rig
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 50
Change of test rig geometry
Approach: adjustment of acoustic BC’s by means of geometry changes or active control
Mongia et al., JPP 2003 Lieuwen & Neumeier, PCI 2002
TUB approachactively tune test rig to engine acoustics
– partially tunable (laboratory scale) test rigs– degree of reflectivity remains the same (limit-cycle amplitude)– application to more complex industrial test rigs difficult
(high mass flows & elevated pressure)
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 51
Impedance tuning at discrete frequencies
: baseline w/ orifice
◊: baseline w/o orifice
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 52
Impedance tuning at discrete frequencies
o : @ f = 78 Hz
Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Hermann-Föttinger-Institute (HFI)C. O. Paschereit Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics [email protected] 23 June 2009 53
Conclusions
Concentration of green house gases are increasingThese may lead to climate changeSolving this problem demands leap advencedtechnologiesTU Berlin provides Research and Development in these areasExcellent time to study engineering
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