R. Rigon, M. Dall’Amico, G. Formetta
GEOtop and BeyondCATHY’s days 2011
Jack
son
Poll
ok, F
ree
Form
, 19
49
, Mom
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Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
2
1. Radiation
4. surface energy balance
- radiation- boundary-layer interaction
2. Water balance
- effective rainfall- surface flow (runoff and channel routing)
- distributed model- sky view factor, self and cast shadowing, slope, aspect, drainage
3. Snow-glaciers
- multilayer snow scheme
- soil temperature- freezing soil
5. soil energy balance
- multi-layer vegetation scheme- evapotranspiration
6 . v e g e t a t i o n interaction
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
3
snow, ice, permafrost
water cycle in complex terrain
landslidingevapo-transpiration, energy fluxes
Bertoldi et al., 2006Bertoldi et al 2010
Endrizzi 2007Dall’Amico 2010Endrizzi et al, 2010a,b in preparation
Simoni et al 2008Lanni et al, 2010
Rigon et al., 2006
Why this complexity ?
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
4
Meteo
Rainfall/Snow
Snow/Energy budget
Atm. TurbulenceRadiation
For each time step
Flows
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
5
Richards ++
Surface flows
Channel flow
Next time step
GEOtop
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
6
Richards ++
First, I would say, it means that it would be better to call it, for
instance: Richards-Mualem-vanGenuchten equation, since it is:
Se = [1 + (−αψ)m)]−n
Se :=θw − θr
φs − θr
C(ψ)∂ψ
∂t= ∇ ·
�K(θw) �∇ (z + ψ)
�
K(θw) = Ks
�Se
��1− (1− Se)1/m
�m�2
C(ψ) :=∂θw()∂ψ
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
6
Richards ++
First, I would say, it means that it would be better to call it, for
instance: Richards-Mualem-vanGenuchten equation, since it is:
Se = [1 + (−αψ)m)]−n
Se :=θw − θr
φs − θr
C(ψ)∂ψ
∂t= ∇ ·
�K(θw) �∇ (z + ψ)
�
K(θw) = Ks
�Se
��1− (1− Se)1/m
�m�2
Water balance
C(ψ) :=∂θw()∂ψ
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
6
Richards ++
First, I would say, it means that it would be better to call it, for
instance: Richards-Mualem-vanGenuchten equation, since it is:
Se = [1 + (−αψ)m)]−n
Se :=θw − θr
φs − θr
C(ψ)∂ψ
∂t= ∇ ·
�K(θw) �∇ (z + ψ)
�
K(θw) = Ks
�Se
��1− (1− Se)1/m
�m�2
Water balance
ParametricMualem
C(ψ) :=∂θw()∂ψ
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
6
Richards ++
First, I would say, it means that it would be better to call it, for
instance: Richards-Mualem-vanGenuchten equation, since it is:
Se = [1 + (−αψ)m)]−n
Se :=θw − θr
φs − θr
C(ψ)∂ψ
∂t= ∇ ·
�K(θw) �∇ (z + ψ)
�
K(θw) = Ks
�Se
��1− (1− Se)1/m
�m�2
Water balance
ParametricMualem
Parametricvan Genuchten
C(ψ) :=∂θw()∂ψ
The structure of GEOtop
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
7
Extending the soil-water relation curve
Extending Richards to treat the transition saturated to unsaturated zone. Which means:
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
8
Freezing Soils in unsaturated Conditions
Extending Richards to treat the phase transition. Which means essentially to extend the soil water retention curves to become dependent on temperature.
Unsaturatedunfrozen
Freezingstarts
Freezingprocedes
UnsaturatedFrozen
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
9
Unfrozen water content
Soil water retention curve
thermodynamic equilibrium (Clausius Clapeyron)
+
ψw =pw
ρw gpressure head:
θw(T ) = θw [ψw(T )]
+
Freezing = drying hypothesis
Freezing Soils in unsaturated Conditions
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
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T ∗ := T0 +g T0
Lfψw0
Θ = θr + (θs − θr) · {1 + [−α · ψw0]n}−m
ice content: θi =ρw
ρi
�Θ− θw
�
θw = θr + (θs − θr) ·�
1 +�−αψw0 − α
Lf
g T0(T − T
∗) · H(T − T∗)
�n�−mliquid water
content:
Total water content:
depressed melting
point
M. Dall’Amico, S. Gruber and R. Rigon, 2010 in preparation
Freezing Soils in unsaturated Conditions
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
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Unsaturatedunfrozen
UnsaturatedFrozen
Freezingstarts
Freezingprocedes
Freezing = Drying
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
12M. Dall’Amico, S. Gruber and R. Rigon, 2010 in preparation
Freezing = Drying
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
13M. Dall’Amico, S. Gruber and R. Rigon, 2010 in preparation
Freezing = Drying
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
14water content [!]
so
il d
ep
th [
mm
]
Tot Water profile: comparison with Hansson et al
!2
00
!1
60
!1
20
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60
!4
0!
20
0
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
after 50 hours!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Sim
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tml
Freezing = Drying
Richards ++
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
15
Obviously this makes it possible to simulate a lot of new phenomenologies
Sisik, river in the artic tundra
Applications
Stef
ano E
nd
rizzi, W
illi
am Q
uin
ton
, Ph
ilip
Mar
sh, 2
01
1 s
ub
mit
ted
to T
C
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
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44
thaw depth: T(z,t)=0 water table depth: ψm(z,t)=0
Stefano Endrizzi, William Quinton, Philip Marsh, 2011 submitted to TC
Runoff on Frozen Soil
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
17
The model allows to show that the runoff
properties of a basin dramatically change when
soil freeze.
Runoff on frozen soil
Stefano Endrizzi, William Quinton, Philip Marsh, Matteo Dall’Amico, 2010 in preparation
Runoff on Frozen Soil: main result
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
18
Arabba
Pordoi
Caprile
Malga Ciapela
Pescul
Ornella
Saviner
Snow generated runoff
Frozen soil can be combine with the snow module
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
19
Frozen soil can be combine with the snow module
Snow generated runoff
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
20
02
46
810
1214
Date (dd/mm)
Dis
char
ge [m
3/s]
01/10 01/12 01/02 01/04 01/06 01/08 01/10
measuredGEOtop
Discharge at Saviner year 2006−2007
We have to work more here!
Snow generated runoff
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
21
Is Richards’ True ?
Conclusions
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
21
Is Richards’ True ?
Well: as representing the water budget it must be true.
Conclusions
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
21
Is Richards’ True ?
Well: as representing the water budget it must be true.
However:
• The soil water retention curves need probably to be further extended or
changes beyond v.Genucthen schemes
• Hydraulic conductivity should also be, probably, re-parametrized
•Saturation-Unsaturation must be better characterized
•The theory of freezing soil revisited (I know where it is approximate)
•Therefore, also the scheme that keep the soil rigid has to be revisited.
•Clays where adsorption plays a fundamental role represents a challenge.
•.........
Conclusions
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
22
Is this complexity manageable ?
Going Beyond
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
23
Is this complexity manageable ?
Going Beyond
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
24
Certainly this overwhelms the capability of any single
researcher, even the most gifted and dedicated:
•too many processes to deal with at the state-of-art of:
•physics
•numerics
•informatics
•too many datasets to exploit to have reasonable validation/
falsification
•too many ancillary programs neeeded to initialize, bound,
and force the models
Managing Models’ complexity
Is this complexity manageable ?
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
25
This requires many gifted people to interact. One models of
development:
•The CERN/Fundamental physics way
• The Meteorological field
•.....
There could be another model ? (Which should be however as
well successful in getting finance support, and maybe more
successful in discoveries ;-)
Managing Models’ complexity
The Big Science Model
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
26
It is possible that many people interact on a different basis,
with a more “bottom-up” approach, and still doing science at
the higher level (with more democracy and responsability) ?
The Open Source World style:
•GNU/Linux
•Eclipse
•GRASS
•GEOtools (OGC)
•.....
Managing Models’ complexity
The Open Science Model
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
27
Tools
We need tools that helps collaboration
You can find more at:
http://www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/geoframe-a-system-for-doing-hydrology-by-computer
Managing Models’ complexity
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
Object-oriented software development . O-O programming is nothing new, but it has proven to be a successful key to the design and implementation of modelling frameworks. Models and data can be seen as objects and therefore they can exploit properties such as encapsulation, polymorphism, data abstraction and inheritance.
Component-oriented software development. Objects (models and data) should be packaged in components, exposing for re-use only their most important functions. Libraries of components can then be re-used and efficiently integrated across modelling frameworks. Yet, a certain degree of dependency of the model component from the framework can actually hinder reuse.
NEW (well relatively) MODELING PARADIGMS
Mod
ified
from
Riz
zoli
et a
l., 20
05
MODELLING BY COMPONENTSTuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon, Antonello, Franceschi
29
JGrass 3 - OMS3 in the next future
Modeling by components
JGrass 3/ OMS 3
After David et al., 2009
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
Discrete units of software which are re-usable even outside the framework, both for model components and for tools components.
Seamless and transparent access to data, which are made independent of the database layer.
A number of tools (simulation, calibration, etc.) that the modeller will be free to use (including a visual modelling environment).
A model repository to store your model (and simulations) and to share it with others.
BENEFITS
MODELLING BY COMPONENTSTuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
Tools for studying feedbacks among different processes.
BENEFITS FOR SCIENTISTS
Encapsulation of single processes or submodels
MUCH MORE in the field of possibilities
MODELLING BY COMPONENTS
New educational tools and a “storage” of hydrological knowledge using appropriate onthologies
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
32
There exist such a modelling infrastructures ?
YES, there exist many
As a matter of fact just a few have those characteristics that I believe are important for the success of the whole ideas:
Managing Models’ complexity
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
PREREQUISITES
Programming LANGUAGE NEUTRAL: Fortran, C/C++, Java ....
PLATFORM NEUTRAL: Windows, Linus and Mac
OPEN SOURCE
TARGETED AT PERSONAL PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT USERS People come before program efficiency.
BUSINNES NEUTRAL: GPL would be fine, LGPL better
DEPLOYEMENTTuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
PREREQUISITES
ALLOWS WRAPPING OF EXISTING CODES BUT PROMOTES BETTER PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES
BUILT BY OPEN SOURCE TOOLS
DATA BASE PROVIDED
OGC COMPLIANT
CUAHSI SPECIFICATIONS AWARE
DEPLOYABLE THROUGH THE WEB
DEPLOYEMENT
CAN BE ENDOWED WITH ONTOLOGIES
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
35
What is next ?
The Object Modeling System OMS is a modular modeling framework that uses an open source software approach to enable all members of the scientific community to address collaboratively the many complex issues associated with the design, development, and application of distributed hydrological and environmental models.
OMS3 can be found at: http://www.javaforge.com/project/omslib
Resources
KnowledgeBase
DevelopmentTools
Products
OMS
We chose recently OMS3
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
ydroloGIS nvironmental ngineering
HydroloGIS s.r.l. - Via Siemens, 19 – 39100 Bolzano www.hydrologis.com
JGrass and OMS: what will happen to OpenMI?
A big effort has been done in the last years to bring all the models contained to OpenMI compliancy. There are several main issues that pushed the decision to migrate towards OMS:
OpenMI forces modelers to use a quite restrictive API OpenMI is currently proposing its version 2, which from 1.4 introduces several
changes. Migrate to that would require an enormous effort
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
ydroloGIS nvironmental ngineering
HydroloGIS s.r.l. - Via Siemens, 19 – 39100 Bolzano www.hydrologis.com
JGrass and OMS: what will happen to OpenMI?
OMS already contains a set of components that are free and open sourced, and also already well tested at the USDA, which would come as a present to JGrass. OpenMI still doesn't have any open source components and seems to be focused on few proprietary applications
OMS is an annotation based modern modeling framework that really focuses on adding few overhead to the modeler
the OMS team is working on a wrapper to generate OpenMI code from OMS models
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
ydroloGIS nvironmental ngineering
HydroloGIS s.r.l. - Via Siemens, 19 – 39100 Bolzano www.hydrologis.com
OMS: an annotations based frameworkOMS minimizes the burden on a component/model developer to buildcode into the framework by not imposing an API. (I know everyone claims it, but believe me, this time it is true)
package helloworld;import oms3.annotations.*;
public class Component { @Role(Role.PARAMETER) @In public String message; @Execute public void run() { System.out.println(message); }}
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
ydroloGIS nvironmental ngineering
HydroloGIS s.r.l. - Via Siemens, 19 – 39100 Bolzano www.hydrologis.com
OMS: other advantagesWith OMS a bunch of important features come into JGrass's modeling
system:
Components always execute multi-threaded. If the data flow alows it, the models are executed in parallel.
Integration with JNA (same as JGrass) for native code access. Java Native Access (JNA) integration that now supports all versions of FORTRAN, C, and C++ on all major architectures in 32 and 64 bit. FORTRAN and C/C++ programmers can continue to use their respective tools to create components
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
ydroloGIS nvironmental ngineering
HydroloGIS s.r.l. - Via Siemens, 19 – 39100 Bolzano www.hydrologis.com
OMS: other advantages
With OMS a bunch of important features come into JGrass's modeling system:
Runtime flexibility for simulation execution. Models can be executed in different environments that scale from a notebook to a computing cluster or even a cloud such as Amazon’s Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2).
The OMS modeler environment bases on Groovy scripting language, exactly as JGrass's console does
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
41
GEOFRAME 2011 blueprint
GEOFRAME
GEOtop NewAge Boussinesq PeakFlowModels
SHALSTAB GEOtop-FS The Horton Machine
JGrass-udig- OMS3Out R NWW
JGrass-udig- OMS3
Environmental Data Center (Postgres/Postgis/Ramadda/H2)Data
In
METEO/IO
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
CUAHSI BIANNUAL MEETING - BOULDER (CO) - JULY 14-16 2008
EPILOGUE
OUR AIM IS NOT TO MODEL EVERYTHING*OR DO A MODEL OF EVERYTHING BUT GIVE A S P A C E W E R E D I F F E R E N T , E V E N CONTRADICTORY, IDEAS, AND DATA CAN BE EXPLOITED IN A WAY WHICH PROPELS COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS BY SCIENTISTS AND USERS.
*“Correctly interpreted, you know, pi contains the entire history of the human race.”-Dr. Irving Joshua Matrix, from M. Gardner, “The magic numbers of dr. Matrix”
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
43
Find this presentation at
http://www.slideshare.net/posterVienna
Ulr
ici, 2
00
0 ?
Other material at
http://www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/rr-reflections
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Rigon et al., CATHY’s days, Padova 2011
44
From the work "the thousand rivers” (i mille fiumi) by Arrigo Boetti and Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti
classification by order of magnitude is the most common method for classifying information relative to a certain category, in the case of rivers, size can be understood to the power of one, two, or three, that is, it can be expressed in km, km2, or km3 (length, catchment area, or discharge), the length criterion is the most arbitrary and naive but still the most widespread, and yet it is impossible to measure the length of a river for the thousand and more perplexities that its fluid nature brings up (because of its meanders and its passage through lakes, because of its ramifications around islands or its movements in the delta areas, because of manʼs intervention along its course, because of the elusive boundaries between fresh water and salt water...) many rivers have never been measured because their banks and waters are inaccessible, even the water spirits sympathize at times with the flora and the fauna in order to keep men away, as a consequence some rivers flow without name, unnamed because of their untouched nature, or unnamable because of human aversion (some months ago a pilot flying low over the brazilian forest discovered a “new” tributary of the amazon river). other rivers cannot be measured, instead, because they have a name, a casual name given to them by men (a single name along its entire course when the river, navigable, becomes means of human communication; different names when the river, formidable, visits isolated human groups); now the entity of a river can be established either with reference to its name (trail of the human adventure), or with reference to its hydrographic integrity (the adventure of the water from the remotest source point to the sea, independently of the names assigned to the various stretches), the problem is that the two adventures rarely coincide, usually the adventure of the explorer is against the current, starting from the sea; the adventure of the water, on the other hand, finishes there, the explorer going upstream must play heads or tails at every fork, because upstream of every confluence everything rarefies: the water, sometimes the air, but always oneʼs certainty, while the river that descends towards the sea gradually condenses its waters and the certainty of its inevitable path, who can say whether it is better to follow man or the water? the water, say the modern geographers, objective and humble, and so the begin to recompose the identity of the rivers, an example: the mississippi of new orleans is not the extension of the mississippi that rises from lake itasca in minnesota, as they teach at school, but of a stream that rises in western montana with the name jefferson red rock and then becomes the mississippi-missouri in st louis, the number of kilometres upstream is greater on the missouri side, but in fact this “scientific” method is applied only to the large and prestigious rivers, those likely to compete for records of length, the methodological rethinking is not wasted on minor rivers (less than 800km) which continue to be called, and measured, only according to their given name, even if, where there are two source course (with two other given names), the longer of the two could be rightly included in the main course, the current classification reflects this double standard, this follows the laws of water and the laws of men, because that is how the relevant information is given, in short, it reflects the biased game of information rather than the fluid life of water, this classification was began in 1970 and ended in 1973, some data were transcribed from famous publications, numerous data were elaborated from material supplied non-european geographic institution, governments, universities, private research centres, and individual accademics from all over the world, this convergence of documentation constitutes the the substance and the meaning of the work, the innumerable asterisks contained in these thousand record cards pose innumerable doubts and contrast with the rigid classification method, the partialness of the existing information, the linguistic problems associated with their identity, and the irremediably elusive nature of water all mean that this classification, like all those that proceeded it or that will follow, will always be provisional and illusionary
Anne-marie Sauzeau-Boetti
(TN the text is published without capital letters)
Thank you for your attention
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
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