© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
1-1
1.00.9
0.6
0.4
0.0Volts
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
OUTPUT INPUT
0.1
(a) Example voltage ranges
(b) Time-dependent Voltage
(c) Binary model of time-dependent voltage
1
0
1.0
0.5
0.0
Voltage (Volts)
Time
Time
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
1-2
Memory
Controlunit Datapath
Input/Output
CPU
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-1TABLE 1-1Embedded System Examples
tcudorPaerA noitacilppA
Banking, commerce and manufacturing Copiers, FAX machines, UPC scanners, vend-ing machines, automatic teller machines, automated warehouses, industrial robots
setilletas ,sretuor ,senohp lleCnoitacinummoC
deffuts gniklat ,semag dlehdnah ,semag oediVsyot dna semaGtoys
Home appliances Digital alarm clocks, conventional and micro-wave ovens, dishwashers
,sreyalp DVD ,sreyalp DCaideM flat panel TVs, Digital cameras, digital video cameras
Medical equipment Pacemakers, incubators, magnetic resonance imaging
latigid lanosrep ,sreyalp 3PM ,sehctaw latigiDlanosrePassistants
Transportation and navigation Electronic engine controls, traffic light con-trollers, aircraft flight controls, global posi-tioning systems
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
1-3
Microcomputer,Microcontroller,or Digital Signal
Processor
A-to-DConverters
D-to-AConverters
AnalogInput Devices
and SignalConditioning
DigitalInput Devices
and SignalConditioning
ExternalMemory
SignalConditioningand Digital
Output Devices
SignalConditioningand Digital
Output Devices
© 2008 Pearson Education, InM. Morris Mano & Charles R.LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE
1-4a,b,c,d
001100
1100
11
Sampling point
0100 01
010110 01
11
0110
0100 01
01
0100
0011
0011
Temperature (degrees F)
0
40
Voltage (volts)
(a) Analog temperature
(b) Continuous (analog) voltage
(c) Digital voltage
(d) Discrete (digital) voltage
Digital numbers (binary)
Voltage (volts)
Sensor andsignal conditioning
Analog-to-Digital(A/D) conversion
Digital-to-Analog(D/A) conversion
Signal conditioning
001100
11 0100
0100
40
80
120
4
8
0
12
16
0111
0111
0111
0111
0011
0011 01
01
0 4 2016128 24
0 4 2016128 24
4
8
0
12
16
4
8
0
12
16
0 4 2016128 24
0 4 2016128 24Time (hours)
Time (hours)
Time (hours)
Time (hours)
SIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
© 2008 Pearson Education, InM. Morris Mano & Charles R.LOGIC AND COMPUTER DE
1-4c,d,e,f
001100
1100
11 0100 01
010110 01
11
0110
0100 01
01
0100
0011
0011
(c) Digital voltage
(d) Discrete (digital) voltage
Digital numbers (binary)
Voltage (volts)
Time (hours)
(e) Continuous (analog) voltage
Voltage (volts)
Digital-to-Analog(D/A) conversion
Signal conditioning
001100
11 0100
0100
20 40 600 80
100120
2040
20 40 600 80
100120
2040
20 40 600 80
100120
2040
20 40 600 80
100120
2040
20 40 600 80
100120
2040
Output
(f) Continuous (analog) readout
Temp Temp
0111
0111
0111
0111
0011
0011 01
01
4
8
0
12
16
4
8
0
12
16
4
8
0
12
16
0 4 2016128 24
0 4 2016128 24
0 4 2016128 24
Time (hours)
Time (hours)
Temp Temp Temp
SIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-2
TABLE 1-2Powers of Two
n 2n n 2n n 2n
0 1 8 256 16 65,5361 2 9 512 17 131,0722 4 10 1,024 18 262,1443 8 11 2,048 19 524,2884 16 12 4,096 20 1,048,5765 32 13 8,192 21 2,097,1526 64 14 16,384 22 4,194,3047 128 15 32,768 23 8,388,608
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-3TABLE 1-3Numbers with Different Bases
Decimal(base 10)
Binary(base 2)
Octal(base 8)
Hexadecimal(base 16)
00010203040506070809101112131415
0000000100100011010001010110011110001001101010111100110111101111
00010203040506071011121314151617
0123456789ABCDEF
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-4
TABLE 1-4Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)
DecimalSymbol
BCDDigit
0123456789
0000000100100011010001010110011110001001
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-5 TABLE 1-5American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
B7B6B5
B4B3B2B1 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v0111 BEL ETB 7 G W g w1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {1100 FF FS , < L \ l |1101 CR GS - = M ] m }1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
Control Characters
epacse knil ataDELDLLUNLLUN1 lortnoc eciveD1CDgnidaeh fo tratSHOS2 lortnoc eciveD2CDtxet fo tratSXTS3 lortnoc eciveD3CDtxet fo dnEXTE
EOT End of transmission DC4 Device control 4egdelwonkca evitageNKANyriuqnEQNE
eldi suonorhcnySNYSegdelwonkcAKCAkcolb noissimsnart fo dnEBTElleBLEB
lecnaCNACecapskcaBSBmuidem fo dnEMEbat latnoziroHTH
etutitsbuSBUSdeef eniLFLepacsECSEbat lacitreVTV
rotarapes eliFSFdeef mroFFFrotarapes puorGSGnruter egairraCRCrotarapes droceRSRtuo tfihSOS
rotarapes tinUSUni tfihSISeteleDLEDecapSPS
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
T 1-6
TABLE 1-6Gray Code
Binary Code
BitChanges
GrayCode
BitChanges
000001010011100101110111000
12131213
000001011010110111101100000
11111111
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.M. Morris Mano & Charles R. KimeLOGIC AND COMPUTER DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, 4e
1-5
B0
111
110
000
001
010
011100
101
B1
B2
(a) Binary Code for Positions 0 through 7
G0G1
G2
111
101
100 000
001
011
010110(b) Gray Code for Positions 0 through 7
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