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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
SIKLUS PENTING DI LAUT
Materi Kuliah
OS 3106OSEANOGRAFI LINGKUNGAN
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Biogeochemical Cycles• natural processes that recycle nutrients in variouschemical forms from the non-living environment, to living
organisms, and then back to the non-living environment.• The flow of a nutrient from the environment to living
organisms and back to the environment• Main reservoir for the nutrient is in the environmentThree Categories :• Hydrologic cycle
– Water
• Atmospheric cycles – Nitrogen and carbon
• Sedimentary cycles – Phosphorus and sulfur
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Nutrient:• Any element that an organism musttake in to live, grow and reproduce.
• Macronutrients: C, N, O, P, S, H, water• Micronutrients: Si, K, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Fe, Ca
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Hydrologic Cycle• oceans are major source of water(1) ocean 97.3%
(2) polar ice caps 2.06%(3) groundwater 0.67%(4) rivers and lakes 0.01%(5) in motion via atmosphere and rivers 0.08%
• b. atmosphere picks up oceanic moisture and:c. stored on land in:
• d. lost on land back to:• e. or lost back to ocean via:
• f. vegetation modified cycle by(1)interception =(2)transpiration =(3)loss of vegetation therefore:
• g. water cycle key to transport of all of the nutrients
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Hydrologic Cycle
Atmosphere
Ocean Land
evaporationfrom ocean
425,000
precipitationinto ocean
385,000
evaporation from landplants (evapotranspiration)
71,000
precipitationonto land111,000
wind-driven water vapor40,000
surface andgroundwaterflow 40,000
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Consequences of the Hydrologic Cycle(Natural Capital)
• Climate• Erosion
• Sediment transport• Nutrient mobilization• Water purification
• Air purification• Water needs of plants and animals
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Hum an in f luenc e
• Water quantity – Over-use water-table – Deforestation and global warming
• Flooding/banjir, drought/kekeringan, & erosion • Water quality
– Human and industrial waste pollution• effluents (surface water)
• solid waste (ground water)• air (acid rain)
– Excess irrigation salinization
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Carbon Cycle
• Carbon moves through the atmosphere andfood webs on its way to and from the ocean,
sediments, and rocks• Sediments and rocks are the main reservoir• Enters water through diffusion
• Remain as CO 2 or convert to CO 32-
or HCO 3-
• Biological processes fix as CaCO 3
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
The Carbon Cycle
CO 2 exchange controlled by:• Temperature of ocean surface waters
• Amount of CO 2 in water and inatmosphere• Ocean currents
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• Human influence:Ø deforestationØ combustion of fossil fuelsØ agricultureØ release of methane
• Consequence:Ø global WarmingØ depletion of soil organic matter
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. IvonneCarbon Cycle - Land
photosynthesis aerobicrespirationterrestrial
rocks
soil water
land foodwebs
atmosphere
peat,fossilfuels
combustion ofwood
sedimentation
volcanic action
death, burial,compaction overgeologic time
leaching, runoff
weathering
combustion of
fossil fuels
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
diffusion betweenatmosphere and ocean
bicarbonate andcarbonate in ocean
water
marine foodwebs
marine sediments
combustion of fossil fuels
incorporation into
sediments
death,sedimentation uplifting
sedimentation
photosynthesis aerobic
respiration
Carbon Cycle - Marine
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Carbon in Atmosphere• Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon
dioxide• Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere
– Aerobic respiration, volcanic action,burning fossil fuels
• Removed by photosynthesis
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Greenhouse Effect
• Gas-gas Greenhouse menghalangi
keluarnya panas dari permukaan bumi
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Rising Atmospheric CO 2 • Due to the increased burning of fossil
fuels
Figure 54.24
C O
2 c o n c e n
t r a
t i o n
( p p m
)
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
3001960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
1.05
0.90
0.75
0.60
0.45
0.30
0.15
0
0.15
0.30
0.45
T e m p e r a
t u r e v a r i a
t i o n
( C )
Temperature
CO 2
Year
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Ozone layer
Figure 54.26
O z o n e
l a y e r t h
i c k n e s s
( D o
b s o n u n
i t s
)
Year (Average for the month of October)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
01955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Carbon Dioxide :• Tingkat karbondioksida berfluktuasi secara
musiman• Rata-ratanya meningkat terus• Pembakaran bahan bakar dan penggundulan
hutan/deforestation berperan dalampeningkatannya
Other Greenhouse Gases :• CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in
refrigeration• Methane (CH 4)- produced by termites and bacteria• Nitrous oxide(N 2O) - released by bacteria,
fertilizers, and animal wastes
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
CFC’s (not all bad news!)
• The destruction of atmospheric ozone
Figure 54.27
1
2
3
Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O 3),forming chlorine monoxide (ClO) andoxygen (O 2).
Two ClO moleculesreact, formingchlorine peroxide (Cl 2O2).
Sunlight causesCl2O2 to breakdown into O 2 and freechlorine atoms.The chlorineatoms can beginthe cycle again. Sunlight
Chlorine O 3
O2
ClO
ClO
Cl2O2
O2
Chlorine atoms
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Oceans as a sink for CO 2•
Oceans gain 2 Gt of carbonannually. As the saturationpoint is reached the oceans willno longer be a reservoir forexcess carbon from theatmosphere.
• As the CO 2 levels get closer tothis saturation point, theoceans will begin absorbingatmospheric carbon at a slowerrate.
• This could exacerbate the CO 2 problems in our atmosphere andaccelerate global climate
change.
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• A second problem associated with increased dissolvedCO2 in the ocean is its acidity. When CO2 dissolves inwater some of it combines with water to produce H+
and HCO3-. This lowers the pH, which could have aharmful effect on marine life.
• Lastly, if the ocean surface waters warm up as aresult of global warming, the ocean's capacity fordissolved CO 2 decreases and it would then give offCO2 to the atmosphere. This would accelerate globalclimate change.
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Carbon Cycle• Oceans cover 70% of the surface area of the
Earth• Oceans only absorb 25% of the emitted CO 2,
as opposed to the 25% absorbed by plants• There is 60x more carbon in the ocean than
the atmosphere, thus the ocean drives thecarbon cycle
• Absorption of CO 2 by the ocean is also very
slow• Once CO 2 is absorbed, the carbon isestimated to stay for ~500 years*
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Phytoplankton• Large populations of this organism,sustained over long periods of time, could
significantly lower atmospheric carbondioxide levels and, in turn, lower averagetemperatures.
• The larger the world's phytoplanktonpopulation , the more carbon dioxide getspulled from the atmosphere , and the lower
the average temperatures on Earth .• The larger the world's phytoplanktonpopulation, the more CO 2 that is transferredto the depths of the ocean.
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
CARBON SINKS WON'T SOLVE GLOBALWARMING - Britain's Royal Society REPORT
• Forests and farmlands cannot be relied onto soak up environmentally damaginggreenhouse gases, and cuts in emissions are
the only long-term way to reduce globalwarming, scientists said on July, 2001• This report said too little is known about
how much farmlands and forests, so-calledcarbon sinks, can absorb carbon dioxide(CO2), the main greenhouse gas, from theatmosphere.
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• According to the report, carbon sinks and soilabsorb about 40 percent of CO 2 emissions andcould soak up as much as 45 percent.
•
But it added that the maximum that could beabsorbed would only be equivalent to a quarter ofthat needed by 2050 to prevent major rises inglobal temperature. "The primary benefit of
land carbon sinks is that they can beeffective immediately and provide afinancial incentive for the preservation andsustainable use of forests and agricultureland," the report said.
• But the long-term solution must be cuts inCO2 emissions through energy saving andreplacing fossil fuels with renewable and
nuclear energy.
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Nitrogen Cycle• Nitrogen is used in amino acids and nucleic
acids• Main reservoir is nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere• Hum an in f luenc e:
Ø combustion: Nitric acidØ N-rich fertilizerØ deforestation
• Consequences :Ø acid rainØ nutrient lossØ groundwater contaminationØ cultural eutrophication
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Cultural Eutrophication
• process by which lakes progressfrom a nutrient poor state(oligotrophic) to a nutrient rich state(eutrophic) from human activities.The intermediate stage is termedmesotrophic.
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• Nitrogen Fixation – Plants cannot use nitrogen gas – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into
ammonia (NH 3) – Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by
plants
• Ammonification & Nitrification
– Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification -conversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammonia
– Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitritesand nitrates
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• Nitrogen Loss – Nitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystems – Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff – Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to
nitrogen gas
• Human Effects – Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing
forests and grasslands
– Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using
fertilizers and by burning fossil fuels – Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant
health
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus is part of phospholipids and allnucleotides• It is the most prevalent limiting factor in
ecosystems• Main reservoir is Earth’s crust; no gaseous
phase• Human Effects
– In tropical countries, clearing lands for agriculturemay deplete phosphorus-poor soils
– In developed countries, phosphorus runoff is causingeutrophication of waterways
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Has no gas phase —so can notdiffuse from seawater into air
• The only phosphorus that gets takenout is from fishing —once in stays
• Phosphorus comes from deadanimals, fertilizer, rocks, humanwaste and molting
PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITBPhosphorus Cycle
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Phosphorus Cycle
GUANO
FERTILIZER
TERRESTRIAL ROCKS
LAND FOODWEBS
DISSOLVEDIN OCEAN
WATER
MARINEFOODWEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
excretion
weathering
mining
agriculture
uptakeby autotrophs
death,decomposition
sedimentation
settling outleaching, runoff
weathering
uplifting
over geologic time
DISSOLVED INSOILWATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
uptakeby autotrophs
death,decomposition
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Phosphorus Cycle
• Hum an inf luenc e:Ø fertilizer manufacture and use
- release of elemental P
- over-application of P-rich fertilizer- soil erosionØ human and animal wastes
• Consequences :Ø toxicityØ cultural eutrophication
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
SulfurCycle
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PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI ITB
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OS 3106 Oseanografi Lingkungan/ Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman/Dr. Ivonne
Sulfur Cycle
• Hum an inf luence: atm osp her ic ox idesof su l fu rØ com bus t ion o f foss i l fuel sØ pro cess ing of m etal -su l f ide ores(Sulfuric acid is a useful by-product)
• Cons equ enc es :Ø acid RainØ smog
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