Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
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PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
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2
Perceptual Organization
Module 16
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Perceptual Organization
Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Illusions
Form Perception
Motion Perception
Perceptual Constancy
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
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Perceptual Illusions
To understand how perception is organized, illusions provide good examples. It is as good to
study faulty perception as other perceptual phenomena.
Line AB is longer than line BC.
OBJECTIVE 16‐1| Explain how illusions help
us understand some of the ways we organize
stimuli into meaningful perceptions.
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Tall Arch
Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than the
horizontal dimension when both are equal.
Rick Friedm
an/ Black Star
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Illusion of a Worm
Figure on the right gives us the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue lines identical
to the picture on the left.
©1981, by perm
ission of Christoph
Redies
and LotharSpillm
annand Pion
Limited, London
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
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3‐D Illusion
To perceive this figure in two dimensions takes a great deal of effort.
Reprinted w
ith kind permission of Elsevier Science-N
L. Adapted from
H
offman, D
. & Richards, W
. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78
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Perceptual Organization
When vision competes with other senses vision usually wins – a phenomenon called visual
capture.
How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information?
We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its
surroundings.
OBJECTIVE 16‐2| Describe Gestalt
psychologyʹs contribution to our
understanding of perception.
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Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings
(ground).
Form Perception
Time Savings Suggestion, ©
2003 Roger Sheperd.
OBJECTIVE 16‐3| Explain the figure‐ground
relationship and identify principles of
perceptual grouping in form perception.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
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Grouping
Having discriminated figure from ground our perception needs to organize figure into meaningful form using grouping rules.
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Grouping & Reality
Usually grouping principles help us construct reality but at times lead us astray.
Both photos by W
alter Wick. R
eprinted from G
AM
ES
Magazine. .©
1983 PCS G
ames Lim
ited Partnership
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Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human
infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even new born animals show depth perception.
Inne
rvis
ions
OBJECTIVE 16‐4| Explain the importance of
depth perception, and discuss the contribution
of visual cliff research to our understanding of
this ability.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
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Binocular Cues
Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two fingers half an inch apart
about 5 inches away. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.
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Binocular Cues
Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects, and outward (away from the nose) to see
far away objects.
OBJECTIVE 16‐5| Describe two binocular cues
for perceiving depth, and explain how they
help the brain to compute distance.
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Monocular Cues
Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as
farther away.
OBJECTIVE 16‐6| Explain how monocular
cues differ from binocular cues, and describe
several monocular cues for perceiving depth.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
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Monocular Cues
Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.
Rene M
agritte, The Blank Signature, oil on canvas, N
ational Gallery of A
rt, Washington. Collection of
Mr. and M
rs. Paul Mellon. Photo by R
ichard Carafelli.
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Monocular Cues
Relative Clarity: Because light form distant objects passes through more air, we perceive hazy objects
as farther away than sharp clear objects.
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Monocular Cues
Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals increasing distance.
©Eric Lessing/ A
rt Resource, N
Y
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
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Monocular Cues
Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.
Image courtesy of Shaun P. V
ecera, Ph. D.,
adapted from stim
uli that apperedin V
ecreraet al., 2002
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Monocular Cues
Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to objects farther away from a fixation point, which move
slower and in the same direction.
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Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective: Parallel lines like rail road tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their
perceived distance.
©The N
ew Y
orker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler
from cartoonbank.com
. All rights reserved.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
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Monocular Cues
Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the
dimmer one seems further away.
From “Perceiving Shape From
Shading”by V
ilayaurS. R
amachandran. ©
1988 by Scientific Am
erican, Inc. A
ll rights reserved.
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Motion Perception
Motion Perception: Objects that tend to travel towards us grow in size and ones that move away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer
moves to or from an object.
OBJECTIVE 16‐7| State the basic assumption
we make in our perceptions of motion, and
explain how these perceptions can be
deceiving.
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Apparent Motion
Phi Phenomenon: When lights flash at certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion
perception.
Two lights flashing one after the other.One light jumping from one point to another: Illusion of motion.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
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Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.
Shape Constancy
OBJECTIVE 16‐8| Explain the importance of
perceptual constancy.
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Size Constancy
Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli.
Size Constancy
OBJECTIVE 16‐9| Describe the shape and size
constancy, and explain how our expectations
about perceived size and distance to some
visual illusions.
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Size‐Distance Relationship
The distant monster and the top red bar appear bigger because of distance cues.
From Shepard, 1990
Alan C
hoisnet/ The Image B
ank
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 10
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Size‐Distance Relationship
Both girls in the room are of similar height, however we perceive them of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room.
Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium
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Ames Room
An Ames room is designed to give size‐distance illusion.
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Lightness Constancy
The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.
Courte
sy E
dward
Ade
lson
OBJECTIVE 16‐10| Discuss lightness
constancy and its similarity to color constancy.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 16 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 11
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Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination filters the
light reflected by the object.
Color Constancy
Color Constancy
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