ORE DEPOSITS
CONTENTS OF THE WEEK 1
INTRODUCTION – Definitions
– General Definitions
– Genetic Definitions
– Mineralogic Definitions
Slayt - 1
INTRODUCTION
For Details of the Ore Deposits Geology • http://obs.ktu.edu.tr/en • http://www.katalog.ktu.edu.tr/DersBilgiPa
keti/bolum.aspx?pid=5&lang=1 – Syllabus – Study material – Exams, quizzes, labs, etc.
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INTRODUCTION
Objective of the course: The course • provides students with basic knowledge of processes
leading to formation of mineral deposits, • teaches students practical tips related to mineralized
and unmineralized samples, and for recognizing hydrothermal alteration patterns,
• teaches students known models of mineral deposits with best examples from around the globe
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INTRODUCTION Literature • Akçay, M. 2004; Maden yatakları, yayınlanmamış ders notları,
KTÜ, Trabzon - Unpublished lecture notes • Kırıkoğlu, S., 2002; Maden Yatakları, İTÜ • Akçay, M. 2009; Power point presentations related to weekly
content of the course. http://www.makcay.ktu.edu.tr/dersler • Temur, S. 2001; Metalik maden yatakları. Nobel Yayınları,
Ankara • Gökçe, A., 2000; Maden Yatakları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Yayınları No: 85, Sivas • Guilbert, J.M, Park, C.F.,Jr., 1986; The Geology of Ore
Deposits. Freeman and Coampany, New York
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Definitions: General Terms
Any kind of rock, mineral and their assemblage that have an economical value and that can be produced with a profit.
Ore
Metallic ores Gold, Silver, Copper
ores
Non-metalic Ores
Industrial raw materials Kil yatakları, mermer, vs.
Energy materials
Ornamental stones Opal, zümrüt, vs.
Fossil fuels Oil, coal
Geothermal energy
Thermal waters
Nucleer energy U and Th deposits
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Metallic Ore:
Any kind of resourcef rom which metal production is made through metallurgic processes following extraction of ore from the mine area.
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Definitions: General Terms
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Definitions: General Terms
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Definitions: General Terms
Industrial raw materials
Any kind of resource that can be used as they are extracted from the mine site, or following through minor physical and chemical processes that will not change the composition of the extracted material.
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Definitions: General Terms
Genel Terimler Ornamental stones
Any mineral which is resistant to chemical and physical weathering and decay, and which has alluring and appealing colour and textures (diamond, garnet, saphire, etc).
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Garnet
Rhodocrosite
Ore Mineral Any mineral within a metallic ore bodywhich can be produced with a profit .(e.g. Chalcopyrite, galena, barite, etc.)
Gangue mineral Any mineraal within a metallic ore body which cannot be produced with a profit at the time of mining. (e.g. pyrite, (suphide), barite (sulphate), quartz (silicate)
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Definitions: General Terms
Stibnite
Unprocessed Ore
An extracted ore which has just been extracted from the mine site, but has not yet undergone any chemical, mineralogical or metallurgical processing.
Reserve: Total mass of an ore body given in ton.
Grade: the amount of any mineral or compound within an ore body expressed in g/ton, %, etc.
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Definitions: General Terms
A) Syngenetik ? B) Epigenetik ?
Syngenetic Ore Deposit
An ore deposit which has been formed together with the host rock, indicating that the ore minerals and the rock hosting them are contemparenous.
Genesis = Formation= Origin
SYN = Contemparenous, same,
EPİ = Formation after the host
Epigenetic Ore Deposit
An ore deposit which has been formed after the formation of the host rock showing that the rock pre-dates the ore minerals.
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Definitions: Genetic Terms
Mineralogic Terms
Paragenesis:
Mineral assocation present within an ore body. All the minerals composing the mineralogy of the ore deposit
Succession
The sequence or timing of formation of minerals present within an ore body.
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Morhology of Mineral Deposits
A) Regular Ore Deposits 1) Stratiform deposits 2) Strata-bound deposits 3) Vein type deposits 4) Lense-shaped deposits. B) Semi-Regular Ore Deposits 1) Pipes and mantos C) Irregular Ore Deposits 1) pods 2) veinlets 3) Disseminations
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Regular Ore Deposits An ore occurrence that can be followed easily along strike, and that has almost constant orregularly chanhing width and thickness
UltrabazikKromit
Manyetit
Kireçtaşı Galena, sphalerite
1) Stratiform Deposits Ore formations characterised by layers or beds parallel to bedding or magmatic layering. The ratio of length and width to thickness are very high. Found mainly in sedimentary and magmatic ore deposits such as chromite deposits. Ore formation in these deposits is syngenetic.
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
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Regular Ore Deposits 2) Strata-bound deposits • Similar to stratiform deposits in appearance • But their formation is epigenetic • They form zones parallel or sub-parallel to the bedding or schistocity of
sedimentary and mertamorphic rocks, respectively. Ore depoists found along marble-schist contacts such as Sb-Au deposits in Turkey can be given as an example.
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Limestone
Schist
Stibnite, Cinnabar, Gold
Schist
Stibnite, Cinnabar, Gold
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3) Veins Thickness is much less
than other dimensions
Both surfaces parallel to each other,
They are placed by cutting through the rock alng faults and joints
Has an epigenetic occurrence
Can be considered as faults
Regular Ore Deposits
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Fault or crack / joint
Basalt
Contact between vein and wall rock
Ore zone
Hanging wall Footwall
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3) Veins
Regular Ore Deposits
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
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Slayt-20
a) Enrichment zones in veins: Thickness of the veins may change based on the lithological variations. More ductile lithologies are broken more easily and develop well developed fracture zones. Units with plastic behaviour, however, prevent the fractures to develop.
Şeyl
Kumtaşı
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Ş e y l
K u m t a ş ı D i r e n ç s i z
D i r e n ç l i
3) Veins
Regular Ore Deposits
a) Crosscutting fractures
Bazalt
Fay
b) Enrichment due to changing wall rock lithology
Granit
Aplit
Regular Ore Deposits Enrichment zones in veins:
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
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1) Step-like veins
Dayk
Daha azdayanımlı yankayaç
Dayk
Damar
2) Room-like veins
Kireçtaşı
Damar
3) Lense-like veins
4) wedge-like veins
Damar
Kçt
5) sward-like veins 6) Groove/ saddele veins
Semer damar
Oluk damar
Regular Ore Deposits Vein types: As to be seen below, veins are divided into groups based
on their shapes. Therefore the names are variable
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
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Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Regular Ore Deposits 4) Lenses Characteristic in pegmatitic and exhalative ore deposits, they have a lense-like shape and show thinning in every. Vary in size. Their length is bigger than their width and thickness.
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Ore deposits whose continuity is not as well-developed as regular deposits. However, they can be traced along strike and mining plan is made rather easily in such deposits.
Kimberlite pipe
Manto
Wall Rock
Pipes and Mantos Pipes are cylindirical or tube shaped vertical or semi-vertical enrichment zones which has an oval horizontal section and decrease in thichness with depth. They are developed along intersection zones of faults, large joints and dykes. Au, Pt, Sn and diamond can be mined from such deposits. e.g. kimberlite pipes in S . Africa. Mantos are the horizontal or semi-horizontal pipes
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Semi-Regular Ore Deposits
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Ore deposits with variable directions and dimensions, and no geometrical shape. Therefore difficult to follow during mining. Necessitatess a lot more drilling during feasibility stage to be able determine the boundaries of ore.
Stacks or pods Ore zones with no geometrical shape. They may have variable and abrubtly changing boundaries Known as stocks. Characteristic in metasomatic ore deposits developed mainly in karstic zones. Some chromite deposits also have stack-like occurrence.
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Irregular Ore Deposits
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Ore deposits with variable directions and dimensions, and no geometrical shape. Therefore difficult to follow during mining. Necessitatess a lot more drilling during feasibility stage to be able determine the boundaries of ore. Stacks or pods
Morhology of Mineral Deposits Irregular Ore Deposits
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Veinlets or Stockworks Ore deposits in which ore minerals are along tiny and mm to cm—thick veinlets cutting each other. The orientation od veinlets are usually parallel to the main fracture zones. They are also known as stockwork deposits. Characteristic in porphyry type deposits.
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Irregular Ore Deposits
Mikrodiyorit
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Veinlets Ore deposits in which ore minerals are along tiny and mm to cm—thick veinlets cutting each other. The orientation od veinlets are usually parallel to the main fracture zones. They are also known as stockwork deposits. Characteristic in porphyry type deposits.
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Irregular Deposits
Disseminations Ore minerals are scattered as individual inclusions or small clusters of inclusions. Such inclusions or clusters usually follow microscopic joints which are parallel to main megascopic joints present in the rock
Murgul Cu yatağı
Morhology of Mineral Deposits
Irregular Deposits
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