Download - Optical Fiber Communication training

8/17/2019 Optical Fiber Communication training

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Elements in a Fiber Optic Cable


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• Cable Jacket – Polyethylene: PE (black color) has excellent moisture – and weather-resistance

properties, used for outdoor. – Polyvinyl Chloride: It is flexible and fire-retardant, used for indoor/outdoor. – Polyvinyl difluoride: PVDF is used for plenum cables because it has better fire-

retardant properties than PE and produces little smoke. – Low Smoke Zero Halogen: LSZH plastics produce little smoke and no toxic halogen

compounds. But they are the most expensive jacket material.

• Aramid Yarn (trade name Kevlar) – Aramid yarn is a yellow color. It is strong and is used to bundle and protect the loose

tubes or fibers in the cable. When a cable is pulled into a duct, the tension is appliedto the aramid yarn instead of the fibers.

Elements in a Fiber Optic Cable


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• Central Strength Member – Central strength member made of steel, fiberglass or aramid yarn needed to provide

the rigidity.• Gel Compound

– Making the cable impervious to water.

• Ripcord – Its role is to split the cable easily without harming cable interiors.

• Dark Fiber – To prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another.

Basic Fiber Structures


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• 900um Tight Buffered Fibers – Core (9um for standard single mode fibers, 50um or 62.5um for multimode fibers)

– Cladding (125um) – Coating (soft plastic, 250um) – Tight buffer (hard plastic, 900um)

• 250um coated fiber (bare fiber) – Core (9um for standard single mode fibers, 50um or 62.5um for multimode fibers)

– Cladding (125um) – Coating (soft plastic, 250um is the most popular, sometimes 400um is also used)

900um Tight Buffered Fiber 250um bare fiber

Types of Fiber Optics Cable


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• Tight Buffered Cable – Multiple color coded 900um tight buffered fibers can be packed tightly together in a

compact cable structure, to connect outside plant cables to terminal equipment.• Elements in a tight buffered fiber optic cable

– Multiple 900um tight buffered fibers (stranded around the central strength member) – Central strength member (in the center of the cable) – Aramid Yarn (trade name Kevlar, Kevlar was developed by Dupont) (wrapped around

the fibers, for physical protection and cable pulling) – Ripcord (for easy removal of outer jacket) – Outer jacket (also called sheath, PVC is most common for indoor cables because of

its flexible, fire-retardant and easy extrusion characteristics.)



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• Loose Tube Cable – Loose-tube cables typically are used for outside-plant

installation in aerial, duct and direct-buried applications.

• Elements in a loose tube fiber optic cable – Multiple 250um (up to 12) coated bare fibers (in loose tube) – One or more loose tubes holding 250um bare fibers.

Loose tubes strand around the central strength member.

– Moisture blocking gel in each loose tube for water blockingand protection of fibers

– Central strength member, Aramid Yarn and Ripcord. – Outer jacket (Polyethylene is most common for outdoor).



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• Simplex Fiber Cables

• Duplex Fiber Optic Cable



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• Distribution Fiber Cables

• Ribbon Fiber Cables

• Aerial/Self-Supporting Fiber Cables



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• Direct-Buried

• Submarine Fiber Optic Cable

Colour Coding for Fiber Optics Cable


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OFC Laying


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• OFC can have its transmission characteristics degraded whensubjected to excessive pulling force, sharp bends, and crushing forces.

• The most common method is to run fiber alongside railroad tracks andalongside of highways, because they have already had crews cutthrough the rugged landscape.

• Methods of installation of OFC – Direct buried – Duct – Aerial – Under water

Direct Buried Installation


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• Specially designed OFC buried under the ground without conduit/duct.• With an additional tough sheath that acts like a subduct once buried,

with superior resistance to crush, distortion and corrosion.• These cables are designed with a metallic armor sheath to prevent

damage.• Burying the cable 36 to 48 inches deep, used in rural and suburban

locations.

Duct Installation


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• Special lightweight underground cables are generally installed in Ductor Conduit using blowing machine.

• Available in central loose tube design, The duct cables can be suppliedwith aluminum foil as a moisture barrier. Aramid or glass yarn can beadded for extra axial pulling strength and glass yarn or polyamide canbe used as protection against rodents.

• Conduit used for telecommunications cable projects is High DensityPolyethylene (HDPE).

• Installed in Urban areas.

Arial (Overhead) Installation


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• Aerial installations go from pole to pole. Sufficient poles are required inthe route to minimize the effect of cable sag.

• Two types of cable are available: self-supporting. or lashed.

• UV protected sheath is used to minimize effects from sunlight.• Fiber to the Home or CATV operators use these fibers.

Submarine Installation


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• Submarine telecommunication cable is a cable that is used for thetelecommunication between the countries across the world oversea.

• Fiber optic submarine cable is the backbone of the whole internet.• Special cables are used that are more rugged and sealed.• Submarine cables are consisting of electrical conductive tube that is

used to transfer the electrical signals between the repeaters.

• These cables are laid in the seabed by the cable lying ships.

I-ME-WE Submarine OFC


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• I-ME-WE (India-Middle East-Western Europe) is a 13,000-kilometresubmarine communications cable system between India and France.

• The design capacity is 3.84 Terabits per second. It has been operationalsince 2009. Comprises three optical fiber cable pairs and 2 trunk lines.

• For India cable was funded by Airtel Bharti and TATA Communication.• Cable landing station at Mumbai (two places).

SE-ME-WE-4 Submarine OFC


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• South East Asia – Middle East – Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4)carries telecommunications between Singapore and France via India

and different countries.• The cable is approximately 18,800 kilometers long, and provides the

primary Internet backbone.• It comprises 16 telecommunications companies including Bharti infotel

Limited and TATA Communication of India.

France


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DWDM

Multiplexing


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• Multiplexing is a process where multiple signals (analog or digital)streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

• Types of Multiplexing

– Frequency Division Multiplexing

– Time Division Multiplexing

– Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Method for expanding Capacity


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• Installing more cables• Increasing system bitrates to multiplex more signals• Wavelength division multiplexing.

Evolution of DWDM


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Late1990’s

64-160 channels25-50 GHZ spacing

Mid

1990’s

16-40 channels 100-200 GHz spacingDense WDM, integrated systems withNetwork Management, add-drop functions.

Early1990’s

2-8 channels passiveWDM 200-400 GHz spacingWDM components/parts

Late1980’s

2 channels WidebandWDM 1310 nm, 1550 nm

Varieties of Wavelength Division Multiplexing


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• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) – Having 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel s.

– usually has a distance limitation of under 100 kilometers.• Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)

– CWDM typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18 channels. – Within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm. Used in metro city (CATV).

• Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) – DWDM spaces the wavelengths more closely, may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz

(0.8nm to 1.6nm, within the 1550 nm band) with a channel count reaching up to 128or more, distances of several thousand kilometers. Typically start at 32 channels.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing


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• WDM allows for the combining of multiple optical TDM data streamsonto one fiber through the use of multiple wavelengths of light.

• Each individual TDM data stream is sent over an individual lasertransmitting a unique wavelength of light.

• WDM increases the carrying capacity of a fiber.

Single Fiber

Why DWDM ?


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• Number of fiber reduced• Data capacity of a fiber is enhanced• Number of Regenerator or Amplifier reduced• Capable of graceful capacity growth• No modification of overhead

DWDM Transmission

Non DWDM Transmission

Optical Transmission Bands


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OpticalSupervisoryChannel

1500 1520 1530 1542 1547 1565 1625

REDBAND

C BAND L BAND

BLUE

BAND

ITU Frequency Grid


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192.0 1561.42

Optical Networking


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• Connection between more then two networking devices with the help offiber optical cables for the sake of data transferring.

• Faster as compared to other mode of transmission of data betweendistances.

• Optical networks can be used to supply internet, television, telephoneaccess.

Components of DWDM System


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• Terminal Multiplexer • Terminal Demultiplexer • Optical add-drop multiplexer • Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC).• Wavelength converting transponders

• Optical Cross Connects (OXCs)• Transceivers• Intermediate line repeater



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• Terminal Multiplexer – The terminal multiplexer contains one wavelength converting transponder.

– transponders receive the input optical signal, convert that signal into the electricaldomain, and retransmit the signal using a 1550 nm band laser.

– an optical multiplexer, which takes the various 1550 nm band signals and placesthem onto a single fiber.

• Terminal Demultiplexer – The terminal demultiplexer breaks the multi-wavelength signal back into individual

signals and outputs them on separate fibers for client-layer systems (such asSONET/SDH) to detect.



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• Optical add-drop multiplexer – Allow a specific wavelength on the fiber to

be demultiplexed (dropped) and remultiplexed(added) while enabling all other wavelengthsto pass.

• Optical Amplifiers – Optical amplifiers boost optical signals to

minimize the effects of power loss and attenuation. – The most common type of optical amplifier is the

erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). ConventionalEDFAs operate in the 1530 to 1560 nm range.



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• Optical cross connects (OXCs): – An optical cross-connect (OXC) is a device used to switch high-speed optical signals

in a fiber optic network, such as an optical mesh network. – There may be three types of Optical cross connect

Opaque OXCs (electronic switching)Transparent OXCs (optical switching)Translucent OXCs (optical and electronic switching)



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• Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC): – The OSC provides an out-of-band, full-duplex communications channel for remote

node management, monitoring and control. – An additional wavelength usually outside the EDFA amplification band is used. – Also used for remote software upgrades. – OSC Module is equipped with its own 1510 nm MUX/ DEMUX filter, the OSC travels

the same fiber as the DWDM stream.

Comparison of Transmission media


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Particular Coaxial Microwave Satellite Optical Fiber

Capacity Upto 10800 channels

(60MHz) per pair of cablecore

Max of1800 analogue

and 1920 digital channelsper RF channels possible

1332 channels per

transponder

Appx 20000 channels

(1Gb/s)on a pair feasible

Effect ofelectromagnetic and

electrostaticsinduction

Maximum protectionarrangement have to bemade

Not required Not required Not required

Reliability Highly reliable Increased maintenancerequirement

Require stringentmaintenance to reliability

Most reliable

Noise performance Upto less than 1pw/Km Higher Higher BER is very satisfactory(upto 10)

COST Very Costly Cheaper Costlier than coaxialsystem

Cheapest for higher no ofchannels

Time for completion More time consuming Lesser Least Easier than that ofcoaxial cables

Repeater spacing 4 Kms for L/T, 2 Kms forS/T

About 40 Kms 1/3 rd globe 40-45 Kms

Engineering ofsystem

Simpler and Straight Detail Engineeringrequired

Detail Engineeringrequired

Simplest

To be added in the slides


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• Mode field diameter • Cutoff wavelength• Acceptance angle• Acceptance cone• Comparision


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• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level

Third levelFourth level» Fifth level


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