Of mace and monkeys: Kalamang texts
Eline Visser
January 2021
1
Contents
Contents 2
1 Introduction 3
2 Texts 52.1 Exchanging tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 Kitchen conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 Monkey and cuscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.4 The tenggelele ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.5 Nutmeg and mace cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
AbbreviationsI adhere to the Leipzig Glossing Rules (Comrie, Haspelmath & Bickel 2015), with three exceptions. I use exand in instead of excl and incl for exclusive and inclusive pronouns to save space. Similative is glossedas sml and not as sim.
an animateana anaphoric demonstrativeat attributiveben benefactivecaus causativeclf classifiercom comitativedist distaldistR distributivedu dualemph emphaticenc interjection of (annoyed) encouragementex exclusiveexist existentialfoc focusin inclusiveiam iamitive (a kind of perfect; ‘already’)imp imperativeins instrumentalint interjectionint.pej interjection expressing contempt or dissatisfactioniRR irrealisints intensifierlat lative (combined ablative and allative)loc locativemly (Papuan) Malay code switch
2
neg negationn epenthetic-like phoneme found on irregular verbs carrying certain mood or aspect markers
and sometimes on uninflected irregular verbsnfin non-finalnmlz nominaliserobj objectph placeholderplnK predicate linkerpl pluralposs possessivepRoh prohibitivepRog progressivepRox proximalot quotativeqnt.obj quantifier object (quantifier modifying an object)sg singularsml similativesuRpR interjection of surpriset epenthetic-like phoneme found on irregular verbs carrying certain mood or aspect markersten unanalysed morpheme =tentop topicvol volitional
1 IntroductionKalamang (kgv, kara1499) is a Papuan language of the West Bomberai family. It is spoken in easternIndonesia, inWest Papua province, on an island just off the coast of Bomberai peninsula. The island belongsto a group of three referred to as the Karas Islands. In older literature, Kalamang is known as Karas (Cowan1953: 28, Anceaux 1958: 115, Cowan 1960: 352, Voorhoeve 1975: 434, Smits & Voorhoeve 1998: 19). Thelanguage is currently estimated to have some 190 speakers, not all of whom can be considered fluent. Thespeakers reside in the only villages of the biggest Karas island: Antalisa and Mas (Tamisen and Sewa inKalamang).
The texts presented here were recorded between 2017 and 2019 by the author, during 3-month field tripsthat served to build a corpus for a grammatical description of Kalamang. All texts were recorded in Mas,and were transcribed and translated to Papuan Malay (the contact language, a regional variant of Malay)with the help of the speaker and/or a consultant. All texts are archived in The Kalamang collection: anarchive of linguistic and cultural material from Karas (Visser 2020c).1 A Kalamang dictionary is publishedas Visser (2020b). The grammar of Kalamang is the author’s PhD thesis (Visser 2020a).
In the free translation preceding each glossed text, I have chosen to add pronouns or nominal referentsthat are not present in the Kalamang original to help the reader with participant tracking. In the transla-tions in the glossed texts, inserted arguments are given within square brackets. Borrowings from PapuanMalay or other Austronesian languages are frequent in Kalamang, as the reader with knowledge of theselanguages may recognise. Only when there is a clear case of code-switching, such as inMonkey and cuscus
1http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view
3
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view
Figure 1: The Karas Islands
when the protagonists sing their song, the glosses of Papuan Malay words are tagged with mly.
4
Author bio
Eline Visser defended her PhD thesisA grammar of Kalamang at Lund University, Sweden, in January2021. It is accompanied by a Kalamang - Papuan Malay - English dictionary and an extensive onlinearchive. She has also done exploratory work on the Austronesian languages Uruangnirin and Geser-Gorom.
2 Texts
2.1 Exchanging tobacco
This is a story2 told by Malik Yarkuran (M) on the 1st of April 2019. It tells about a time in 2014, whenthe new yearly batch of tobacco had just come out. To fool his friends and because he didn’t believe theycould taste the difference, he exchanged the new and old tobacco. The story was recorded in the kitchenof Sebi Yarkuran (S), who was also present during the recording. The storyteller had told this story before,and retold it on tape at the researcher’s (E) request.
Free translation
Malik: ‘Now, the event when uncle Pet wanted to apply as a candidate in 2014. Just when we wanted tomake the tent, they already took out the tobacco, grandmother’s family did. They took out the tobacco; Idon’t smoke, you know. So they already got out the tobacco, they were making a tent, then they came upand looked at that tobacco: “Ah, it’s from 2013.” They said: “Oh no, this tobacco, we shouldn’t smoke it,otherwise our throats will get sore.” I looked at them, I looked and looked… Then, one more person cameup. He flipped the tobacco pouch and looked. “Oh no, 2013.”’
Eline: ‘You didn’t believe them?’Malik: ‘I didn’t believe them. I just looked at them, then I thought: “Would they know the difference
or not?” Right? Then I bought this tobacco. They went down again, I got both of the tobacco pouches andbrought them with me. I went to look for a 2014 pouch. After searching, and after peeling the seal off well,I filled one of them. I filled it, I put it in the other pouch, after that I brought it down and looked at them.’
Sebi: ‘Didn’t it open?’Malik: ‘I slowly put in a midrib in the package, to unstuck the seal. I brought it down and dropped it
on a plate. You know, there was a plate with betel there.’Eline: ‘Where?’Malik: ‘At the side of that house. So Acang came up, Acang was first. He came up, flipped the pouch
and looked. “Ah, I like this.” He said: “Ah.”’Sebi: ‘Where did you do that?’Malik: ‘Next to this house.’Sebi: ‘Didn’t they see it?’Malik: ‘Oh, to do it I went home, to my house, right. Then Acang said: “Ah, I like this, 2014.” They came
up: “Yes, this…” I watched them, right. They opened the pouch; after opening it they rolled cigarettes: “Yes,we like this.” They said: “Yes, this we like.” I watched them, I was alone, right, so I was silent. Can theysmoke it all or not? Oh, they came up, then onemore came up: “Ah, I like this. The 2014 vintage has alreadycome out and we were still smoking 2013. Our throats hurt.” When they finished smoking, there was stillone pouch. Kiba’s father and Acang, they looked at the people coming and going. When people didn’t seeit, they quickly got the pouch and hid it. They hid it, they brought it to their house, right. They cut it and
2Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC5-7@view.
5
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC5-7@view
after cutting they divided it. One piece per person. They smoked, oh, I wasn’t bothered. I watched them;they smoked. Acang’s was about to finish, then I said: “Acang, that tobacco that you smoked, how wasits taste, good or what?” “Of course it’s tasty, it’s 2014!”’ I said: “Hah!” He said: “It’s 2014, right?” I said:“Hah, it’s 2013, hah!” “May the sun cut your Adam’s apple!” I went to get the tobacco pouch and showedthem. He chased me and I ran off.’
Glossed text
(1) M: sekarangnow
acaraevent
omuncle
PetP.
calon=kinapply.as.candidate=vol
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelasfourteen.mly
‘Now, the event when uncle Pet wanted to apply as a candidate in 2014.’
(2) M: pasexactly
in1pl.ex
sabuattent=obj
paruo-t=kinmake-t=vol
‘Just when we wanted to make the tent,’
(3) M: sualready
tabai=attobacco=obj
kasigive
keluargo.out
nenegrandmother
mu3pl
‘they already took out the tobacco, grandmother’s family.’
(4) M: tabai=attobacco=obj
kasigive
keluargo.out
kanyou.know
an1sg
metop
kanyou.know
tabai=attobacco=obj
kosom=ninsmoke=neg
‘Took out the tobacco, you know, I don’t smoke, you know.’
(5) M: jadiso
mu3pl
heiam
kasigive
keluar=tago.out=nfin
metop
‘So they already got out (the tobacco),’
(6) M: tenda=attent=obj
paruomake
bathen
mu3pl
sara-t=etascend-t=iRR
tabaitobacco
opaana
kome-t=etlook-t=iRR
ahint
‘making a tent, then they came up and looked at that tobacco: “Ah,”’
(7) M: duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
tigabelas=kinthirteen.mly=poss
‘“it’s from 2013.”’
(8) M: mu3pl
tonisay
aduhint
tabaitobacco
wapRox
metop
menaotherwise
min=pethroat=1pl.in.poss
ningsick
‘They said: “Oh no, this tobacco, [we shouldn’t smoke it] otherwise our throats will get sore.”’
(9) M: an1pl
tokyet
mu=at3pl=obj
kome-tlook-t
kome-tlook-t
kome-tlook-t
‘I looked at them, looked and looked…’
(10) M: kodaetone.more
koithen
sara-t=etascend-t=iRR
‘One more then came up.’
(11) M: mayilmaflip
kome-t=etlook-t=iRR
aduhint
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
tigabelasthirteen.mly
‘[He] flipped [the tobacco pouch] and looked. “Oh no, 2013.”’
6
(12) E: ka2sg
mu=at3pl=obj
parcai=ninbelieve=neg
‘You didn’t believe them?’
(13) M: an1sg
mu=at3pl=obj
parcai=ninbelieve=neg
‘I didn’t believe them.’
(14) M: an1sg
mu=at3pl=obj
nak=kome-t∼kome-tjust=look-t∼duR-t
terusthen
an1sg
seiam
napikirthink
ehot
‘I just looked at them, then I thought:’
(15) M: kirakiraapproximately
mu3pl
bisacan
bedakandifference
yeor
genot
toright
‘“Would they know the difference or not?” Right?’
(16) M: tabaitobacco
yuwanepRox
an1sg
seiam
jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK
koyetfinish
‘After I bought this tobacco,’
(17) M: mu3pl
elak=ka=tabottom=lat=nfin
baradescend
an1sg
eir-gantwo-both
jie-n=iget-n=plnK
koyetfinish
heiam
kuetbring
‘They went down again, I got both [of the tobacco pouches] and brought [them].’
(18) M: an1sg
bogo
bandrolpouch
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelas=kin=atfourteen.mly=poss=obj
sanggariesearch
‘I went to look for a 2014 pouch.’
(19) M: sanggarie-n=isearch-n=plnK
koyetfinish
nabestaiwell
kawotma-n=ipeel-n=plnK
koyetfinish
an1sg
seiam
payiemfill
‘After searching, and after peeling well, I filled [one of them].’
(20) M: payiem=ifill=plnK
ramove.path
payiem=ifill=plnK
ra-n=imove.path-n=plnK
koyetfinish
‘Filled and put [in the other pouch], after that’
(21) M: an1sg
seiam
kurubring
baradescend
mu=at3pl=obj
kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t
‘I brought [it] down and looked at them.’
(22) S: ma3sg
kasawercie-t=ninopen-t=neg
‘Didn’t it open?’
(23) M: an1sg
siktak∼tak=islow∼ints=plnK
walorteng=kicoconut.leaf.midrib=ins
kasigive
masukenter
‘I slowly put in a midrib [in the package, to unstuck the seal].’
(24) M: an1sg
kurubring
bara-ndescend-n
paruak=idrop=plnK
pinganplate
nerunggoinside
‘I brought [it] down and dropped [it] on a plate.’
(25) M: kanyou.know
pingan=bonplate=com
buok=bonbetel=com
metkodist.loc
‘You know, there was a plate with betel there.’
7
(26) E: tamatkowhere‘Where?’
(27) M: kewehouse
mulside
imetkodist.loc
‘At the side of that house.’
(28) M: mindilike.that
AcangA.
seiam
saraascend
AcangA.
borarabe.first
‘So Acang came up, Acang was first.’
(29) M: ma3sg
saraascend
mayelmaflip
kome-tlook-t
‘He came up, flipped [the pouch] and looked.’
(30) M: ahint
wanetpRox.obj
metop
‘Ah, [I like] this.’
(31) M: ma3sg
tonisay
ahint
‘He said: “Ah.”’
(32) S: ka2sg
tamatko=awhere=foc
mindilike.that
paruo=tado=nfin
metop
‘Where did you do that?’
(33) M: kewehouse
mulside
yuwatkopRox.loc
‘Next to this house.’
(34) S: mu3pl
kona-t=ninsee-t=neg
‘Didn’t they see it?’
(35) M: oint
an1sg
paruodo
metop
bogo
kewe=ko=ahouse=loc=foc
paruodo
kewehouse
anggon1sg
toright
‘Oh, to do it I went home, to my house, right.’
(36) M: terusthen
AcangA.
tonisay
ahint
wanetpRox.obj
metop
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelasfourteen.mly
‘Then Acang said: “Ah, [I like] this, 2014.”’
(37) M: mu3pl
saraascend
yayes
wa=etpRox=iRR
metop
‘They came up: “Yes, this…”’
(38) M: an1sg
seiam
mu=at3pl=obj
kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t
toright
‘I watched them, right.’
(39) M: mu3pl
kasetmaopen
kasetma-n=iopen-n=plnK
koyetfinish
mu3pl
heiam
kieswrap
yayes
wanetpRox.obj
metop
‘They opened [the pouch], after opening they rolled [cigarettes]: “Yes, [we like] this.”’
8
(40) M: mu3pl
tonisay
yayes
wanetpRox.obj
metop
rasalike
‘They said: “Yes, this [we] like.”’
(41) M: an1sg
seiam
mu=at3pl=obj
kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t
an-ahutak1sg-alone
toright
jadiso
an1sg
nokidakbe.silent
‘I watched them, I was alone, right, so I was silent.’
(42) M: bisacan
mu3pl
kosom=ismoke=plnK
koyetfinish
yeor
genot
‘Can they smoke it all or not?’
(43) M: ohint
mu3pl
heiam
sara-t=etascend-t=iRR
kodaet-nanone.more-too
koithen
sara-t=etascend-t=iRR
ahint
wanetpRox.obj
metop
‘Oh, they came up, then one more came up: “Ah, [I like] this.”’
(44) M: masavintage
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelas=tafourteen.mly=nfin
ebathen
metdist.obj
koithen
tabaitobacco
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
tigabelas=atthirteen.mly=obj
kosom∼kosomsmoke∼duR
‘“The 2014 vintage [has already come out] and we were still smoking 2013.”’
(45) M: min=pethroat=1pl.in.poss
ningsick
‘“Our throats hurt.”’
(46) M: pasexactly
kosomsmoke
bogo
koyetfinish
pasexactly
kodakjust.one
tokstill
‘When they finished smoking [there was] still one [pouch].’
(47) M: mier3du
KibaK.
esun=bonfather.3poss=com
Acang=bonA.=com
‘Kiba’s father and Acang,’
(48) M: mu3pl
sontum=atpeople=obj
komelook
ra-nmove.path-n
mia-ncome-n
ra-nlook
mia-nmove.path-n come-n
‘they looked at the people coming and going.’
(49) M: sontumpeople
kona-t=ninsee-t=neg
mu3pl
loi∼loi=tun=iquick∼ints=very=plnK
jie-n=iget-n=plnK
koyetfinish
mormorhide
‘[When] people didn’t see it, they quickly got [the pouch] and hid [it].’
(50) M: mormorhide
mu3pl
kurubring
bogo
kewe-un=kohouse-3poss=loc
toright
‘Hid [it], they brought it to their house, right.’
(51) M: mu3pl
heiam
potmacut
mu3pl
heiam
potma-n=icut-n=plnK
koyetfinish
mier2du
yapdivide
‘They cut [it], after cutting they divided [it].’
(52) M: som-konperson-one
seletkonpiece
som-konperson-one
seletkonpiece
‘One piece per person.’
9
(53) M: mu3pl
heiam
kosomsmoke
oint
an-nan1sg-too
pusing=ninbother=neg
‘They smoked, oh, I wasn’t bothered.’
(54) M: an1sg
mu=at3pl=obj
kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t
mier3du
kosomsmoke
‘I watched them, they smoked.’
(55) M: Acang=kinA.=poss
seiam
bogo
koyet=kinfinish=vol
ebathen
an1sg
tonisay
AcangA.
‘Acang’s was about to finish, then I said: “Acang,”’
(56) M: tabaitobacco
metdist.obj
kosom=tasmoke=nfin
narasauntaste
tamandihow
pentasty
yeor
‘“that tobacco that [you] smoked, how was its taste, good or what?”’
(57) M: pentasty
someenc
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelasfourteen.mly
an1sg
tonisay
dehint.pej
‘“Of course it’s tasty, it’s 2014!”’ I said: “Hah!”’
(58) M: ma3sg
tonisay
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
empatbelasfourteen.mly
toright
an1sg
tonisay
dehint.pej
duatwo.mly
ributhousand.mly
tigabelasthirteen.mly
dehint.pej
‘He said: “2014, right?” I said: “Hah, 2013, hah!”’
(59) M: yuon=basun=foc
ka=at2sg=obj
min-tolma-t=et-konadam’s.apple-cut-t=iRR-?
‘“May the sun cut your Adam’s apple!”’This is a common curse in Kalamang. the meaning of -kon remains unclear, although it mightexpress the subjunctive mood.
(60) M: an1sg
bogo
bandrol-un=atpouch-3poss=obj
jieget
mu=at3pl=obj
naunakshow
‘I went to get its pouch and showed them.’
(61) M: ma3sg
an=at1sg=obj
sariechase
an1sg
seiam
kiemflee
‘He chased me, I ran off.’
2.2 Kitchen conversation
This is an excerpt from a conversation between two elderly ladies on 23 February 2017,3 filmed in absenceof the researcher. Bini Rumatiga (B) is preparing taro in her kitchen, while her friend Hawa Yorre (H) keepsher company.4 In the excerpt, they have a good-natured discussion about what happened to a grater thatBini said she had given to Hawa. The conversation illustrates the use of the zero morpheme ∅ ‘to give’well.
3Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/[email protected] they are from the same generation, Hawa calls Bini for ‘aunt’ because of a complex family relationship that I have not
been able to decipher.
10
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BBD-5@view
Free translation
Bini: ‘I thought I gave a grater to you, right.’Hawa: ‘No, no.’‘Yes! What do you mean, no?’‘You didn’t give me!’‘I gave you one, really! I gave you one of these!’‘No way!’‘No, no.’‘I gave it to Amina.’‘No, no, no, I gave it to you, you, you.’‘No, aunt, no. If there were one like that I’d bring it. I don’t have one like that.’‘Later ask one from uncle’s.’‘Dian’s mother?’‘Yes, she has them, three of those.’‘I will ask one, give me one! As for me, you didn’t give me.’‘I gave you one.’‘No, aunt, you didn’t give me.’‘Who did I give it to?’‘I don’t know, only you know. As for me, and as for that thing, you didn’t give it.’‘I gave you one.’‘Really not, aunt. No, I speak truly, I’m not fooling you. I’m just what’s-it-ing with a knife.’‘One of these I gave you.’‘Yes. I was just slicing, with a knife.’‘One I gave to Kambera’s mother, she brought it back up. She has three, she bought two herself, she gaveyou one.’‘Really not, she didn’t give me.’‘Yes, I gave you one but I don’t know.’‘No, you gave it to someone else, me you didn’t give.’
Glossed text
(1) B: an1SG
tonithink
ka2SG
∅give
toright
‘I thought I gave [a grater] to you, right.’
(2) H: geno
geno
‘No, no.’
(3) B: mmyes‘Yes!’
(4) B: tamandi=ahow=foc
geno
‘What do you mean, no?’
11
(5) H: ka2sg
di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg
‘You didn’t give me!’
(6) B: an1sg
kon-ione-qnt.obj
ka2sg
∅give
someenc
‘I gave you one, really!’
(7) B: wa=bapRox=foc
kon-unone-3poss
an1sg
di=ka-∅=tacaus=2sg-give=nfin
metop
‘I gave you one of these!’
(8) H: ge.merano‘No way!’
(9) B: geno
geno
‘No, no.’
(10) H: an1sg
metop
Amina=ki-∅A.=ben-give
‘I gave [it] to Amina.’
(11) B: geno
geno
geno
kayou
kayou
kayou
‘No, no, no, [I gave it to] you, you, you.’
(12) H: geno
geno
wowaaunt
‘No, aunt, no.’
(13) H: mindi=tenlike.that=at
mambon-takexist-just
an1sg
kuetbring
‘[If] there were one like that I’d bring it.’
(14) H: anggon1sg.poss
saerakneg.ext
mindi=tenlike.that=at
‘I don’t have one like that.’
(15) B: menalater
mamauncle
mu=konggo3pl=an.loc
paning=teask=imp
‘Later ask [one] from uncle’s.’
(16) H: DianD.
emunmother.3poss
‘Dian’s mother?’
(17) B: yoyes
main3sg.poss
karuok=athree=obj
yumedist
‘Yes, she has, three of those.’
(18) H: kon-ione-qnt.obj
paning=etask=iRR
kon-ione-qnt.obj
an-∅=te1sg-give=imp
‘[I will] ask one, give me one!’
12
(19) H: an1sg
metop
ka2sg
an-∅=nin1sg-give=neg
oemph
‘As for me, you didn’t give me.’
(20) B: an1sg
ka=at2sg=obj
kon-ione-qnt.obj
∅give
‘I gave you one.’
(21) H: geno
wowaaunt
ka2sg
di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg
‘No, aunt, you didn’t give me.’
(22) B: an1sg
di=naman=ki-∅=tebacaus=who=ben-give=pRog
‘Who did I give [it to]?’
(23) H: yesoI.don’t.know
ka-tain=a2sg-alone=foc
gongginknow
‘I don’t know, only you know.’
(24) H: an1sg
metop
donthin
metop
ka2sg
an-∅=nin1sg-give=neg
‘As for me, and as for that thing, you didn’t give it.’
(25) B: an1sg
kon-ione-qnt.obj
ka2sg
∅give
‘I gave you one.’
(26) H: geno
oemph
wowaaunt
‘Really not, aunt.’
(27) H: geno
yor=itrue=plnK
taruo-t=etsay-t=iRR
an1sg
ka=at2sg=obj
marok=ninfool=neg
‘No, [I] speak truly, I’m not fooling you.’
(28) H: an1sg
metop
sumajust
tektek=kiknife=ins
nembaph
oemph
‘I’m just what’s-it-ing with a knife.’
(29) B: yuwa=bapRox=foc
kon-unone-3poss
an2sg
di=ka-∅=tacaus=2sg-give=nfin
metop
‘One of these I gave you.’
(30) H: yoyes‘Yes.’
(31) H: an1sg
marum∼marum=tebaslice∼duR=pRog
tektek=ki=aknife=ins=foc
‘I was just slicing, with a knife.’
(32) B: konone
metop
an1sg
di=Kamberacaus=K.
emun=ki-∅=tamother.3poss=ben-give=nfin
ma3sg
kurubring
saraascend
yumedist
‘One I gave to Kambera’s mother, she brought it back up.’
13
(33) B: main3sg.poss
karuokthree
ma-tain3sg-alone
eir-itwo-qnt.obj
jiebuy
ma3sg
ka-∅=et2sg-give=iRR
‘She has three, she bought two herself, she gave you.’
(34) H: geno
oemph
ma3sg
di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg
‘Really not, she didn’t give me.’
(35) B: yuoyes
an1sg
kon-ione-qnt.obj
ka2sg
∅give
babut
yesoI.don’t.know
‘Yes, I gave you one but I don’t know.’
(36) B: geno
ka2sg
di=kon=ki-∅=tebacaus=one=ben-give=pRog
an1sg
metop
ka2sg
di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg
‘No, you gave it to [some]one [else], me you didn’t give.’
2.3 Monkey and cuscus
Hair Yorkuran tells the story about a monkey and a cuscus that sell firewood. This story5 was told atthe storyteller’s own initiative on 22 March 2019. Also present at the recording is Kamarudin Gusek, whodoesn’t talk. The recording was made behind the village building, at the sea-side. This text contains severalinstances of the unanalysed enclitic =ten. In some cases, it seems to function as a conjunction of reasonand consequence, ‘so’. In others, the function remains difficult to analyse.
Free translation
Hair: ‘So, a monkey and a cuscus… The cuscus asked the monkey: “Hey, monkey, let’s go gather firewoodand sell it.” So the monkey said yes. They went to the forest to collect firewood. They collected firewood…They collected and collected, they gathered it, then they tied it. They tied and tied, oh, their bundles werebig like this. They measured, ten cents each. They gathered the firewood. The monkey said: “Yes, let’s gosell!” The cuscus said: “Yes,” so they moved the canoe seawards. They moved the canoe seawards, put inthe firewood, paddled the firewood seawards, brought it with them. The monkey said: “How do we…?”“Oh, like this, we paddle towards Antalisa. We paddle towards Antalisa.” They paddled and paddled andthen the cuscus went like this: “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’
(They have made a song to announce their arrival.)Hair: ‘Like that, they passed the cape. They passed the cape and continued to a village. A village like
Tarus, that village. Like that, the people at the mainland said: “Monkey from where?” The cuscus said:“Monkey from Banda, selling firewood, one bundle for ten cents.” “Oh, come and bring it here.” Theybrought it landwards, they paddled closer. Young women said they wanted to buy firewood. The womensaid: “This man, this one in the back is too black. This one in the front is better, we should make love tohim. The one in the front is white.” They unloaded the firewood and they finished buying. The monkeywas just silent. After all, those girls said he’s too black, so he was angry. After he unloaded the firewood,the cuscus said: “Yes, let’s go.” They sailed and started doing their song until they came at another village.The people said: “Hey! Monkey from where?” “Monkey from Banda, selling firewood for ten cents perbundle.” “Oh, bring it over here! Bring it over here and we’ll buy.” They paddled landwards. That monkey,he had gone to the back again, earlier he was in the front. They moved landwards and they unloaded thefirewood. Young women came seawards: “The one in the front is better. We like him, he’s white. The one
5Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC1-0@view.
14
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC1-0@view
in the back, yech, he’s very black.” The monkey was shy and silent. After buying firewood, after paying,the cuscus said: “Let’s go again, let’s sell at another village.” So they went seawards, passed a cape, andthen the monkey said: “Come, then you go in the back! I go in the front again, earlier they said the one inthe front is white, the one in the front is good. You’re in the back, I again go in the front.” After exchangingplaces, they started paddling. “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’
(Another four rounds follow where the cuscus and the monkey visit a village, the women comment onthe appearance of both referring to their position in the boat, the monkey is offended, and the monkey asksthe cuscus to swap places.)
Hair: ‘The cuscus was fed up, right. After all, the monkey went from the stern to the bow to the sternto the bow, it was just the monkey that was a busybody. Then the monkey said: “How do you do it, you’rewhite.” “We’ll go landwards to, like, Tarus.” The tide was very low. They went landwards to Tarus, thenthe cuscus said: “Go up, cut one tree and some string! That way later you’ll be white, we’ll make youwhite. The same as me. I also did like that, right, and I’m white, so…” “Yes.” The monkey went up with amachete. After cutting he went down and scraped the wood. Scraped until sharp; the cuscus brought thepoles seawards. The tide was low, he brought the poles seawards and erected them by the sea. He rocked,rocked and rocked until they were deep. They were deep and the cuscus said: “Hey, come seawards! Comeseawards, then I’ll make you white!” The monkey walked seawards. “Stand here!” He stood there.’
(The monkey steps inside the cage the cuscus has built with the poles.)Hair: ‘The monkey stood, the cuscus tied him. He tied him, from his legs up to there. “Oh, later you’ll
be white, wait.” Like that, the tide rose and came splashing landwards. It moved landwards, the tide movedlandwards to his legs. Like that, the monkey went: “Hey, my feet are already white, my feet are alreadywhite! Untie me!” “Oh, not yet, when your body is all white, then…” The tide rose until here. It rose untilhere and the monkey said: “Hey, my legs are already white, that’s it, untie me!” The cuscus said: “It’s stillrising more.” That tide rose. It rose until here. “Hey, that’s it, I’m white, it’s already white from my thighsdown.” “Not yet, a little more, a little more. A little more, it’s still coming up until all your body is covered,then you’re white.” The monkey was keen, right, after all he was getting white, he saw it. He laughed. Likethat, that tide rose and rose. Rose until here. “Hey, that’s it, that’s it, untie me! My body is already white.”The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, not yet.” The tide rose and rose. Rose and rose and roseuntil here. Like that, he was keen, right. “Hey, that’s it, untie me, untie me, that’s it! I’m all white!” Thecuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, your face is still black.” And the tide rose until here. Themonkey said that he should untie him, but the cuscus didn’t want to. The tide rose until here. The monkeysaid that he should untie him: “Hey, I’m already white, friend!” “Oh, not yet, this is still black, up fromhere you’re still black.” Like that, the tide rose and rose until here. The monkey asked, saying to untie him.“Oh, a little more.” The tide rose and rose until his mouth, until his nose. It continued until the monkeydisappeared, the tide surpassed him. Before long, bubbles came up. Bubbles came up. That monkey haddied. Then the cuscus said: “After all you annoyed me to death, so I did like that to you.”’
Glossed text
(1) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
leki=bonmonkey=com
kusukusu=boncuscus=com
‘So, a monkey and a cuscus…’
(2) kusukusucuscus
leki=atmonkey=obj
paningask
‘The cuscus asked the monkey:’
15
(3) ehot
lekimonkey
metop
pier1du.in
bogo
kai-rep=tafirewood-collect=nfin
merengguen=tagather=nfin
bogo
parin=tesell=nfin
‘“Hey, monkey, let’s go gather firewood and sell it.”’
(4) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
lekimonkey
tonisay
yuoyes
‘So the monkey said yes.’
(5) mier3du
seiam
bogo
kelak=kamountain=lat
kai=atfirewood=obj
repcollect
‘They went to the forest to collect firewood.’
(6) kai=atfirewood=obj
rep=icollect=plnK
rep=icollect=plnK
rep=icollect=plnK
rep=icollect=plnK
metop
‘Collected firewood…’
(7) rep=icollect=plnKcollect=plnK
rep=icollect=plnK
rep=icollect=plnK
rep=igather
merengguenthen
terus3pl
muiam
hetie-n
kanie-n
‘Collected and collected, gathered [it], then they tied [it].’
(8) kanie-ntie-n
kanie-ntie-n
oemph
poup-unbundle-3poss
wa∼ra∼rippRox∼distR∼dgR
‘Tied and tied, oh, their bundles were big like this.’
(9) ukir=temeasure=nfin
sencent
putkon∼konten∼each
‘[They] measured, ten cents each.’
(10) mu3pl
heiam
merengguen=taheap=nfin
metop
‘They gathered [the firewood].’
(11) lekimonkey
tonisay
yoyes
pi1pl.in
heiam
bogo
parin=tesell=nfin
‘The monkey said: “Yes, let’s go sell!”’
(12) kusikusicuscus
tonisay
yoyes
metop
heiam
et=atcanoe=obj
di=maruacaus=move.seawards
‘The cuscus said: “Yes,” so they moved the canoe seawards.’
(13) et=atcanoe=obj
di=maruacaus=move.seawards
kai=atfirewood=obj
di=saracaus=ascend
‘Moved the canoe seawards, put in the firewood,’
(14) kai=atfirewood=obj
yal=ipaddle=plnK
maruamove.seawards
kuet=tabring=nfin
metop
‘paddled the firewood seawards, brought [it].’
(15) lekimonkey
tonisay
pi1pl.in
tamandi=ahow=foc
oemph
wandi=alike.this=foc
yal=ipaddle=plnK
bo=etgo=iRR
Tamisen-pisAntalisa-side
‘The monkey said: “How do we…?” “Oh, like this, paddle towards Antalisa.”’
(16) Tamisen-pisAntalisa-side
yal=ipaddle=plnK
bo=etgo=iRR
‘“Paddle towards Antalisa.”’
16
(17) metop
mier3du
seiam
yalpaddle
yal=tapaddl=nfin
metop
‘They paddled, paddled and then’
(18) kusikusicuscus
wandilike.this
linglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglong
‘the cuscus went like this: “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’They have made a song to announce their arrival.
(19) mindilike.that
karimun=atcape=obj
kuangpass
‘Like that [they] passed the cape.’
(20) kuang=tapass=nfin
metop
leng-kon=kavillage-one=lat
‘Passed, to a village.’
(21) lengvillage
nainlike
TarusT.
metop
lengvillage
metkodist.loc
‘A village like Tarus, that village.’
(22) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
mu3pl
kolak=komainland=loc
tonisay
ehot
yakimonkey.mly
darifrom.mly
manawhere.mly
‘Like that, they at the mainland said: “Monkey from where?”’
(23) kusikusicuscus
tonisay
yakimonkey.mly
darifrom.mly
BandaB.
jualsell.mly
kayufirewood.mly
satuone.mly
ikatbundle.mly
sepuluhten.mly
sencent.mly‘The cuscus said: “Monkey from Banda, selling firewood, one bundle for ten cents.”’
(24) oemph
kurubring
masaramove.landwards
‘“Oh, come and bring [it] here.”’
(25) mu3pl
heiam
kurubring
masaramove.landwards
metop
mu3pl
heiam
yal=ipaddle=plnK
kokir=tanear=nfin
metop
‘They brought [it] landwards, they paddled closer.’
(26) pebiswoman
towari∼wa-tenyoung∼Red-at
tonisay
kai=atfirewood=obj
jie-t=kinbuy-t=vol
oemph
‘Young women said they wanted to buy firewood.’
(27) canamman
wapRox
or-kadokback-side
wapRox
metop
kuskap=sawebe.black=too
‘“This man, this one in the back is too black.”’
(28) sabar-kadokfront-side
yuwa=bapRox=foc
lebaibetter
besgood
pi1pl.in
ma=at3sg=obj
kasu-t=etmake.love-t=iRR
‘“This one in the front is better, we should make love to him.”’
(29) sabar-kadok=afront-sidefoc
irenbe.white
‘“The one in the front is white.”’
17
(30) mier3du
seiam
kai=atfirewood=obj
nawaruok=taunload=nfin
mu3pl
jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK
koyetfinish
‘They unloaded the firewood and they finished buying.’
(31) monyetmonkey
nak=nokidakjust=be.silent
habisafter.all
mu3pl
opaana
tonisay
ma3sg
metop
kuskap=tendebe.black=so
‘The monkey was just silent. After all, those [girls] said he’s black, so…’
(32) ma3sg
heiam
kademorangry
‘He was angry.’
(33) ma3sg
kai=atfirewood=obj
nawaruok=iunload=plnK
koyetfinish
kusikusicuscus
tonisay
yoyes
pi1pl.in
heiam
bo=etgo=iRR
‘After he unloaded the firewood, the cuscus said: “Yes, let’s go.”’
(34) mu3pl
heiam
yal=tapaddle=nfin
metop
mulaistart
nyanyi-un=atsong-3poss=obj
paruodo
‘They sailed and started doing their song.’
(35) bountil
lengvillage
kodaet=taone.more=nfin
metop
mu3pl
tonisay
heihey
‘Until another village. They said: “Hey!”’
(36) yakimonkey.mly
darifrom.mly
manawhere.mly
‘“Monkey from where?”’
(37) oemph
yakimonkey.mly
darifrom.mly
BandaB.
jualsell.mly
kayufirewood.mly
satuone.mly
ikatbundle.mly
sepuluhten.mly
sencent.mly
‘“Monkey from Banda, selling firewood for ten cents per bundle.”’
(38) oemph
kurubring
masaramove.landwards
kurubring
masaramove.landwards
in1pl.ex
jie-t=etbuy-t=iRR
‘“Oh, bring [it] over here! Bring it over here and we’ll buy.”’
(39) mu3pl
heiam
yal=ipaddle=plnK
masaramove.landwards
‘They paddled landwards.’
(40) lekimonkey
opaana
ma3sg
heiam
koiagain
bogo
or=kofront=loc
opaearlier
metop
ma3sg
sabar=ko-tenfron=loc-ten
‘That monkey he had gone to the back again, earlier he was in the front.’
(41) masaramove.landwards
metop
mu3pl
heiam
kai=atfirewood=obj
‘Moved landwards, they [unloaded] the firewood.’
(42) pebiswoman
towari∼wariyoung∼pl
maruamove.seawards
ehot
lebaibetter
sabar-kadokfront-side
yuwa=bapRox=foc
besgood
‘Young women came seawards: “Better this one in the front!”’
(43) ma3sg
rasabe.likeable
iren=tabe.white=nfin
metkodist.loc
or-kadokback-side
adihint.pej
heiam
bogo
kuskap∼kap=tunbe.black∼ints=very
18
‘“We like him, he’s white. The one in the back, yech, [he’s] very black.”’
(44) ma3sg
heiam
malu=teshy=nfin
nokidakbe.silent
‘He was shy and silent.’
(45) metop
ma3sg
kai=atfirewood=obj
jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK
koyet=tafinish=nfin
metop
newer=ipay=plnK
koyetfinish
‘After buying firewood, after paying,’
(46) kusukusucuscus
tonisay
pier1du.in
koiagain
bo=etgo
lengvillage
kodaetone.more
koiagain
bogo
parin=etsell=iRR
‘the cuscus said: “Let’s go again, let’s sell at another village.”’
(47) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
mu3pl
heiam
maruamove.seawards
karimun=atcape=obj
kuang=tapass=nfin
metop
‘So they went seawards, passed a cape,’
(48) monyetmonkey
tonisay
ehot
miacome
ebathen
ka2sg
metop
or=ko=teback=loc=imp
‘the monkey said: “Come, then you go in the back!’
(49) an=a1sg=obj
koiagain
sabar=etfront=iRR
opaearlier
mu3pl
tonisay
sabar-kadok=afront-side=obj
irenbe.white
sabar-kadok=afron-side=foc
besgood
‘I go in the front again, earlier they said the one in the front is white, the one in the front is good.’
(50) ka2sg
metop
or=koback=loc
an=taet1sg=again
bogo
sabar=etfront=iRR
‘You’re in the back, I again go in the front.’
(51) mier3du
seiam
baku.tukar=iexchange=plnK
koyet=tafinish=nfin
mulaistart
yalpaddle
‘After exchanging [places, they] started paddling.’
(52) linglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglong‘“Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’
Another four rounds follow where the cuscus and the monkey visit a village, the women comment onthe appearance of both referring to their position in the boat, the monkey is offended, and the monkey asksthe cuscus to swap places. After that, the cuscus gets fed up with the monkey.
(53) kusukusucuscus
heiam
jabulbe.fed.up
toright
‘The cuscus was fed up, right.’
(54) ma3sg
habisafter.all
bogo
or=ka=etback=lat=iRR
bogo
sabar=ka=etfront=lat=iRR
bogo
or=ka=etback=lat=iRR
bogo
sabarfront
ma-autak=at=a3sg-alone=obj=foc
metop
taruo∼taruosay∼distR
‘After all he went from the stern to the bow to the stern to the bow, it was him (the monkey) whowas a busybody.’
19
(55) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
monyetmonkey
tamandi=ahow=foc
paruomake
ka2sg
iren=etwhite=iRR
oemph
‘So the monkey: “How do you do [it], you’re white.”’
(56) pier2du.in
ramove.path
bogo
nainlike
Tarus=kaT.=lat
masara-t=etmove.landwards-t=iRR
‘“We’ll go landwards to, like, Tarus.”’
(57) warkintide
oemph
kararakdry
‘The tide was very low.’
(58) Tarus=kaT.=lat
masaramove.landwards
ebathen
eramove.up
ror=attree=obj
ar-kon-iclf.stem-one-qnt.obj
potmeicut.imp
karek=bonstring=com
‘[They] went landwards to Tarus, then [the cuscus said]: “Go up, cut one tree, and string!”’
(59) metdist.obj
metop
menalater
ka2sg
irenwhite
ka=at2sg=obj
paruomake
metop
sama=isame=plnK
nainlike
an=kap1sg=sim
‘So later you’ll be white, [we’ll] make you. The same as me.’
(60) an-nan1sg-too
mindilike.that
toright
an1sg
irendenwhite-ten
yuoyes
‘“I also did like that, right, and I’m white, so…” “Yes.”’
(61) ma3sg
heiam
sedawak=bonmachete=com
eramove.up
potma-n=icut-n=plnK
koyetfinish
baradescend
heiam
saruascrape
‘He went up with a machete, after cutting he went down and scraped [the wood].’
(62) saruascrape
bountil
belbelsharp
ma3sg
heiam
kurubring
maruamove.seawards
‘Scraped until sharp; he brought [the poles] seawards.’
(63) warkintide
kararak=tedry=nfin
ma3sg
heiam
kurubring
maruamove.seawards
wilak=kosea=loc
usarerect
‘The tide was low, he brought [the poles] seawards and erected them by the sea.’
(64) muk=irock=plnK
muk=irock=plnK
muk=irock=plnK
ma3sg
heiam
karandeep
‘Rocked, rocked and rocked until it was deep.’
(65) karan=tadeep=nfin
metop
kusikusicuscus
tonisay
heihey
marumove.seawards.imp
‘It was deep, the cuscus said: “Hey, come seawards!”’
(66) marumove.seawards.imp
menathen
an1sg
paruomake
ka2sg
irenwhite
‘Come seawards, then I’ll make you white!’
(67) monyetmonkey
seiam
marmar=iwalk=plnK
maruamove.seawards
metop
‘The monkey walked seawards.’
(68) watkopRox.loc
mambareistand.imp
‘“Stand here!”’
20
(69) ma3sg
heiam
metkodist.loc
mambarastand
‘He stood there.’
The monkey steps inside the cage the cuscus has built with the poles.
(70) mambarastand
meiam
kusikusicuscus
heiam
ma=at3sg=obj
kanietie
‘Stood, the cuscus tied him.’
(71) kanientie
kor-un=kaleg-3poss=lat
menggadist.lat
saraascend
bogo
metkodist.loc
‘Tied, from his legs up to there.’
(72) oemph
menalater
ka2sg
heiam
irenwhite
oemph
nawanggarwait
‘“Oh, later you’ll be white, wait.”’
(73) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
warkintide
seiam
palom=ispit=plnK
maharamove.landwards
laur=irise=plnK
‘Like that, the tide rose splashing landwards.’
(74) maharamove.landwards
warkintide
seiam
maharamove.landwards
kor-un=koleg-3poss=loc
‘Moved landwards, the tide moved landwards to his legs.’
(75) mindi=talike.that=nfin
monyetmonkey
eihint
kor-anleg-1sg.poss
seiam
irenwhite
kor-anleg-1sg.poss
seiam
irenwhite
‘Like that, the monkey went: “Hey, my feet are already white, my feet are already white!”’
(76) an=at1sg=obj
kahetmeiopen.imp
oemph
toknot.yet
kaden-cabody-2sg.poss
tebongganall
tokyet
iren=iwhite=plnK
koyetfinish
ebathen
‘“Untie me!” “Oh, not yet, when your body is all white, then…”’
(77) oemph
warkintide
seiam
saraascend
bountil
watkopRox.loc
‘The tide rose until here.’
(78) watko=tapRox.loc=nfin
metop
monyetmonkey
tonisay
eihint
kor-anleg-1sg.poss
seiam
irenwhite
ma3s
heiam
metop
an=at1sg=obj
kahetmeiopen.imp
‘Until here, the monkey said: “Hey, my legs are already white, that’s it, untie me!”’
(79) kusukusucuscus
tonisay
tambaadd
ma3sg
tokyet
koiagain
sara-n=taet=etascend-n=more=iRR
‘The cuscus said: “It’s still rising more.”’
(80) warkintide
opaana.dem
laurrise
‘That tide rose.’
(81) lau∼laur=idistR∼rise=plnK
saraascend
heiam
bountil
watkopRox.dem
‘It rose until here.’
21
(82) eihint
ma3sg
heiam
metop
an1sg
seiam
iren=tenwhite=ten
seiam
kolkiem-anthigh-1sg
wanggapRox.lat
baradescend
ma3sg
heiam
irenwhite
‘“Hey, that’s it, I’m white, it’s already white from my thighs down.”’
(83) oemph
toknot.yet
tambaadd
tambaadd
‘“Not yet, a little more, a little more.”’
(84) tambaadd
ma3sg
tokyet
saraascend
bountil
eren-cabody-2sg.poss
tebongganall
ebathen
ka2sg
heiam
irenwhite
‘“A little more, it’s still coming up until all your body [is covered], then you’re white.”’
(85) ma3sg
heiam
asikkeen
toright
habisafter.all
ma3sg
iren=tenwhite=ten
ma3sg
kome=tasee=nfin
‘He was keen, right, after all he was [becoming] white, he saw.’
(86) ma3sg
heiam
rap∼raplaugh∼distR
‘He laughed.’
(87) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
warkintide
opaana
saraascend
laur=irise=plnK
sara∼saraascend∼distR
‘Like that, that tide rose and rose.’
(88) saraascend
bountil
watko=tapRox.loc=nfin
metop
‘Rose until here..’
(89) eihint
ma3sg
heiam
metop
ma3sg
heiam
metop
an=at1sg=obj
kahetmeiopen.imp
‘“Hey, that’s it, that’s it, untie me!”’
(90) eren-anbody-1sg.poss
seiam
irenwhite
‘“My body is already white.”’
(91) oemph
kusikusicuscus
tonisay
toknot.yet
nakal-cahead-2sg.poss
tokstill
kuskap=tablack=nfin
imedist
toknot.yet
toknot.yet
‘The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, not yet.”’
(92) warkintide
lau∼laur=idistR∼rise=plnK
sara∼saraascend∼distR
‘The tide rose and rose.’
(93) sara-nascend-n
sara-nascend-n
sara-nascend-n
bountil
watkopRox.loc
‘Rose and rose and rose until here.’
(94) oemph
mindi=talike.that=nfin
ma3sg
heiam
asikkeen
toright
‘Like that, he was keen, right.’
22
(95) eihint
ma3sg
heiam
metop
kahetmeiopen.imp
kahetmeiopen.imp
ma3sg
heiam
metop
‘“Hey, that’s it, untie, untie, that’s it!”’
(96) an1sg
seiam
iren=iwhite=plnK
koyetfinish
‘“I’m all white!”’
(97) kusukusucuscus
tonisay
toknot.yet
nakal-cahead-2sg.poss
tokstill
kuskap=tablack=nfin
imedist
kanggirar=caface-2sg.poss
tokstill
kuskapblack
‘The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, your face is still black.”’
(98) mindi=talike.that=nfin
metop
warkintide
saraascend
bountil
watkopRox.loc
‘Like that the tide rose until here.’
(99) ma3sg
tonisay
ma=at3sg=obj
kahetma-t=etopen-t=iRR
kusikusicuscus
suka-unlike-3poss
geno
‘He said that [he should] untie him, [but] the cuscus didn’t want.’
(100) warkintide
saraascend
bountil
watkopRox
‘The tide rose until here.’
(101) ma3sg
tonisay
ma=at3sg=obj
kahetmaopen
eihint
an1sg
seiam
irenwhite
an1sg
seiam
irenwhite
sobatfriend
‘He said that [he should] untie him: “Hey, I’m already white, friend!”’
(102) oemph
toknot.yet
wapRox
tokstill
kuskapblack
wanggapRox.lat
saraascend
metop
tokstill
kuskapblack
‘Oh, not yet, this is still black, up from here [you’re] still black.’
(103) mindilike.that
warkintide
sara-nascend-n
sara-nascend-n
bountil
watkopRox
‘Like that, the tide rose and rose until here.’
(104) ma3sg
paningask
tonisay
ma3sg
heiam
ma=at3sg=obj
kahetma=teopen=nfin
oemph
tambaadd
‘He asked saying to untie him, “Oh, a little more.”’
(105) warkintide
sara-nascend-n
sara-nascend-n
bountil
bolmouth
terusthen
bountil
bustangnose
‘The tide rose and rose until [his] mouth, until [his] nose.’
(106) ajar=icontinue=plnK
bountil
gosomindisappear
warkintide
seiam
ma=at3sg=obj
nemiesexceed
‘It continued until [he] disappeared, the tide surpassed him.’
(107) tik=tatake.long=nfin
metop
karabubububble
seiam
saraascend
‘Before long, bubbles came up.’
(108) karabubububble
heiam
sara-nascend-n
sara-nascend-n
oemph
‘Bubbles came up.’
23
(109) monyetmonkey
opaana
seiam
lalatdie
‘That monkey had died.’
(110) merathen
ma3sg
tonisay
habisafter.all
ka2sg
paruomake
an1sg
sinsarahalf-dead
jadiso
ka=at2sg=obj
mindilike.that
‘Then he said: “After all you annoyed me to death, so [I] did like that to you.”’
2.4 The tenggelele ritual
In this text,6 Kamarudin Gusek (K) and Fajaria Yarkuran (F) explain the tenggelele ritual, which is per-formed when a bride-to-be from outside the Karas Islands sets foot on the island for the first time. At theresearcher’s request, Kamarudin gives a historical introduction and Fajaria relates what happened duringthe last performance of this ritual. Note the heavy use of Papuan Malay in the introduction. The recordingwas made in the village building, in the researcher’s office, on 4 March 2018.
Free translation
Kamarudin: ‘At that time there was… A man went and found himself a friend. He found that friend, sothat… Because he went to sea, there was a woman. If he wouldn’t have gone to sea… He grabbed; he stoleher. He just brought her to… so he didn’t kill her. He needed her; he brought her so that they could becomefriends. He thought: “If I kill her, one day when I’m dead I’m alone here too. Because men and women, inthe future, they must have descendants. So I shouldn’t kill her, I bring her so that we’ll have descendants.When I come and meet her family, I’ll say that I don’t kill her. I bring her to maintain, to become friends,so that one day there are descendants.” So the family feel happy, there’s a song that they like to sing. “Likethat, you just steal.” “True, I just steal.” So that was the song, they sang: “You steal, oh. Tenggelele, oh.You’re like the eagle. You’re becoming like an eagle, stealing things and bringing them with you.” So, I justspeak until there, ah, now to Kur’s mother.’
Fajaria: ‘Then, a while ago, Botak went to marry in Makassar. He had married; he came back with hiswife. He came and we did the ritual in the village. People already told us, saying: “Later Botak will bringhis wife to land.” So we prepared the offering and the two-pronged spear. After that, they came to theshore from the sea and we came to the beach from our homes. Some people came with the offering andthe two-pronged spear and showed them to Botak’s wife. They lifted the offering in the canoe and circledher three times with it. She chewed a little betel, she chewed, and after chewing they stabbed her with thetwo-pronged spear. After stabbing at her three times with the two-pronged spear we lowered her downon the beach. We lowered her down; she stepped on the sand. Then they put sand on her forehead. Afterputting sand on her forehead, we put the spear on her shoulder. We tenggelele’d her; we sang, did thetenggelele. Did that; then they put a coconut peel on the two-pronged spear because the tip of the spearwas sharp. It was sharp, so we blocked the spear, we blocked it with coconut peel. We blocked it, so theydid tenggelele. They sang: “Tenggelele o, steal, steal.” They in the back sang: “Kuewa o, steal, steal.” Wewalked from there.’
Kamarudin: ‘Because he is stealing.’Fajaria: ‘We walked and walked until Botak’s family’s house. There, they extended a white cloth on
the floor. They brought the plate with the what’s-it’s offering landwards, with a machete, a comb, a needle,palm oil and cotton on the plate. After that, they went calling names.’ (‘Calling names’ is a ritual whereby avillage elder calls out the names of Kalamang ancestors, families and places. Each name is responded to by
6Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BDC-D@view.
24
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BDC-D@view
the crowd with a loudly exclaimed ‘wolet!’.) ‘That old person, he received her, received her in the tradition.He received her in the doorway and counted the ancestors. He counted the ancestors, first the hills. Afterfirst counting the hills, the families. After the families, the grandparents. After the grandparents, theuncles, the groom’s father and mother, family, and it was finished. Then he got the comb and combedher hair. After that, he then put it down and got the needle. He broke the needle at her forehead. Afterbreaking it, he threw it on the rooftop.’
Kamarudin: ‘He broke it and she already forgot, she forgot her village.’Fajaria: ‘Like the memory of her village…’Kamarudin: ‘Isn’t there any more.’Fajaria: ‘Her parents, her mother, her father, she already forgot. She entered the house and sat, we
shook hands. They shook hands, after shaking hands with money gifts in them, they brought the komanianover and did the prayer for good wishes. The good wish prayer is like a prayer for them to be happy. Sothat their life is good; so that they don’t fight. When finished, they served tea and food. After we dranktea and ate it was finished.’
Glossed text
(1) K: waktutime
zamanera
metkodist.loc
mambonexist
‘At that time there was…’
(2) K: ma3sg
heiam
bo=tego=nfin
taman-unfriend-3poss
opaana
metop
kolukfind
‘He went and found that friend of his.’
(3) K: ma3sg
taman-unfriend-3poss
metdist.obj
kolukfind
sehinggaso.that
‘He found that friend, so that…’
(4) K: marua-t=etmove.seawards-t=iRR
pas=awoman=foc
konone
‘If he went to sea, there was a woman.’
(5) K: marua-t=nin=etmove.seawards-t=neg=iRR‘If he wouldn’t have gone to sea…’
(6) K: ma3sg
narampasgrab
ma3sg
kuek=tebasteal=pRog
‘He grabbed; he stole [her].’
(7) K: ma3sg
kuet=tebabring=pRog
untukfor
jadiso
ma3sg
rua-t=ninkill-t=neg
‘He just brought her to… so he didn’t kill [her].’
(8) K: ma3sg
parluneed
ma3sg
kuet=tebring=nfin
supayaso.that
jadibecome
tamanfriend
‘He needed [her]; he brought [her] so that [they] could become friends.’
(9) K: an1sg
rua-t=etkill-t=iRR
kasurtomorrow
konone
kaloif
an1sg
lalat=etdie=iRR
an-ahutak1sg-alone
wa=barakpRox=too
‘“If I kill [her], one day when I’m dead I’m alone here too.”’
25
(10) K: karenabecause
paswoman
canamman
wapRox
metop
kasurtomorrow
keirkoday.after.tomorrow
mustimust
adaexist
keterunandescendants
‘“Because men and women, in the future, there must be descendants.”’
(11) K: jadiso
an-mun1sg-pRoh
rua=in=takill=pRoh=nfin
ebathen
an1sg
kuet=tabring=nfin
ebathen
supayaso.that
‘“So I shouldn’t kill [her], I bring [her] so that”’
(12) F: keturunan-undescendant-1pl.ex.poss
mambonexist
‘“we have descendants.”’
(13) K: an1sg
kurubring
luk=tecome=nfin
keluargafamily
ketemumeet
an1sg
tonisay
wapRox
metop
an1sg
rua-t=ninkill-t=neg
‘“[When] I come and meet her family, I’ll say that I don’t kill [her].”’
(14) K: an1sg
untukfor
keir=etmaintan=iRR
untukfor
jadibecome
tamanfriend
supayaso.that
kasurtomorrow
konone
keturunandescendant
‘“I bring her to maintain, to become friends, so that one day [there are] descendants.’
(15) K: me=taunadist=so
mu3sg
narasafeel
gembirahappy
adaexist
nyanyiansong
yangthat
mereka3pl
adaexist
laksanalike
‘So they feel happy, there’s a song that they like.’
(16) K: mindi=tenlike.that=ten
metop
ka2sg
kuek=tebasteal=pRog
‘“Like that, you just steal.”’
(17) K: memangtrue
an1sg
kuek=tebasteal=pRog
‘“True, I just steal.”’
(18) K: me=taunadist-so
nyanyiansong
mu3pl
tonisay
ka2sg
kueksteal
oemph
‘So [that was] the song, they sang: “You steal, oh.”’
(19) K: tenggeleletenggelele
oemph
‘“Tenggelele, oh.”
(20) K: ka2sg
nainlike
tenggeles=kapeagle=sml
‘“You’re like the eagle.”’
(21) K: ka2sg
bogo
tenggeles=kap=teeagle=sml=nfin
donthing
kuek=testeal=nfin
kurubring
luk=tecome=nfin
yuwapRox
‘“You’re becoming like an eagle, stealing things and bringing them [with you].”’
(22) K: jadiso
sampaiuntil
diloc
situdist
saja,just
ah,int
mamamother
KurK.
‘So, just until there, ah, Kur’s mother.’
(23) F: ebathen
wisyesterday
metop
BotakB.
bogo
Makassar=koMakassar=loc
kionmarry
26
‘Then yesterday Botak went to marry in Makassar.’
(24) F: kion=tamarry=nfin
kiun=bonwife.3poss=com
miacome
‘Married; he came with his wife.’
(25) F: mia=tacome=nfin
in1pl.ex
leng=kovillage=loc
sayer-un=atritual-3poss=obj
paruodo
‘[He] came; we did its ritual in the village.’
(26) F: mu3pl
heiam
taruosay
tonisay
menalater
BotakB.
kieun=atwife.3poss=obj
kurubring
masara-t=kinmove.landwards-t=vol
‘They already told, saying: “Later Botak will bring his wife to land.”’
(27) F: jadiso
in1pl.ex
seiam
buoksarunoffering
kasalongtwo.point.spear
metdist.obj
seiam
siapready
‘So we prepared the offering, the two-pronged spear.’
(28) F: koyetfinish
mu3pl
heiam
lukcome
in1pl.ex
seiam
miacome
‘After that, they came [to the shore from the sea], we came [to the beach from our homes].’
(29) F: mu3pl
heiam
buoksarun=bonoffering=com
kasalong=bon=attwo.point.spear=com=obj
bogo
mia=tecome=nfin
mat3sg.obj
nawarik=teshow=nfin
‘They came with the offering and the two-pronged spear and showed her [Botak’s wife].’
(30) F: buoksarun=bonoffering=com
saraascend
etcanoe
kit=kotop=loc
mat3sg.obj
wan-karuok-itime-three-qnt.obj
ko=naurarappl-circle
‘Lifted the offering in the canoe and circled her three times with it.’
(31) F: bolon-ilittle-qnt.obj
pakchew
pakchew
pak=ichew=plnK
koyetfinish
mu3pl
mat3sg.obj
koithen
kahalong=kitwo.point.spear=ins
konaminstab.at
‘[She] chewed a little, chewed, after chewing they stabbed her with the two-pronged spear.’This is not actual stabbing, but making a stabbing movement close to the new spouse.
(32) F: kahalong=kitwo.point.spear=ins
wan-karuok-itime-three-qnt.obj
konamin=istab.at=plnK
koyetfinish
mat3sg
nawaruokunload
‘After stabbing at [her] three times with the two-pronged spear we lowered her down on thebeach.’
(33) F: mat3sg.obj
nawaruok=iunload=plnK
baradescend
ma3sg
os=atsand=obj
teiteistep.on
‘Lowered her down, she stepped on the sand.’
(34) F: mu3pl
koithen
os=atsand=obj
di=timbang-un=kocaus=forehead-3poss=loc
‘Then they put sand on her forehead.’
(35) F: os=atsand=obj
di=timbang-un=ko=icaus=forehead-3poss=loc=plnK
koyetfinish
‘After putting sand on her forehead,’
(36) F: kasalong=attwo.point.spear=obj
di=saracaus=ascend
bikiem-un=koshoulder-3poss=loc
27
‘[we] put the spear on her shoulder.’
(37) F: mat3sg.obj
tenggeleletenggelele
heiam
menyanyising
tenggelele=attenggelele=obj
paruodo
‘[We] tenggeleled her, [we] sang, did the tenggelele.’
(38) F: paruo-ndo-n
mu3pl
heiam
koithen
watcoconut
pes=atpeel=obj
di=kahalongcaus=two.point.spear
siep-un=kotip-3poss=loc
karenabecause
kahalongtwo.point.spear
siep-untip-3poss
kangsharp
‘Did [that], then they put a coconut peel on the two-pronged spear because the tip of the spearwas sharp.’
(39) F: kang=tendensharp=so
kahalong-namottwo.point.spear-block
watcoconut
pes=kinpeel=poss
namotblock
‘[It] was sharp, so [we] blocked the spear, blocked [it] with coconut peel.’
(40) F: watcoconut
pes=kinpeel=poss
namotblock
jadiso
mu3pl
heiam
tenggelele=attenggelele=obj
paruodo
‘Blocked [it], so they did tenggelele.’
(41) F: mu3pl
tonisay
tenggeleletenggelele
ookueksteal
kueksteal
‘They said [sang]: “Tenggelele o, steal, steal.”’
(42) F: metop
mu3pl
ep-kadokback-side
tonisay
kuewakuewa
ookueksteal
kueksteal
in1pl.ex
seiam
menggadist.lat
marmarwalk
‘They in the back said [sang]: “Kuewa o, steal, steal.” We walked from there.’
(43) K: karenabecause
ma3sg
kuek=tebasteal=pRog
‘Because he is stealing.’
(44) F: marmarwalk
marmar=iwalk=plnK
terusthen
seiam
menujutowards
bountil
BotakB.
mu3pl
kewe-un=kohouse-3poss=loc
metkodist.loc
mu3pl
doncloth
iriskap=atwhite=obj
parara-nextend.on.floor-n
‘[We] walked and walked until Botak’s family’s house. There they extended a white cloth onthe floor.’
(45) F: pinganplate
buoksarunoffering
neba=kin=atph=poss=obj
di=masaracaus=move.landwards
sadawak=bonmachete=com
sisir=boncomb=com
‘[They] brought the plate with the what’s-it’s offering landwards, with a machete and a comb.’
(46) F: sin=bonneedle=com
mingtun=bonpalm.oil=com
kapas=boncotton=com
pinganplate
ner-un=koin-3poss=loc
‘And a needle and palm oil and cotton on the plate.’
(47) F: koyetfinish
mu3pl
bogo
wolneleborcall.names
‘After that, they went calling names.’‘Calling names’ is a ritual whereby a village elder calls out the names of Kalamang ancestors, fam-ilies and places. Each name is responded to by the crowd with a loudly exclaimed ‘wolet!’.
28
(48) F: sontumperson
tua-tenold-at
opaana
metop
ma3sg
mat3sg.obj
tarimareceive
tarimareceive
adat=koadat=loc
‘That old person, he received her, received [her] in the tradition.’
(49) F: anggas=kodoor=loc
tarimareceive
wol=atancestor=obj
narekincount
‘Received [her] in the doorway, counted the ancestors.’
(50) F: wol=atancestor=obj
narekin=tacount=nfin
metop
turing=ahill=foc
borarafirst
‘Counted the ancestors, first the hills.’
(51) F: turing=athill=obj
bora-n=ifirst-n=plnK
narekin=icount=plnK
koyetfinish
margafamily
‘After first counting the hills, the families.’
(52) F: margafamily
koyetfinish
koithen
tara-murgrandparent-pl
‘After the families, the grandparents.’
(53) F: tara-murgrandparent-pl
koyetfinish
koithen
esmumuruncles
esunfather.3poss
emunmother.3poss
keluargafamily
koyetfinish
‘After the grandparents, the uncles, [the groom]’s father and mother, family, finished.’
(54) F: ma3sg
koithen
sisir=atcomb=obj
jie-nget-n
westal-un=athair-3poss=obj
sisircomb
‘Then he got the comb; combed her hair.’
(55) F: koyetfinish
koithen
di=bara-ncaus=descend-n
sin=atneedle=obj
jie-nget-n
‘Finished, then put it down and got the needle.’
(56) F: sin=atneedle=obj
timbang-un=koforehead-3poss=loc
kawarmabreak
‘[He] broke the needle at her forehead.’
(57) F: kawarma-n=ibreak-n=plnK
koyetfinish
paruak=ithrow.aside=plnK
seng-keit=koroof-top=loc
‘After breaking [he] threw it on the rooftop.’
(58) K: paruak=tethrow.aside=nfin
ma3sg
heiam
mamunleave
ma3sg
leng-unvillage-3poss
mamunleave
‘Broke it, she already forgot, she forgot her village.’
(59) F: nainlike
konenen-unremember-nmlz
leng-unvillage-3poss
‘Like the memory of her village…’
(60) K: saerakneg.exist‘Isn’t there [anymore].’
(61) F: orangperson
tua-unold-3poss
emunmother.3poss
esunfather.3poss
ma3sg
heiam
konawaruoforget
‘Her parents, her mother, her father, she already forgot.’
29
(62) F: metop
ma3sg
heiam
masuk=ienter=plnK
kewe-nekohouse-in
melelusit
in1pl.ex
seiam
tan-un=athand-3poss=obj
kinkinhold
‘She entered the house and sat, we shook hands.’
(63) F: mu3pl
seiam
tang-un=athand-3poss=obj
kinkinhold
seiam
sudakamoney.gift
kinkin=ihold=plnK
koyetfinish
‘They shook hands, after shaking hands with money gifts in them,’
(64) F: koithen
komanian?
di=masaracaus=move.landwards
salamat-un=atgood.wish.prayer-3poss=obj
paruodo
‘then [they] brought the komanian over and did the prayer for good wishes.’
(65) F: salamatgood.wish.prayer
metop
nainlike
doaprayer
supayaso.that
mier3du
sanang=ethappy=iRR
‘The good wish prayer is like a prayer so that they are happy.’
(66) F: mier3du
hidup-unlife-3poss
besgood
mu-mun3pl-pRoh
naras∼naras=infight∼distR=pRoh
‘[So that] their life is good; they don’t fight.’
(67) F: koyetfinish
mu3sg
koithen
ter=attea=obj
maraoukserve
muap=atfood=obj
maraoukserve
‘[When] finished, then they served tea, served food.’
(68) F: in1pl.ex
ter-na-n=itea-consume-n=plnK
koyetfinish
muap=ieat=plnK
koyetfinish
seiam
koyetfinish
‘After we drank tea and ate it was finished.’
2.5 Nutmeg and mace cultivation
The cultivation of nutmeg is an important part of income for the inhabitants of the Karas Islands. At theresearcher’s request, Kamarudin Gusek explains aspects of his choice of nutmeg cultivation in this text.7
The recording was made in the researcher’s office in the village building on 25 March 2017.
Free translation
‘Nutmeg: first, we weed a place. We weed a place to make a garden. We can plant things. We tie a fence,because in this Kalamang area there are many pigs. Then we make a garden. Cassava, banana, yellow taroor sweet potato we plant. Until we get all the food. Because we look for a location where we can plantnutmeg. Then we plant nutmeg. Fifty or one hundred seeds we plant. Normally we plant seeds like that.Or we already grow a seedling, a seed that has already grown. Normally, some die, some grow, so… Wealways keep watch; we weed… We keep watch, approximately we plant for four years, sometimes untilfive years. It already fruits! Up till six years, wow, this nutmeg has nice fruits. The first year we get twohundred, three hundred. It continues fruiting. The following year up till four hundred. The following yearagain already up till five hundred. Those small ones have grown. Then we go harvest. When they all carryfruit we harvest. We go harvest until ten thousand fruits. One season, ten thousand fruits. So if it’s closeto ten thousand, we make a drying rack. If we can dry on a drying rack, it’s better we do so. We get theflower, bring it home.’ (By flower is meant the aril: the red mace that sits around the nutmeg.) ‘We goharvest the fruit. We go and make a hook. Some climb up, some sit below splitting.’ (The brown nutmeg
7Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BF1-6@view.
30
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BF1-6@view
seed is surrounded by the red mace, which is in turn surrounded by a yellow fruit. This fruit is split openright after it is harvested. The mace is taken off later, at home.) ‘Split and split and split and split and split.We bring them back and then we sit taking off the arils. After taking off the arils, if the sun is hot, then weget the arils and dry them in the sun. We bring them to dry, those arils. We dry them and we dry the seedstoo. If we dry three or four times it’s already dry. You know, the flower dries quickly as long as the sun ishot. It dries well. Then the nutmeg too, if it’s good and ripe… As for the seeds, when they are dried well…There are nutmegs that shake and that don’t shake. There are nutmegs that knock and that don’t knock.’(Nutmegs that are loose in their shells fetch a higher price. You can hear this by shaking the nutmeg. Toloosen the nutmeg from the shell, people knock it on a hard surface.) ‘Those that shake have one price,those that don’t shake have another price. As for the flowers, the price is higher than that for the seeds.So if we can, we sell the flowers first. Because the flowers don’t last long. Then later, people sell the seeds.’
Glossed text
(1) sayangnutmeg
pertamafirst
tokyet
go=atplace=obj
masir=etweed=iRR
‘Nutmeg: first, weed a place.’
(2) go=atplace=obj
masir=teweed=nfin
untukfor
lahanland
amdirgarden
‘Weed a place to make a garden.’
(3) pi1pl-in
bisacan
don-koya-nthing-plant-n
‘We can plant things.’
(4) tal-kaniefence-tie
karenabecause
daeraarea
KalamangKalamang
wapRox
metop
peppig
reidakmany
‘[We] tie a fence, because in this Kalamang area there are many pigs.’
(5) terusthen
piwe
heiam
amdir=atgarden=obj
paruomake
‘Then we make a garden.’
(6) panggalacassava
yeor
atauor
imbanana
yeor
pasiemyellow.taro
terusthen
yap.seransweet.potato
pi1pl.in
heiam
koya-nplan-n
‘Cassava, banana, yellow taro or sweet potato we plant.’
(7) sampeuntil
mendak=ilike.that=plnK
mindilike.that
bo=teuntil=nfin
pi1pl.in
heiam
muapfood
metdist.obj
rep=iget=plnK
koyetfinish
‘Until we get all the food.’
(8) karenabecause
pi1pl.in
kome=telooke=nfin
lokasilocation
untukfor
bisacan
sayangnutmeg
‘Because we look for a location where [we] can [plant] nutmeg.’
(9) terusthen
pi1pl.in
sayang=atnutmeg=obj
koya-nplant-n
‘Then we plant nutmeg.’
(10) bibitseed
reitkonone.hundred
yeor
atauor
purapfifty
yeor
pi1pl.in
heiam
koyanplant
31
‘Fifty or one hundred seeds we plant.’
(11) biasanormally
mindilike.that
metop
tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj
koya-nplant-n
‘Normally [we] plant seeds like that.’
(12) atauor
pi1pl.in
heiam
nabeiding=tengrow.seedling=ten
ma3sg
heiam
koskos=tengrow=ten
‘Or we already grow a seedling, it has already grown.’
(13) ikonsome
biasanormally
lalatdie
ikonsome
ma3sg
heiam
kosgrow
jadiso
‘Normally, some die, some grow, so…’
(14) selalualways
pi1pl.in
jagakeep.watch
masirweed
‘We always keep watch; [we] weed…’
(15) jagakeep.watch
kirakiraapproximately
pi1pl.in
koya-n=iplant-n=plnK
menjalangtowards
tanggon-kansuoryear-four
kadansometimes
sampeuntil
tanggon-apyear-five‘[We] keep watch, approximately we plant for four years, sometimes until five years.’
(16) ma3sg
heiam
tepfruit
oemph
‘It already fruits!’
(17) sampeuntil
tanggon-ramanyear-six
uhint
sayangnutmeg
wapRox
metop
tep-unfruit-3poss
seiam
rasalike
‘Up till six years, wow, this nutmeg has nice fruits.’
(18) tanggonyear
pertamafirst
pi1pl.in
rep=teget=nfin
reit-eir=ethundred-two=iRR
reit-karuok=ethundred-three=iRR
‘The first year we get two hundred, three hundred.’
(19) ma3sg
heiam
tep=ifruit=plnK
parewarefollow.duR
tep=ifruit=plnK
parewarefollow.duR
‘It continues fruiting.’
(20) tanggonyear
berikutfollow
lagiagain
sampeuntil
reit-kansuor=ethundred-four=iRR
‘The following year up till four hundred.’
(21) tanggonyear
berikutfollow
lagiagain
metop
heiam
koithen
sampeuntil
reit-ap=ethundred-five=iRR
‘The following year again already up till five hundred.’
(22) kinkin-unsmall-3poss
opaana
sara=teascend=nfin
‘Those small ones have grown.’
(23) pi1pl.in
heiam
koithen
saraascend
32
‘Then we go harvest.’
(24) tep-un=bon=ifruit-3poss=com=plnK
koyetfinish
pi1pl.in
heiam
koser=etharvest.fruit=iRR
metop
‘[When they] all carry fruit we harvest.’
(25) pi1pl.in
bogo
rep=etharvest=iRR
metop
sampeuntil
salakten.thousand
‘We go harvest until ten thousand.’
(26) musimseason
kon-ione-qnt.obj
metop
salak-kon=etten.thousand-one=iRR
‘One season, ten thousand.’
(27) jadiso
kaloif
ma3sg
heiam
bogo
salak=etten.thousand=iRR
‘So if it’s close to ten thousand,’
(28) pi1pl.in
heiam
karuar=atdrying.rack=obj
paruo-nmake-n
‘we make a drying rack.’
(29) metop
bisacan
pi1pl.in
karuar=etdry=iRR
lebaibetter
pi1pl.ex
karuar=teba=etdry=pRog=iRR
‘If we can dry on a drying rack, it’s better we do so.’
(30) bunga-un=aflower-3poss=foc
jie-nget-n
kurubring
miacome
kewe=kohouse=loc
‘[We] get the flower, bring it home.’By flower is meant the aril: the red mace that sits around the nutmeg.
(31) pi1pl
heiam
bogo
koserharvest.fruit
‘We go harvest the fruit.’
(32) pi1pl.in
bogo
ser=athook=obj
paruo=temake=nfin
‘We go and make a hook.’
(33) ikonsome
saranascend-n
ikonsome
elak=kobottom=loc
melelusit
parairsplit
‘Some climb up, some sit below splitting.’The brown nutmeg seed is surrounded by the red mace, which is in turn surrounded by a yellowfruit. This fruit is split open right after it is harvested. The mace is taken off later, at home.
(34) parairsplit
parairsplit
parairsplit
parairsplit
parairsplit
‘Split and split and split and split and split.’
(35) kurubring
ecie-nreturn-n
pi1pl.in
heiam
koithen
kosarun=ataril=obj
jie-nget-n
melelusit
‘[We] bring it back and then we sit taking [of] the arils.’
33
(36) kosarun=ataril=obj
jie-nget-n
jie-nget-n
jie-nget-n
jie-nget-n
koyetfinish
‘After taking off the arils.’
(37) yuonsun
lalanghot
pi1pl.in
heiam
koiagain
kosarunaril
jie=taget=nfin
yuon-keit=kosun-top=loc
masa-ndry-n
‘[If] the sun is hot, then we get the arils and dry them in the sun.’
(38) deir=ibrin=plnK
masa-t=etdry-t=iRR
kosarunaril
opaana
metop
‘Bring to dry, those arils.’
(39) masa-ndry-n
tang-un-nanseed-3poss-too
masa-ndry-n
‘Dry, dry its seeds too.’
(40) pi1pl.in
masa=tedry=nfin
wan-karuoktime-three
yeor
wan-kansuortime-four
masa-t=etdry-t=iRR
ma3sg
heiam
kararakdry
‘If we dry three or four times it’s already dry.’
(41) kanyou.know
bunga-unflower-3poss
metop
cepatquick
asalas.long.as
yuonsun
lalang=ethot=iRR
‘You know, the flower is quick as long as the sun is hot.’
(42) ma3sg
heiam
kararakdry
besgood
‘It dries well.’
(43) terusthen
sayang-nannutmeg-too
ma3sg
sawaunold
bes=ten=etgood=ten=iRR
metop
‘Then the nutmeg too, if it’s good and ripe…’
(44) tang-unseed-3poss
metop
ma3sg
heiam
kararak=tedry=nfin
besgood
‘As for the seeds, [when] it’s dried well…’
(45) goyang-tenshake-at
terusthen
goyang=nin-tenshake=neg-at
‘[There are nutmegs] that shake and that don’t shake.’
(46) katok-tenknock-at
terusthen
katok=nin-tenknock=neg-at
‘[There are nutmegs] that knock and that don’t knock.’Nutmegs that are loose in their shells fetch a higher price. You can hear this by shaking the nutmeg.To loosen the nutmeg from the shell, people knock it on a hard surface.
(47) goyang-tenshake-at
harga-unprice-3poss
sonturexample
konone
goyang=nin-tenshake=neg-at
harga-unprice-3poss
sonturexample
konone
‘Those that shake have one price, those that don’t shake have one price.’
(48) bunga-unflower-3poss
metop
harga-unprice-3poss
main3sg.poss
metop
tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj
lebeexceed
‘As for its flowers, its price is higher than [that for] its seeds.’
34
(49) jadiso
kaloif
bisacan
pi1pl.in
tokyet
bora-n=ifirst-n=plnK
bunga-un=atflower=obj
pareinsell
‘So if [we] can, we sell the flowers first.’
(50) karenabecause
bunga-unflower-3poss
ma3sg
tahan=ilast=plnK
tik=ninlong=neg
‘Because its flowers don’t last long.’
(51) menalater
koithen
sontumpeople
tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj
parein=etsell=iRR
‘Then later, people sell its seeds.’
ReferencesAnceaux, Johannes Cornelis. 1958. Languages of the Bomberai Peninsula: Outline of a linguistic map.
Nieuw-Guinea Studiën 2. 109–121.Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2015.The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for
interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute forEvolutionary Anthropology and the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Rules.
Cowan, H. 1953. Voorlopige resultaten van een ambtelijk taalonderzoek in Nieuw-Guinea. ’s-Gravenhage:Martinus Nijhoff.
Cowan, H. 1960. Nadere gegevens betreffende de verbreiding der West Papoease taalgroep (Vogelkop,Nieuw-Guinea). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 116(3). 350–364.
Smits, Leo & CL Voorhoeve. 1998. The J.C. Anceaux collection of wordlists of Irian Jaya languages B: Non-Austronesian (Papuan) languages. Part II. Irian Jaya Source Material (10).
Visser, Eline. 2020a. A grammar of Kalamang: The Papuan language of the Karas Islands. Lund Universitydissertation. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overview.
Visser, Eline. 2020b. Kalamang dictionary. Dictionaria 13. 1–2737. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474. https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/kalamang.
Visser, Eline. 2020c.TheKalamang collection: An archive of linguistic and cultural material from Karas. Lund:Lund University Humanities Lab. http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view.
Voorhoeve, C. L. 1975. Central and Western Trans-New Guinea phylum languages. In Stephen A. Wurm(ed.), New Guinea area languages and language study volume 1: Papuan languages and the New Guinealinguistic scene, vol. 38 (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 38), 345–460. Canberra: Research School of Pacific& Asian Studies, Australian National University.
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https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Ruleshttps://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Ruleshttps://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overviewhttps://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overviewhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/kalamanghttp://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@viewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view
ContentsIntroductionTextsExchanging tobaccoKitchen conversationMonkey and cuscusThe tenggelele ritualNutmeg and mace cultivation
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