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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 1
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY2011 Edition
Table AStandard Temperature and Pressure
Table BPhysical Constants for Water
Table CSelected Prefixes
Table DSelected Units
Name Value UnitStandard Pressure 101.3 kPa kilopascal
1 atm atmosphere
Standard Temperature 273 K kelvin0C degree Celsius
Heat of Fusion 334 J/g
Heat of Vaporization 2260 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O() 4.18 J/gK
Factor Prefix Symbol
103 kilo- k
101 deci- d
102 centi- c
103 milli- m
106 micro-
109 nano- n
1012 pico- p
Symbol Name Quantity m meter length
g gram mass
Pa pascal pressure
K kelvin temperature
mol mole amount ofsubstance
J joule energy, work,quantity of heat
s second time
min minute time
h hour time
d day time
y year time
L liter volume
ppm parts per million concentration
M molarity solutionconcentration
u atomic mass unit atomic mass
C
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Ions That FormSoluble Compounds Exceptions
Group 1 ions(Li+, Na+, etc.)
ammonium (NH4+)
nitrate (NO3)
acetate (C2H3O2 or
CH3COO)
hydrogen carbonate(HCO3)
chlorate (ClO3)
halides (Cl, Br, I) when combined withAg+, Pb2+, or Hg2
2+
sulfates (SO42) when combined with Ag+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+
Ions That FormInsoluble Compounds* Exceptions
carbonate (CO32) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
chromate (CrO42) when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, orammonium (NH4
+)
phosphate (PO43) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
sulfide (S2
) when combined with Group 1ions or ammonium (NH4+)
hydroxide (OH) when combined with Group 1ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, orammonium (NH4
+)
*compounds having very low solubility in H2O
Formula Name Formula Name
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 2
Table FSolubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions
Table ESelected Polyatomic Ions
H3O+ hydronium
Hg22+ mercury(I)
NH4+ ammonium
C2H3O2
acetateCH3COO
}CN cyanide
CO32 carbonate
HCO3 hydrogen
carbonate
C2O42 oxalate
ClO
hypochloriteClO2
chlorite
ClO3 chlorate
ClO4 perchlorate
CrO42 chromate
Cr2O72 dichromate
MnO4 permanganate
NO2 nitrite
NO3 nitrate
O22 peroxide
OH hydroxide
PO43 phosphate
SCN thiocyanate
SO32
sulfiteSO4
2 sulfate
HSO4 hydrogen sulfate
S2O32 thiosulfate
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 3
0 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
Temperature(C)
Solubility(gsolute/100.gH2
O)
150.
140.
130.
120.
110.
100.
90.
80.
70.
60.
50.
40.
30.
20.
10.
0
KI NaNO3
KNO3
NH4Cl
HCl
KCl
NaCl
KClO3
NH3
SO2
Table GSolubility Curves at Standard Pressure
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 4
Table HVapor Pressure of Four Liquids
0 25 50. 75 100. 125
200.
150.
100.
50.
0
Vapo
rPressure(kPa)
101.3 kPa
propanone
ethanol
water
ethanoicacid
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Li
Rb
KCs
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Ti
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Ag
Au
F2
Cl2
Br2I2
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 5
Table IHeats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K
Table JActivity Series**
Reaction H (kJ)*
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O() 890.4
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O() 2219.2
2C8H18(
) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O() 10943
2CH3OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O() 1452
C2H5OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O() 1367
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O() 2804
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) 566.0
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) 393.5
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) 3351
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) +182.6
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) +66.4
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) 483.6
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() 571.6
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 91.8
2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6(g) 84.0
2C(s) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g) +52.4
2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) +227.4
H2
(g) + I2
(g) 2HI(g) +53.0
KNO3(s)H2O K+(aq) + NO3
(aq) +34.89
NaOH(s)H2O Na+(aq) + OH(aq) 44.51
NH4Cl(s)H2O NH4
+(aq) + Cl(aq) +14.78
NH4NO3(s)H2O NH4
+(aq) + NO3(aq) +25.69
NaCl(s)H2O Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) +3.88
LiBr(s)H2O Li+(aq) + Br(aq) 48.83
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O() 55.8
*The Hvalues are based on molar quantities represented in the equations.A minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
Metals Nonmetals MostActive
MostActive
LeastActive
LeastActive
**Activity Series is based on the hydrogenstandard. H
2
isnot a metal.
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 6
Table KCommon Acids
Table LCommon Bases
Table NSelected Radioisotopes
Table MCommon AcidBase Indicators
Formula Name
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HNO2(aq) nitrous acid
HNO3(aq) nitric acidH2SO3(aq) sulfurous acid
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
H3PO4(aq) phosphoric acid
H2CO3(aq)or carbonic acid
CO2(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) ethanoic acidor
HC2H3O2(aq)
(acetic acid)
Formula Name
NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide
KOH(aq) potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2(aq) calcium hydroxide
NH3(aq) aqueous ammonia
ApproximateIndicator pH Range Color
for Color ChangeChange
methyl orange 3.14.4 red to yellow bromthymol blue 6.07.6 yellow to blue
phenolphthalein 89 colorless to pink
litmus 4.58.3 red to blue
bromcresol green 3.85.4 yellow to blue
thymol blue 8.09.6 yellow to blue
Nuclide Half-Life Decay NuclideMode Name
198Au 2.695 d gold-198
14C 5715 y carbon-14
37Ca 182 ms + calcium-37
60Co 5.271 y cobalt-60
137Cs 30.2 y cesium-137
53Fe 8.51 min + iron-53
220Fr 27.4 s francium-220
3H 12.31 y hydrogen-3
131I 8.021 d iodine-131
37
K 1.23 s +
potassium-3742K 12.36 h potassium-42
85Kr 10.73 y krypton-85
16N 7.13 s nitrogen-16
19Ne 17.22 s + neon-19
32P 14.28 d phosphorus-32
239Pu 2.410 104y plutonium-239
226Ra 1599 y radium-226
222Rn 3.823 d radon-22290Sr 29.1 y strontium-90
99Tc 2.13 105y technetium-99
232Th 1.40 1010y thorium-232
233U 1.592 105y uranium-233
235U 7.04 108y uranium-235
238U 4.47 109y uranium-238
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,91st ed., 20102011,
CRC Press
Source: The Merck Index, 14th ed., 2006, Merck Publishing Group
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Name General Examples
Formula Name Structural Formula
alkanes CnH2n+2 ethane
alkenes CnH2n ethene
alkynes CnH2n2 ethyne
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 7
Table OSymbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Table POrganic Prefixes
Table QHomologous Series of Hydrocarbons
Name Notation Symbol
alpha particle 42He or42
beta particle 01e or0
1
gamma radiation 00
neutron 10n n
proton 11H or11p p
positron 0+1e or0
+1 +
Prefix Number ofCarbon Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10
H
H H
H
H H
C C
C C HH
H
C C
HH
H
Note:n = number of carbon atoms
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 8
O
R C H
OR C O R
O
CH3CCH2CH2CH32-pentanone
O
R C R
O
C H
Table ROrganic Functional Groups
Class ofCompound
FunctionalGroup
GeneralFormula Example
halide
(halocarbon)
alcohol
ether
aldehyde
F (fluoro-)Cl (chloro-)
Br (bromo-)I (iodo-)
OH
R X(Xrepresents
any halogen)
R OH
R O R
CH3CHClCH32-chloropropane
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
CH3OCH2CH3methyl ethyl ether
amide
O
O
C OH
OC O
O
C NH
N
O
C
O
CH3CH2C H
propanal
O R
R C NH
R
R N R
O
R C OH
ketone
organic acid
ester
amine
O
CH3CH2C OH
propanoic acid
O
CH3CH2COCH3methyl propanoate
CH3CH2CH2NH21-propanamine
O
CH3CH2C NH2
propanamideNote:R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 10
TableS
PropertiesofSelectedElemen
ts
First
Atomic
Symbol
Name
Ioniza
tion
Electro-
Melting
Boiling*
Density**
Ato
mic
Number
Energy
negativity
Point
Point
(g/cm3)
Radius
(kJ/m
ol)
(K)
(K)
(pm)
1
H
hydrogen
131
2
2.2
14
20.
0.000082
3
2
2
He
helium
237
2
4
0.000164
3
7
3
Li
lithium
52
0.
1.0
454
1615
0.534
13
0.
4
Be
beryllium
90
0.
1.6
1560.
2744
1.85
9
9
5
B
boron
80
1
2.0
2348
4273
2.34
8
4
6
C
carbon
108
6
2.6
.
7
5
7
N
nitrogen
140
2
3.0
63
77
0.001145
7
1
8
O
oxygen
131
4
3.4
54
90.
0.001308
6
4
9
F
fluorine
168
1
4.0
53
85
0.001553
6
0.
10
Ne
neon
208
1
24
27
0.000825
6
2
11
Na
sodium
49
6
0.9
371
1156
0.97
16
0.
12
Mg
magnesium
73
8
1.3
923
1363
1.74
14
0.
13
Al
aluminum
57
8
1.6
933
2792
2.70
12
4
14
Si
silicon
78
7
1.9
1687
3538
2.3296
11
4
15
P
phosphorus(white)101
2
2.2
317
554
1.823
10
9
16
S
sulfur(monoclinic)100
0.
2.6
388
718
2.00
10
4
17
Cl
chlorine
125
1
3.2
172
239
0.002898
10
0.
18
Ar
argon
152
1
84
87
0.001633
10
1
19
K
potassium
41
9
0.8
337
1032
0.89
20
0.
20
Ca
calcium
59
0.
1.0
1115
1757
1.54
17
4
21
Sc
scandium
63
3
1.4
1814
3109
2.99
15
9
22
Ti
titanium
65
9
1.5
1941
3560.
4.506
14
8
23
V
vanadium
65
1
1.6
2183
3680.
6.0
14
4
24
Cr
chromium
65
3
1.7
2180.
2944
7.15
13
0.
25
Mn
manganese
71
7
1.6
1519
2334
7.3
12
9
26
Fe
iron
76
2
1.8
1811
3134
7.87
12
4
27
Co
cobalt
76
0.
1.9
1768
3200.
8.86
11
8
28
Ni
nickel
73
7
1.9
1728
3186
8.90
11
7
29
Cu
copper
74
5
1.9
1358
2835
8.96
12
2
30
Zn
zinc
90
6
1.7
693
1180.
7.134
12
0.
31
Ga
gallium
57
9
1.8
303
2477
5.91
12
3
32
Ge
germanium
76
2
2.0
1211
3106
5.3234
12
0.
33
As
arsenic(gray)
94
4
2.2
1090.
5.75
12
0.
34
Se
selenium(gray)
94
1
2.6
494
958
4.809
11
8
35
Br
bromine
114
0.
3.0
266
332
3.1028
11
7
36
Kr
krypton
135
1
116
120.
0.003425
11
6
37
Rb
rubidium
40
3
0.8
312
961
1.53
21
5
38
Sr
strontium
54
9
1.0
1050.
1655
2.64
19
0.
39
Y
yttrium
60
0.
1.2
1795
3618
4.47
17
6
4 0
Z
i
i
6 4
0
1 3
2 1 2 8
4 6 8 2
6 5 2
1 6
4
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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry 2011 Edition 11
First
Atomic
Symbol
Name
Ioniza
tion
Electro-
Melting
Boiling*
Density**
Ato
mic
Number
Energy
negativity
Point
Point
(g/cm
3)
Radius
(kJ/m
ol)
(K)
(K)
(pm)
41
Nb
niobium
65
2
1.6
2750.
5017
8.57
15
6
42
Mo
molybdenum
68
4
2.2
2896
4912
10.2
14
6
43
Tc
technetium
70
2
2.1
2430.
4538
11
13
8
44
Ru
ruthenium
71
0.
2.2
2606
4423
12.1
13
6
45
Rh
rhodium
72
0.
2.3
2237
3968
12.4
13
4
46
Pd
palladium
80
4
2.2
1828
3236
12.0
13
0.
47
Ag
silver
73
1
1.9
1235
2435
10.5
13
6
48
Cd
cadmium
86
8
1.7
594
1040.
8.69
14
0.
49
In
indium
55
8
1.8
430.
2345
7.31
14
2
50
Sn
tin(white)
70
9
2.0
505
2875
7.287
14
0.
51
Sb
antimony(gray)
83
1
2.1
904
1860.
6.68
14
0.
52
Te
tellurium
86
9
2.1
723
1261
6.232
13
7
53
I
iodine
100
8
2.7
387
457
4.933
13
6
54
Xe
xenon
117
0.
2.6
161
165
0.005366
13
6
55
Cs
cesium
37
6
0.8
302
944
1.873
23
8
56
Ba
barium
50
3
0.9
1000.
2170.
3.62
20
6
57
La
lanthanum
53
8
1.1
1193
3737
6.15
19
4
Elements5871havebeenomitted.
72
Hf
hafnium
65
9
1.3
2506
4876
13.3
16
4
73
Ta
tantalum
72
8
1.5
3290.
5731
16.4
15
8
74
W
tungsten
75
9
1.7
3695
5828
19.3
15
0.
75
Re
rhenium
75
6
1.9
3458
5869
20.8
14
1
76
Os
osmium
81
4
2.2
3306
5285
22.587
13
6
77
Ir
iridium
86
5
2.2
2719
4701
22.562
13
2
78
Pt
platinum
86
4
2.2
2041
4098
21.5
13
0.
79
Au
gold
89
0.
2.4
1337
3129
19.3
13
0.
80
Hg
mercury
100
7
1.9
234
630.
13.5336
13
2
81
Tl
thallium
58
9
1.8
577
1746
11.8
14
4
82
Pb
lead
71
6
1.8
600.
2022
11.3
14
5
83
Bi
bismuth
70
3
1.9
544
1837
9.79
15
0.
84
Po
polonium
81
2
2.0
527
1235
9.20
14
2
85
At
astatine
2.2
575
14
8
86
Rn
radon
103
7
202
211
0.009074
14
6
87
Fr
francium
39
3
0.7
300.
24
2
88
Ra
radium
50
9
0.9
969
5
21
1
89
Ac
actinium
49
9
1.1
1323
3471
10.
20
1
Elements
90andabovehavebeenomitte
d.
*
boilingpointatstandardpressure
**
densityofsolidsandliquidsatroomtemperatur
eanddensityofgasesat298Kand1
01.3kPa
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R f T bl f Ph i l S tti /Ch i t 2011 Editi 12
Table TImportant Formulas and Equations
DET 609 ADU
d = densityDensity d = m = mass
V= volume
Mole Calculations number of moles =
Percent Error % error = 100
Percent Composition % composition by mass = 100
parts per million = 1000000
Concentration
molarity =
P = pressureCombined Gas Law = V= volume
T= temperature
MA = molarity of H+ MB = molarity of OH
Titration MAVA= MBVB VA = volume of acid VB = volume of base
q =mCT q = heat Hf = heat of fusion
Heat q =mHf m = mass Hv = heat of vaporization
q =mHv C = specific heat capacity
T = change in temperature
Temperature K = C + 273 K = kelvin
C = degree Celsius
P2V2T2
P1V1T1
moles of solute
liter of solution
mass of solutemass of solution
mass of part
mass of whole
measured value accepted value
accepted value
given massgram-formula mass
mV
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