NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
In ThhawhprHyco Mathchpla Eababaca Thbabarefo So
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Thelepu
Hi NiteWanhybe
ng
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| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ntroductio
he number of poras grown tremenhich battery to brovide a better unydride (NiMH) baonsumer.
any battery appliat require large a
haracteristics of Nayers.
arly AA NiCd rechatteries. Howeveratteries at low drameras).
he true advantagatteries can be reatteries in total sechargeable NiMHund in the home
ome of the advan
• Energy dfor the b
• Eliminatconcerns
• Simplifiedesign s
• Greater -20°C.
ypical Applicati
he nickel-metal hectronic productsurchase decision.
istory of NiMH
ckel-metal hydridchnology with thhile this substitu
nd volume and elydride battery is etween the two b
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rtable battery opdously. Consumeuy for these devnderstanding of atteries, their use
ications are well amounts of enerNiMH batteries. E
hargeable batterir, the latest AA Nrain rates and can
ge of NiMH batterecharged hundreervice over their H batteries a coste or office.
ntages of the nic
density which cabattery.
ion of the constrs over cadmium
ed incorporation similarities betwe
service advantag
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hydride battery iss where battery p.
Batteries
de batteries are he substitution oftion increases thliminates the cadquite similar to tbattery types. (T
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perated electronicers can be confu
vices. This handbrechargeable Nice, and advantage
suited to be powrgy and are usedExamples of thes
es provided apprNiMH batteries prn surpass alkalin
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kel-metal hydrid
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into products cueen the two chem
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s currently findingperformance par
essentially an exf a hydrogen-abshe battery’s electdmium which raisthe nickel-cadmiuTable 1) compare
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c devices used as to book will ckel Metal es for the
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nto either long r
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xtension of the psorbing negative trical capacity (mses toxicity conceum product. Manes key design fea
l citation to authori
echargeable battwell matched to tinclude digital ca
of the capacity oately 75% of then high drain app
e (reuse after chathem to be equiv
s limited to 5 yeany frequently use
run times or redu
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kel cadmium bat
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roven sealed nicelectrode for the
measured in ampeerns, the remainny application paatures between b
Nickel Versio
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teries. In generathe performanceameras, GPS uni
of alkaline non-ree capacity of alkaplications (i.e. dig
arging). Typicallyvalent to hundre
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uction in the spac
sal imposed beca
tteries because o
erature extremes
e high-end portaa major considera
ckel-cadmium bate cadmium-baseere-hours) for a
nder of the nickelrameters are littbattery chemistri
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 1 of 15
al, devices e its, and MP3
echargeable aline AA gital
y NiMH eds of alkaline can make ted devices
ce necessary
use of
of the many
s operating at
able ation in the
ttery d electrode. given weight l-metal le changed ies.
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
Ta Ge
B Thnicenennic
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
Typical ApplFeature
Rated Volt
Discharge Ca
Recharge Ca
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Self Discharg
Low TempePerforma
Battery We
Environmenta
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eneral Charact
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Charging 0° CDischarging 0
escriptionhydride battery chattery with the enncepts. This heries while retainingattery design.
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NiMH vs. Lithi
1.25V vs
MH will not last aslithium (sing
everal hundred cN/A for lithiu
Both relatively f
MH retains 50-80ithium retains 80
Lithium better
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Recycling optiofor NiMH an
AA-AAA Nickel-M
ed hundreds of tcharges. city than nickel-cs 2 to 5 years. range of temperC to 50° C 0° C to 50° C
hemistry is a hybnergy storage featage in a positiveg the well-charac
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ocument as a legal
um Primary
s. 1.5V
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Ni
1
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rimary Lithium a
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Nickel Versio
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iMH vs. Alkaline
1.25V vs. 1.5V
onger in high dran devices than a
undred cycles forfor alkaline prima
H is flat vs. slopefor alkaline
ins 50-80% @ 6 retains 80% @ 7
better than alka
lkaline is lighter
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nd Alkaline
ode chemistry of for advanced hyn batteries providesign features of
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 2 of 15
ain, less in alkaline
r NiMH, ary
ed
months 7 years
line
able aline
f the sealed ydrogen ding f the sealed
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
A Cl
(F El Thdis ChAteleind Al Atnic Ni DiAtco Al At Ni
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
cutaway (Fig. 1)ick here for large
ig. 1) Typical NiM
ectrochemistry
he electrochemistscharge reaction
harge t the negative eleectrolyte is decomdicated below.
loy + H2O + e`‹
t the positive elecckel-cadmium co
(OH)2 + OH`‹› N
ischarge t the negative eleontributing an ele
loy (H) + OH`‹›
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OOH + H2O + e
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of a typical cyliner view
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y:
try of the nickel-s:
ectrode, in the prmposed into hyd
› Alloy (H) + OH
ctrode, the chargouple.
NiOOH + H2O + e
ectrode, the hydrectron to the circ
Alloy + H2O + e
ctrode, nickel oxy
`‹› Ni(OH)2 + OH
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ndrical NiMH batt
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resence of the aldrogen atoms, wh
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ocument as a legal
tery is illustrated
attery is generall
lloy and with an hich are absorbe
sed on the oxida
ed and combines
duced to its lowe
l citation to authori
d in the following
ly represented by
electrical potented into the alloy,
ation of nickel hy
with a hydroxyl
er valence state,
Nickel Versio
ity.
g diagram:
y the following c
tial applied, the wand hydroxyl ion
ydroxide just as it
ion to form wate
nickel hydroxide
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 3 of 15
charge and
water in the ns as
t is in the
er while also
e.
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
Ne Thstoto vopescallcade
(F Po ThThgo Thlimpodifha
(F
ng
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| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
egative Electro
he basic concept orage of hydrogeform hydrides th
olume. By carefulermit the absorpthematically in (Floy crystal structadmium electrodeensities that are
ig. 2) Schematic
ositive Electrod
he nickel-metal hhese electrodes aood capacity. The
he balance betwemited as illustrateositive. The positffuses to the negandling low to mo
ig. 3) Relative El
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of the nickel-meen for use as an hat could capturel selection of thetion and release Fig. 2) where theure. The metal he in a nickel-cadm>20 percent high
of Metal-Alloy S
de
hydride positive eare economical ae present standa
een the positive aed in (Fig. 3). Thtive will reach fulgative electrode woderate overchar
lectrode Balances
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etal hydride battealternative energe (and release) h
e alloy constituenprocess to proce
e much smaller hyhydride electrodemium couple. As her than the equ
Structure Within N
electrode design nd rugged exhibrd NiMH positive
and negative eleis means that thl capacity first aswhere it is recomrge currents.
s During Dischar
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ocument as a legal
ery negative elecgy source in the hydrogen in volunts and proportioeed at room tempydrogen atom is
e has a theoreticas a result, nickel-uivalent nickel-ca
NiMH Negative E
draws heavily onbiting excellent he electrode is pas
ectrodes is adjusthe negative electrs the battery is c
mbined. This oxyg
rge/Charge/Over
l citation to authori
ctrode emanated1970s. Certain m
umes up to nearlyons, the thermodperatures. The g
s shown absorbedal capacity >40 pmetal hydride ba
admium battery.
Electrode
n experience witigh-rate performsted and includes
ted so that the brode possesses acharged. It then wgen recombinatio
rcharge
Nickel Versio
ity.
d from research ometallic alloys wey a thousand timynamics could be
general result is sd into the interstpercent higher thatteries provide e
h nickel-cadmiummance, long cycle
s a Ni-foam carri
battery is always a greater capacitwill generate oxyon cycle is an eff
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 4 of 15
on the ere observed
mes their own e balanced to shown tices of an han the energy
m electrodes. life, and ier.
positive-ty than the ygen gas that ficient way of
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
El Thhy Se Thall Ba Thuspoins Niinsteelerethunof posareon
(F
D Theledis De Thspof thin ca
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ectrolyte
he electrolyte useydroxide containi
eparator
he baseline matelowing efficient io
attery Construc
he nickel-metal hsed by cylindricalositive and negatserted into a met
ckel-metal hydridsulated from eacrminal. Finished ectrical isolation sealable safety ve oxygen recomb
nder normal operextended overch
ossible that oxygeafety vent will oplieved. The expu
nce outside the c
ig. 4) Picture of
Dischargin
he discharge behectronic productsscharge.
efinitions of Ca
he principal battepecified equipmen
a design; batteroroughly undersrating conditions
apacity obtained
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onal purposes only.res or performance
ed in the nickel-mng other minor c
erial for the separonic diffusion. Ty
ction
hydride couple le nickel-cadmiumtive electrodes intallic can that is
de batteries are ch other. The casbattery designs between cells in
vent built into thebination cycle derating conditionsharge or incompen, and hydrogeen to reduce the
ulsion of gas thrucan.
Resealable Vent
g Charact
havior of the nicks - especially tho
apacity
ery parameter of nt use profile. Wry screening and tand the conditios on projected pefrom a new, but
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metal hydride baconstituents to e
rator, which provypically this is a n
nds itself to the wm, LI ion and primnsulated by separsealed after inje
typically sealed dse serves, as the may use a plasti typical battery ae top, as shown escribed earlier is, thus maintaininatible battery/ch
en, will be generae pressure and pru the resealable v
Mechanism
teristics
kel-metal hydrideose requiring a st
interest to a proWhile establishing
initial design areons under which erformance. Thethoroughly cond
r.com
ocument as a legal
attery is alkaline, nhance battery p
vides electrical isnon-woven polyo
wound constructmary lithium batterators. The sandw
ection of electroly
designs with mete negative terminic insulating wrapapplications. Nickin (Fig. 4). The ns capable of recong pressure equiharger combinatioated faster than revent battery ruvent can carry el
e battery is genertable voltage for
oduct designer isactual run times
e often performea battery rating
e standard batterditioned battery s
l citation to authori
a 20% to 40% wperformance.
solation betweenolefin.
tion shown in (Fieries. The basic wiched electrodeyte.
tallic cases and tnal for the batterypper shrunk overkel-metal hydridenickel-metal hydrombining gases flibrium within thons for the operait can be recombupture. The vent ectrolyte, which
rally well suited textended period
s usually the run s in the product ed using rated cais established an
ry rating, often asubjected to a co
Nickel Versio
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weight % solutio
the electrodes w
ig. 1), which is scomponents cones are wound tog
tops that are elecy while the top isr the case to proe batteries contaride battery is deformed during ove battery. Howevating environmenbined. In such careseals once themay form crysta
to the needs of tds of operations,
time available uis vital prior to fi
apacities. Designend the impact of
abbreviated as C,onstant-current d
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 5 of 15
on of alkaline
while still
imilar to that nsist of the gether and
ctrically s the positive
ovide ain a esigned so vercharge ver, in cases nt, it is ases the e pressure is als or rust
today’s or high rate
nder a nal adoption ers should f differences , is the discharge at
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
rocanoall Maof In Nianpeth Thdiswoinc
(F Vo Thcocu Sh A ini
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
om temperature apacity ratings deormally determinlowed to reach fu
any charge and dvarying battery
nternal Resista
MH batteries havnd large surface aerformance. The e battery IR will
he graph below (scharge with a 1ould typically be creased as you c
ig. 5) Calculated
oltage During D
he discharge voltonditions, notablyurve retains the f
hape of Discha
typical dischargeitial drop from an
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3 (USA-CAN) |
onal purposes only.res or performance
after being optimepend on the disced at a dischargeull capacity.
discharge paramsizes and capaci
nce
ve a relatively lowarea of the electIR of fresh, fullystay relatively co
(Fig. 5) shows th0 mA pulse everseen in a lower
cycle the battery
IR
Discharge
tage profile, in ady discharge tempflat plateau desira
rge Curve
e profile for a batn open-circuit vo
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mally charged. Scharge rate usede rate that fully d
eters are normaties is often iden
w internal resistarodes. The low b
y charged NiMH bonstant until nea
e calculated IR (ry 6 minutes. Theoperating voltagbased on age an
ddition to the traperature and discable for electron
ttery discharged oltage of approxim
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ocument as a legal
Since battery capd. For nickel-metdepletes the batt
lized by the C rantical when comp
ance (IR) due to battery IR allowsbatteries is typicaar end of life whe
(change in voltage IR of NiMH batge as well as a hind use.
ansient effects dicharge rate. Howics applications.
at the 5-hour ramately 1.4 volts
l citation to authori
pacity varies invetal hydride battertery in five hours
te since battery pared on the C b
the wound conss NiMH batteries ally less than 50 ere it will rise sha
ge ÷ change in ctteries will increagher voltage dur
scussed above, iwever, under mos
ate (the 0.2C rateto the 1.2 volt p
Nickel Versio
ity.
rsely with the disries, the rated cas. Up to five cycl
performance witbasis.
struction, enhancto have excellenmilliohms. Durin
arply.
current) during aase with age and ring charge. IR is
is affected by enst conditions the
e) is shown in (Flateau occurs rap
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 6 of 15
scharge rate, apacity is es are
thin a family
ced contacts nt high rate ng discharge,
750 mA use. This
s also
nvironmental e voltage
Fig. 6). The pidly.
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
(F Simthof pr En Thtenolowpr
(F Ththlar
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ig. 6) Typical Dis
milar to lithium Ae discharge whethe curve, the m
rovides a useful a
nvironmental E
he principal envirmperature and dot appreciably affwer temperaturerofile.
ig. 7) Midpoint V
he effect of dische discharge curvrger portion of th
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3 (USA-CAN) |
onal purposes only.res or performance
scharge Profile /
AA primary batteere the voltage drmid-point voltageapproximation to
Effects
ronmental influendischarge rate. Afect the nickel-mes, will reduce the
Voltage Variation
harge rate on volves for rates undehe discharge dur
www.energizer
. Do not use this do
.
NiMH Battery
ries, the nickel-mrops quickly. As ce (MPV - the voltao average voltage
nces on the locats indicated in (Fi
metal hydride batte mid-point volta
with Temperatu
tage profile is sher 1C; for rates oation.
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ocument as a legal
metal hydride batcan be seen by t
tage when 50 pee throughout the
tion and shape oig. 7), small variatery voltage profage while mainta
ure
hown in (Fig. 8). over 1C; both the
l citation to authori
ttery exhibits a sthe flatness of thrcent of the avai
e discharge.
of the voltage proations from roomfile. However maaining the genera
There is no signe beginning and
Nickel Versio
ity.
sharp "knee" at the plateau and thilable capacity is
ofile are the discm temperature (±ajor excursions, eal shape of the v
nificant effect on ending transient
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 7 of 15
the end of he symmetry discharged)
harge ± 10oC) do especially oltage
the shape of ts consume a
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
(F Di AstethwhEf Thlowfo
(F (Fcarare
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ig. 8) Voltage Pr
ischarge Capac
s with the voltagemperature duringe battery, i.e. thhich has been reffect of Temper
he primary effectwer temperaturerce significant ca
ig. 9) Variation o
ig. 10) illustratesapacity for dischate of 4C, significaduction dependin
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3 (USA-CAN) |
onal purposes only.res or performance
rofile Variation w
city Behavior
e profile, the capg discharge and e charge/discharturned to it fromrature
ts of battery temes (<0oC) as showapacity derating f
of Discharge Cap
s the influence ofarge rates below ant reductions inng on the choice
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. Do not use this do
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ith Discharge Ra
pacity available dthe rate of disch
rge/storage histom the previous ch
perature on discwn in (Fig. 9). Usfrom room-temp
pacity with Tempe
f discharge rate 1C. At discharge
n voltage deliverye of discharge ter
r.com
ocument as a legal
ate
during discharge harge. The capacory of the batteryharge cycle less w
chargeable capacse of nickel meta
perature values.
erature
on total capacitye rates above 1Cy occur. This voltrmination voltage
l citation to authori
is dramatically acity is also heavily. A battery can whatever is lost t
city, assuming adal hydride batteri
y available. ThereC and below the ctage reduction me.
Nickel Versio
ity.
affected by the by influenced by tonly discharge thto self discharge
dequate chargingies in cold enviro
e is no significancurrent maximum
may also result in
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 8 of 15
attery the history of he capacity .
g, are at onments may
nt effect on m discharge n capacity
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
(F St A bavaunbe Tococa M Agderohatheffth Di Tothbavonere
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ig. 10) Effect of
tate-of-Charge
major question fatteries. Users waariety of schemesnder normal dische used to accurat
o date, the only fomparing the elecapacity remaining
emory/Voltage
gain, this is no loesigners of deviceutinely partially d
as been reportede severity of thisfect is generally e nickel-metal hy
ischarge Termi
o prevent the pote load from the
attery carried throltage plateaus aegative. At the posult in battery ve
MH)
3 (USA-CAN) |
onal purposes only.res or performance
Discharge Rate o
e Measurement
for users of portaant some form os for measuring sharge rates, andtely determine st
form of state-of-cctrical flows durig.
e Depression
onger a concern. es, using nickel-cdischarged, a de when the discha
s problem in nickagreed to be in tydride battery, m
ination
tential for irreverbattery prior to tough a total discre caused by theoint both electrodenting as well as
www.energizer
. Do not use this do
.
on Capacity
t
able electronics iof "fuel gauge" tostate-of-charge hdue to depende
tate-of-charge.
charge sensing fng charge and d
The issue of "mecadmium batterie
epression in the darge extends frokel-cadmium battthe structure of t
memory is no lon
rsible harm to thtotal discharge ischarge involves ae discharge of firdes are reversedirreversible dam
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ocument as a legal
s the run time leo help them detehave been suggeence on cycles an
found to consisteischarge with se
emory" or voltages. In some appldischarge voltagem the routinely dteries is open to the cadmium eleger a concern.
e battery causeds highly recommea dual plateau vorst the positive eld, substantial hydmage.
l citation to authori
eft before they neermine when theyested. The flatnend time paramete
ently give reasonelf discharge com
ge depression walications where ne profile of approdischarged to rardiffering interpre
ectrode. With the
d by battery reveended. The typicoltage profile as ilectrode and thedrogen gas evolu
Nickel Versio
ity.
eed to recharge y need to chargess of the voltageers, voltage sens
nable results is compensation to ind
as a concern for nickel-cadmium boximately 150 mVrely discharged zetations, the soue elimination of c
ersal in dischargecal voltage profileindicated in (Fig.n the residual caution occurs, whi
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 9 of 15
their e again. A e plateau sing cannot
oulometry—dicate the
many batteries are V per battery zones. While urce of the cadmium in
e, removal of e for a . 11). The apacity in the ich may
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
(F A ocan V Novolonch0.redisco Thso Cy Mateovwhidewoex
C Prchin fo Inba
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ride (Nin Manual
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key to avoiding hccur. Two issues nd multiple-cell a
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etal Hydride Batt
harm to the battcomplicate the spplications.
at High Rates
e cutoff is based ominal mid-point ge for individual n the voltage curff may be premathoice for voltage ote, however, thapreventing dama
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ps with a value ofbeing used. 0.9 vons (<1C). Howee rounded "kneeignificant fractionate applications iend-of-dischargey.
ction of a higher
cycle life. Some , charge and disce of these factors subsequent per
cles can be obtaia negative impac
s a key factor to arging with the nhould be economand termination.
e sensitive to chaere overcharging
l citation to authori
ofile
hing the second por discharge term
f 0.9 volts per bavolts is an excelleever, with high de" to the curve mn of the battery cis 75 percent of te voltage (EODV)
voltage cutoff w
of these factorscharge current, es can cause gas grmanent deterioraned with NiMH bct on the number
satisfaction withneed to minimizemical and reliable
arging conditions can cause loss o
Nickel Versio
ity.
plateau where damination: high-rat
attery (75 percenent value for mosdrain-rate usage means that an arbcapacity untappethe mid-point vo) is dictated only
with the resulting
s do include batteexposure to overcgeneration withination of the batt
batteries. However of total cycles t
h performance. Se overcharging, ae in use. See cha
s than the nickelof cycle life.
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 10 of 15
amage may te discharges
nt of the 1.2 st medium to (1-4C), the
bitrary ed. For this oltage at that
by
sacrifice of
ery capacity, charge and n the battery ery. Under er, in real that may be
Successful a key factor rger manual
l-cadmium
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
Niprma (Fbode ThacSinththincgath
(F Chan
(F
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
ckel-metal hydridrocess. Precautioanaged.
Fig. 12) sketchesoth indicate why etermine when ch
he voltage spikeschieved. Then as nce the charge pe temperature cue battery is convcreases somewhas are generated is rate could resu
ig. 12) Increasin
harge acceptancend continuing thr
ig. 13) Effect of
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s up on initial chathe battery reac
process is exotheurve. When the bverted to heat, that during the chaat the C rate tha
ult in physical da
ng Battery Pressu
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Charge Rate on
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rate on an exothken to avoid vent
r of a nickel-metas important and ould be applied.
arging then contiches full charge, ermic, heat is beibattery reaches ohe battery tempearge process, alsan the battery caamage to the bat
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etal hydride battlimits of normal
Charge Acceptan
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tery decreases wbattery operatio
nce
l citation to authori
n-based chargingting occur, the ve
ry being chargedof the battery cha
dually through cks and then gradoughout chargingre the bulk of thes dramatically. Bacally in overcharg
Without a safety v
with rising tempern (Fig. 13).
Nickel Versio
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g and oxygen recent gases must b
d at the C rate. Taracteristics used
harging until fulldually trends dowg giving a positivee electrical energattery pressure, wge as greater quavent, uncontrolle
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Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 11 of 15
combination be properly
These curves d to
charge is wn. e slope to gy input to which antities of d charging at
g below 20°C
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
Re Typrbaac14(Cov
STh Estyis teredisor Bacape Se Niwiapte R
Ca Inanrere CodislowbebeunThfrodesure
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
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ecommended C
ypically a moderarotected from oveattery cycle life acceptable and can4 hours is well suC/40) is recommevercharging.
Storage his guidance is
ssentially all battepically due to sloa function of themperature sensitsult in large diffescharge process,r impossible to re
attery storage issapacity after beineriod of time
elf Discharge
MH batteries wilithin batteries. Tpproximately 50%mperatures will s
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normal practicend charging with quire more than commended if p
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Charging Rates
ate rate (2 to 3 hercharge by the nd should be limn be an economiuited for NiMH baended. The use o
not intended f
eries gradually dow parasitic reacte battery chemisttivity of the self-erences in self-di, but may also caeverse.
sues of concern tng charged or the
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% to 80% of theiself discharge fastorage Conditionsat the lowest fea
ge temperatures)batteries open-cin a charged conin a clean, dry,
good inventory pr
ery After Storag
, stored batteriesstandard methoone cycle to attarolonged storage
batteries intendedd be removed froquirement on thetile memory, pow
en storing batteriequantities of elece may result in thnce of the batterys. Although suching tape over thed storage of batte
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s
hour) smart chargsmart charger ci
mited to an as neeical alternative toatteries. Finally aof very small trick
for bulk transpo
ischarge over timtions occurring wtry and the tempdischarge reactioischarging rate. Eause chemical ch
to most consumee ability of the ce
due to slow interradually drain thir capacity after 6ster due to the ins for Maximum Basible temperatu). circuit to eliminatndition (except foprotected enviroractices (first in,
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d for storage for om the device. Ineir batteries evenwering sense circes for protractedctrolyte can ultimhe formation of cy. In extreme cah occurrences aree positive terminaeries.
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Battery Performaures (-20°C to 30
te loaded storagefor large bulk volonment to minim
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for NiMH batteriely fast charging (w overnight times. A charger that or trickle) chargeeferred to reduce
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methods of electrom the device are
Nickel Versio
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es. The batteries(less than 1 hour
er based chargersapplies a 0.1 C
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MH batteries.
t. This capacity looss rate (self-disced by the batteryn storage tempennected not onlyarged, which may
h which the cellsrmally" after stor
at continually takries will typically eries that are stoby the elevated te
enerally recomme
ext page).
mage to batteries.es spend in stora
after removal froelevated tempemanufacturer is
the point where ronic devices plase micro-current positions. Such l
dride batteries arseals or through which detract cocorrosion of battrically isolating the suggested for a
Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 12 of 15
s are r) can impact s are also rate for 12 to n 0.025 C ffects of
oss is charge rate)
y. Due to the erature may y speeds the y be difficult
s lose their rage for some
ke place retain
ored at high emperature.
ended
. age.
om storage ratures may
they are fully ce a very loads may oads should re stored the vent.
osmetically teries, or the he battery, applications
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
Fa Thbamen DeEsscmalife ExInpracte BaDish PrMachLimThdebaca
Bodecyen Thbade
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
actors Affecting
he way the nickeattery. This is espinimizing overcha
nhancing battery
egree of Overchastablishing the apenario. Some ovaintenance of fue.
xposure to High T general, higher
rocess within the cceptance is redumperatures.
attery Reversal scharge of nicke
horten battery life
rolonged Storageaintaining a loadhemistry and promimiting Mechanismhe life of any bateterioration. Withattery either shoran take two form
• Oxidareducbalanrecom
• Deter
reacti
oth phenomena repression requireycle. Capacity rednd-of-life for the
he actual mechanattery characterisepression in mid-
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l-metal hydride bpecially true of tharge. In fact, efflife. Expected ba
arge ppropriate degreevercharge of the ll charge current
Temperatures temperatures acbattery. High te
uced. Sensing the
el-metal hydride be, especially if th
e under Load on a battery pasmote life-limitingms ttery is determineh the nickel-metarting or going ops:
ation of the negaction of available ce between elect
mbination, increa
rioration of the poon with the cons
result in a loss ofes that the applicduction simply redesired number
nism that will detstics. Developme-point voltage as
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battery is used bhe choice of thefective control of attery life is two
e of overcharge battery is vital tots for extended p
ccelerate chemicaemperatures are e transition from
batteries to the dhis over discharge
st the point of fug phenomena suc
ed by a combinatal hydride batterypen-circuit, are re
tive active matervoltage from thetrodes within thesed pressure, an
ositive active masequent loss of c
f usable capacitycation design be equires that initiaof batteries.
termine battery lent work has redu
the battery ages
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ocument as a legal
by consumers cancharger to ensur
f overcharge expoto five years.
for a battery-powo ensure that all periods once the
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degree that somee is repeated rou
ull discharge maych as creep leaka
tion of abrupt fay, abrupt failureselatively rare and
rial that increasee battery (mid-poe battery and mand ultimately, bat
aterial results in lcapacity.
y, but pose differable to adapt to
al battery selectio
life may vary depuced oxidation ins.
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n have dramatic re adequate retuosure, time and
wered applicatiobatteries are fulbattery has reac
uding those, whiccern in the chargcharge is also mo
e or all of the bautinely.
y cause irreversibage.
ailure events and s, typically mechad randomly distri
es battery internaoint voltage depay possibly resultttery venting.
less active mater
ring design issuesvariations in sup
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pending on applin the negative el
Nickel Versio
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effects on the lifurn of charge whcharge rate is th
n is dependent oly charged and bched full charge c
ch contribute, toging process as core difficult at hig
atteries go into re
ble changes in th
gradual batteryanical events resbuted. Battery d
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Metal Hydride
on: NiMH01.11
Page 13 of 15
fe of the ile
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on the usage balanced, but can reduce
the aging charge gher
everse can
he battery
sulting in the eterioration
ulting in so affects the
ble for
age m cycle to capacity at
ers and the g the
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
D MaThnic OrThob TeLikenex OpNiat te HoCope ShNiele BaThovduthcobath
CTh
Ni Ge Nide
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
Device DesMaterials of Constrhe materials of cockel-plated steel,
Orientation he device can be bserved.
emperature ke most other banvironment (25°Cxposed to a much
Operating ckel-metal hydridboth the high an
mperature enviro
ousehold Storageonsumer use houeriods of time at
hock and Vibratiockel-metal hydridectronic equipme
attery Cavity Deshe primary gasesver-discharge is huring typical use,at might generat
oncerns regardingattery from heat-e battery and ea
Care and Hhis guidance is
ckel-metal hydrid
eneral Safety P
ckel-metal hydridealing with nickel
• For deunderthe ac
• Nicketo cau
• The acorrosmaint
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3 (USA-CAN) |
onal purposes only.res or performance
sign Construction onstruction for th, and therefore,
designed with n
atteries, nickel-mC); however, withh wider range of
de batteries can nd low ends of thonments without
e usehold batterieshigher temperat
on de batteries canent in day-to-day
sign (Not for bulks emitted from thhydrogen and ox isolation of the te sparks) and pg possible hydrog-generating compase design of app
Handlingnot intended f
de batteries for c
Precautions for
de batteries are l-metal hydride bevices with tightr normal or abusccumulation of dl metal hydride buse burns or igniactive materials insive and capabletained intact.
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iderations
he nickel-metal hare resistant to a
nickel-metal hydr
metal hydride batth careful attentiotemperatures.
be used in temphe range. Designt damaging the b
s are best stored tures is feasible.
withstand the noy handling and sh
k transportation ahe nickel-metal hxygen. Although vbattery compartrovision of adequgen ignition. Batponents and venpropriate chargin
for bulk transpo
consumer use an
r Device Design
safe; however, libatteries include ly sealed or wateive conditions neangerous levels
batteries can gention of flammabln the negative el
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hydride battery eattack by most e
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and storage) hydride battery wventing of gas totment from otheruate ventilation tttery compartmentilation around th
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ortation or bulk
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er proof battery ceeds to be addreof hydrogen gas
nerate high currele materials. lectrode can igni
mical burns. For
l citation to authori
external surfacesenvironmental ag
any orientation a
ptimally in a nearameters, they re
to 50°C with apms to return caprge requires spe
s from 0 to 30°C ansportation or s
vibration loads e
when subjected too the outside envr electronics (espto the compartmnt should not behe battery will al
k storage of Ni
s should be hand
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compartments, hessed as a potents within the devicents if shorted. T
ite on exposure tthese reasons, t
Nickel Versio
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s are largely comgents.
as long as proper
r-room-temperatemain functional
propriate deratinpacity in high or lcial attention.
although storagestorage)
experienced by p
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ment are requirede air tight. Isolatiolso reduce therm
MH batteries.
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treated with care
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to air. They electthe battery shou
Metal Hydride
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Page 14 of 15
prised of
r polarity is
ture even when
ng of capacity ow
e for limited
portable
rcharge or d not occur cal switches d to eliminate on of the
mal stress on
e. Issues in
neration to prevent
re sufficient
trolyte is also ld be
NicHan
Energi
©2010Conten
C
ckel Mendbook and
izer Battery Man
0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co
Contents
Introduction
Battery Description
Discharging
Characteristics
Charging Characteristics
Storage
Device Design Considerations
Care and Handlin
Disposal and
Recycling
tal Hyd Application
ufacturing Inc.
document was preponstitute a warranty
DTh
Coco
STh
Ple1-
ng
ride (Nin Manual
| 800-383-732
pared for informatioy of service, featur
Disposal anhis guidance is
ontact your local ommunity can ha
• Discha• Do no• Do no• Obser
Recycling Through a natiohelp you recycle800-8-BATTERY
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onal purposes only.res or performance
nd Recyclnot intended f
waste disposal mave their own proarge fully prior toot incinerate. ot open or puncturve all national, s
onal program, Cae your used portaY or at http://ww
Transportanot intended f
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ure batteries. state, and local r
all2Recycle™, theable rechargeabl
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rules and regulat
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delines ortation or bulk
cent guidelines atcom/pages/enr-c
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MH batteries.
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Page 15 of 15
Each ines are:
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