Negation in Western Kabyle (Berber, Afroasiatic)
AminaMettouchi
SWL8, Paris Sept 5, 2018
Papers by Mettouchi referenced in this powerpoint are downloadable from http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/pers/mettouchi/publication.html
Berber languages
• Ejfhezirh
© Jérôme Picard / Danielle Bonardelle 2 Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
• NegationsystemsinBerberarequitediverse(Mettouchi1996,2006,2009,2012)
– verbalnegativemarker• preverbalnegativemarker(wər/ur/u/ul/ud/wəl…#ak#la),withoftenapostverbalelement(inafewvarieties,onlythepostverbalnegatorremains)• mood-aspectasymmetries• negativesubjectrelativizationforms• cliticclimbing• etc.
– non-verbalnegativemarkers• existence/location• ascriptive
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Variation in Mood-Aspect oppositions • Aspect-MoodbaseformsinBerber
• Boundpronouns
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W. Kabyle
Western Kabyle & Tuareg (Tamashek): A-Cat-TAM asymmetry
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W. Kabyle
For sources concerning
data other than Kabyle, see
references in Mettouchi
(2009a & b)
Non-verbal negations • Verbalvsnon-verbalnegators
– ascriptive/attributivenegation‘itisnotX’– existentialnegation‘thereisnoX’
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For sources concerning data
other than Kabyle, see references in Mettouchi (2009a
& b)
Kabyle (Western-Central)
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Kabyle (Ait Idjer variety)
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Structure of the clause • Clitic-climbing
j-əfka=jas=t=idd3SG.M-give:PFV=DAT3SG=ABSV3SG.M=PROX‘hegaveittoher/him’ad=as=t=idd j-əfkPOT=DAT3SG=ABSV3SG.M=PROX 3SG.M-give:AOR‘hewillgiveittoher/him’ur=as=t=idd j-əfki (ara)NEG=DAT3SG=ABSV3SG.M=PROX 3SG.M-give:NEGPFV (POSTNEG)‘hedidnotgiveittoher/him’aɣrum i=s=idd j-əfkabread:ABS.SG.M REL.REAL=DAT3SG=PROX 3SG.M-give:PFV‘thebreadthathegavetoher/him’
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For abbreviations and notes on categories see List of Glosses
idriməni=sj-əfka/idriməni=si-ʦʦak/idrimənara=si-ʦʦak/idrimənara=sj-əfkmoney:ABS.PL.M REL.REAL=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:PFVmoney:ABS.PL.M REL.REAL=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:IPFVmoney:ABS.PL.M REL.IRR=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:IPFVmoney:ABS.PL.M REL.IRR=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:AOR‘Themoneythathegave(/isgiving,usuallygives)(/willbegiving)(willgive)toher/him’idrimənur=sj-əfki/idrimənur=si-ʦʦakmoney:ABS.SG.M NEG=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:NEGPFVmoney:ABS.SG.M NEG=DAT3SG 3SG.M-give:IPFV‘Themoneythathedidn’tgive(/won’tgive/won’tbegiving/isn’tgiving…)toher/him’argazi=sj-əfka-nidrimən/argazi=si-ʦʦak-nidrimən/argazara=si-ʦʦak-nidrimən/argazara=sj-əfk-nidrimənman:ABS.SG.M REL.REAL=DAT3SG RELSBJ.POS-give:PFV-RELSBJ.POS money:ABS.PL.Mman:ABS.SG.M REL.REAL=DAT3SG RELSBJ.POS-give:IPFV-RELSBJ.POS money:ABS.PL.Mman:ABS.SG.M REL.IRR=DAT3SG RELSBJ.POS-give:IPFV-RELSBJ.POS money:ABS.PL.Mman:ABS.SG.M REL.IRR=DAT3SG RELSBJ.POS-give:AOR-RELSBJ.POS money:ABS.PL.M‘Themanwhogave(/isgiving,usuallygives)(/willbegiving)(willgive)moneytoher/him’argazur=sn-əfkiidrimən/argazur=sn-ʦʦakidrimənman:ABS.SG.M NEG=DAT3SG RELSBJ.NEG-give:NEGPFV money:ABS.PL.Mman:ABS.SG.M NEG=DAT3SG RELSBJ.NEG-give:IPFV money:ABS.PL.M‘Themanwhodidn’tgive(/won’tgive/won’tbegiving/isn’tgiving…)moneytoher/him’
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Negative asymmetries (Miestamo 2005) • Constructionalasymmetry
– «Symmetricnegativeconstructionsadd(a)negativemarker(s)tothecorrespondingaffirmativewithnofurtherstructuralchanges,whereasinasymmetricnegativeconstructionstheintroductionof(a)negativemarker(s)isaccompaniedbyfurtherstructuralchanges.»(Miestamo2005:52)
• Paradigmaticasymmetry– «Insymmetricparadigmsonefindsaone-to-onecorrespondence
betweenthemembersofaffirmativeandnegativeparadigms,whereasinasymmetricparadigmsthereisnosuchone-to-onecorrespondence.»(Miestamo2005:52)
• Typesofasymmetry
– inthefinitenessofverbalelements:TypeA/Fin– inthemarkingofrealitystatus:TypeA/NonReal– inthemarkingofemphasis:TypeA/Emph– inthemarkingofgrammaticalcategories:TypeA/Cat
• A/Cat/TAM• A/Cat/PNG• otherA/Cat
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A-Cat-TAM asymmetry in W. Kabyle • MANformsinnegativecontexts
– Almostnoaoristinthenegativedomain– Nopreverbs,onlythestandardnegatorur,oraspecialnegatorinthenegativeoptative
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The negative MA domain in W.Kabyle • Awər+[SA+AOR]:negativeoptative.(<1%)• Ur+[IA+IPFV]:prohibitive.(<5%)(positiveimperative2.5%)
• Ur+[SA+IPFV]:negativehortative,oath,negatedhabitual,future,potential,progressive.(30-40%)(positiveimperfective10-16%;ad+aorist15-30%)
• Ur+[SA+NEG.PFV]:negativestatement(stativeordynamic),oath.(60-70%)(positiveperfective50-70%)
• wəllˤəɦma+[SA+PFV]:oath(<1%)
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Percentages above are from various spoken corpora, in various
genres, and are meant to give indications as to the frequency of the forms and their interpretation.
In pink : % within negative utterances
In orange : % within positive utterances of the ‘corresponding’ positive
forms.
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AM forms in positive utterances
AOR
Ad + AOR
IPFV
PFV MAN FORMS in negative utterances
Awər + [SA+AOR]
Ur + [IA + IPFV]
Ur + [SA + IPFV]
Ur + [SA + NEG.PFV]
wəllˤəɦ ma + [SA + PFV]
The negative MA domain in W. Kabyle
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
• negativeoptative
• prohibitive
• negativehortative,oath,negatedhabitual,future,potential,progressive
• negativestatement(stativeordynamic),oath
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Awər + [SA+AOR]
Ur + [IA + IPFV]
Ur + [SA + IPFV]
Ur + [SA + NEG.PFV]
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
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Contini-Morava(1989:179)‘’negative-affirmative asymmetry is a naturalconsequence of the pragmatic function of negativesentences in ordinary discourse. Because speakersgenerally try to avoid conveying superfluousinformation,negative sentences innaturaldiscourse—unlikenegative logicalpropositions—areusedtoreferonly to eventswhich a hearermight have expected tooccur.Sincenegatedeventsarealwayspotentialratherthanactual,thereisnoreasontoassumethatspeakersneed to convey the same information about them astheywouldinreportingactualoccurrences”
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
Analysis for W.Kabyle (Mettouchi 1995, 2009)
• Aspect-Moodformshaveanabstractsemanticvaluethatisnottheonetheyhaveinpositiveutterances,butamoregeneralone,whichispragmaticallyactualized,differently,throughtheiruseinPositiveorNegativecontextsNB:thisisformallymarkedbytheA-Cat-TAMasymmetryofKabyle,butisgenerallytrueofthesemantic-pragmaticinterpretationofnegativevspositiveuterancesinnaturallanguages(cfContini-Morava1989)
• OnlysomeoftheAMformsarecompatiblewiththepresuppositionaldimensionofnegativecontexts
• ThenegativeparticleisamodifierofAMformsinthenegativedomaininthesamewayaspreverbsareinthepositivedomain– e.g.NEGPFVinpositive=counterfactualhypotheticals;NEG+NEGPFV
=acknowledgeSITuationascontrarytoexpectations(reference-oriented)
– IPFVinpositive=notcompleted(progressive,habitualetc.);NEG+IPFV=non-coïncidenceofcharacterizationofSITandactualsituation(evaluation-oriented)
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Zoom on the Prohibitive • Type1:Theprohibitiveusestheverbalconstructionofthesecond
singularimperativeandasententialnegativestrategyfoundin(indicative)declaratives.
• Type2.Theprohibitiveusestheverbalconstructionofthesecondsingularimperativeandasententialnegativestrategynotfoundin(indicative)declaratives.
• Type3.Theprohibitiveusesaverbalconstructionotherthanthesecondsingularimperativeandasententialnegativestrategyfoundin(indicative)declaratives.
• Type4.Theprohibitiveusesaverbalconstructionotherthanthesecondsingularimperativeandasententialnegativestrategynotfoundin(indicative)declaratives
– (AUWERA, VAN DER J. ET AL. 2005)
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Quick overview across Berber • Eithertheaspect-moodstemisdifferent• Ortheorderofnegativeandpreverbisdifferent
• And/orthepersonparadigmisdifferent(standardvsimperative)
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Kabyle strategy for the Prohibitive
• Imperative:AoristorImperfectivestem+imperativeaffixes
• Prohibitive:NEG+Imperfectivestem+imperativeaffixes
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Kabyle Prohibitive
• Aoristisexcludedfromprohibitive;prohibitiveinvolvesimperativePNGaffixes.– Type1:Theprohibitiveusestheverbalconstructionofthesecondsingularimperativeandasententialnegativestrategyfoundin(indicative)declaratives.• ButitistheIMPERFECTIVEimperativestemwhichisused(rareinpositiveimperatives)
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Non-verbal negations • Verbalvsnon-verbalnegators
– ascriptive/attributivenegation‘itisnotX’– existentialnegation‘thereisnoX’
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Existential negation • ulaʃ>urj-lliʃra(NEGSBJ3.SG.M-exist:NEGPFVthing)
– univerbationbetweenStandardNegationandanotherwordasin27%ofNEG.EXSinVeselinova(2013)’ssample
• Nodedicatedpositiveexistentialconstruction
• ExistenceandLocation:differentconstructions
– Existence:ulaʃ+nounintheabsolutestate(6)ulaʃ idrimən/NEG.EXS money\ABSL.PL.M/‘Therewasnomoney’.
– Location:ulaʃ+absolutiveboundpronoun(+nounintheabsolute(beforethepredicate)orannexedstate(afterthepredicate))
(7)lkarlaʒ-agizik/ulaʃ=it/floor-tile\ABSL.SG.M-DEM.PROXlong_ago/NEG.EXS=ABS.3SG.M‘Thistiledfloor,intheolddays,itwasn’tthere’
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Mapping (cf Veselinova 2013)
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NEG.EX
NEG.LOC - TENSE
NONE
NEG.EMPHATIC
Rather prototypical, except for the lack of NEG.POSS function
(instead : standard verbal construction (verb sʕu, ‘possess’))
50%
33%
20%
16%
NEG.POSS
84%
% = in VESELINOVA’s sample
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
Ascriptive/attributive negation • typicallyrejectsapresuppositionconcerningidentity,class
inclusionandpropertyattribution,withanoun(oranadjective)initsscope
• butalsoconcerningthechoiceofacharacterizationinterms
ofquantity,time,manner…
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Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018 Note: ‘ascriptive’ and ‘attributive’ are labels, used interchangeably in this PPT
• andrejectstheassociationofafocustoapresuppositioninnegativeclefts
• it’sacontradictoryjudgement(inthesensethatitinvolvescompetingviewpointsonareferent,situation,etc.)
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Corpus-based sample study
• Proportions– 30mnconversation=60verbal/32non-verbal(64.5%/35.5%)• Non-verbal=15existential/17attributive(47%/53%)
– 40mnnarratives=85verbal/65non-verbal(56.5%/43.5%)• Non-verbal=42existential/23attributive(64.5%/35.5%)
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Negation Types in sample spoken corpus
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Narrative
Verbal
Existential
Ascriptive
Conversation
Verbal
Existential
Ascriptive
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
• Verbalnegation:binaryoppositionbetweenNEGPFVandIPFV
• Non-verbalnegation:binaryoppositionbeweenEXS.NEGandASCR.NEG
Semantics of negative predication in Western Kabyle
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+ REFERENTIAL
Situation ‘is not the case’
Referent ‘is not there’ Referent ‘does not exist’
+ EVALUATIVE/JUDGEMENTAL
Characterization does not apply to the situation
Competing judgements about the situation/the referent
NEG + IPFV & Ascriptive NEG NEG + NEGPFV & Existential NEG
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
pre/post-verbal negators
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la wr ak
ka/kîra
ʃi ʃ
Kabyle : UR … (ARA) Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
Postverbal modulation of negation
• ConditionsofabsenceforKabyle:48%ofnegationsincorpus(Mettouchi2001,2009)– Uronly• negativepolarityconstructions(indefinitenouns)• oathsorpolemicalstatements• negativecoordination• negativesubordination• negativerestrictiverelativization
– Araobligatory• negativeconditionalclause• negativeinformativeanswers/statements
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UR only
UR…ARA
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018
• Uronly
– negativepolarityconstructions(indefinitenouns)(12)ur j-ddi jiwn
NEG SBJ.3M.SG-accompany:NEGPFV one:ANN‘noonecame’
– oathsorpolemicalstatements(13)wəlləɦ ur swi-ɣby_God NEG drink:NEGPFV-SBJ1SG‘IswearIdidn’tdrink!’
– negativecoordination(14)uruli-njxxamən urt-rbiħtfəllaħtNEGgo_up:NEGPFV-SBJ.3M.PLhouse:ANN.PL.MNEGSBJ3.SG.F-improve:NEGPFVcultivation:ANN.SG.F‘neitherwerehousesbuiltnorwascultivationimproved’
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– negativesubordination(15)ttməslaj-ɣurfaq-ɣtalk:IPFV-SBJ.1SGNEGrealize:NEGPFV-SBJ.1SG‘Italkedwithoutrealizing(whatIwasdoing)’(unawares)
– negativerestrictiverelativization(16)n-walaargazurn-ssinSBJ.1PL-see:PFVman:ABSNEGSBJ.1PL-know:NEGPFV‘Wesawamanwedidn’tknow’(unknown)
• Araobligatory– negativeconditionalclause
(17)maurn-ṛuħarasaxxam a=ɣʧʧ-nləwħuʃIFNEGSBJ.1PL-go:NEGPFVPOSTNEGtohouse:ABS.SG.MPOT=ABSV1PLeat:AOR-SBJ.3M.PLbeast:ANN.PL‘ifwedon’tgohomethewildbeastswilleatus’
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– negativeinformativeanswers,orstatements(18)-anda=t?where=ABSV.3SG.M?‘whereisit?’-ur=t=id j-ufi ara.NEG=ABSV3M.SG=PROX SBJ.3M.SG-find:NEGPFVPOSTNEG‘Hedidn’tfindit’
• Araanchorsthenegativestatementininteraction,itisa‘commonground’marker.– ara>kara>ɦarət,‘thing’– itisalsotherelativizerforpotential/irrealisrelativeclauses(cfMettouchi2001forgrammaticalization)
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Variation in Subject Relativization
• ManyBerberlanguageshaveaspecialsubject-relativizationverbalformwhichhasfewerPNGdistinctionsthanstandardverbalconstructions
• Thisformgenerallyhasaformallydifferentcorrespondingnegative
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Subject Relativization forms
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lla-n igad ur=t n-tˤtˤif exist:PFV-SBJ3.PL.M those_which NEG=ABSV3.SG.M RELSBJ.NEG-catch:NEGPFV ‘some people don’t go on with it (lit. there are those who don’t retain it (the tradition))’
argaz ur n-xəddəm fk=as tarˤuka ad j-lləm man:ABS.SG.M NEG RELSBJ.NEG-make:IPFV give:AOR:IMP=DAT3.SG distaff:ABS.SG.F POT SBJ3.SG.M-spin:AOR
A man who doesn’t work, just give him a distaff to spin (he’s not a real man)
Mettouchi – SWL8 - Sept 5, 2018 (proverb)
Conclusion on Western Kabyle • Typologyofnegation:
– A-Cat-TAMasymmetry– ExistentialvsAscriptiveconstructions– Type1prohibitivebutwithAMasymmetry(IPFV)– Constructionalasymmetryinsubjectrelativization
• Language-internalanalysis:thenegativedomaininWesternKabyleischaracterizedbytwotypesofpredications,manifestinverbalaswellasinnon-verbalpredications(Mettouchi(1995,2009)):– non-occurrenceofaneventorsituation(NEGPFV/Existential)
– disagreementabout/non-coincidenceofthecharacterizationofareferentorsituation(IPFV/Ascriptive)
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References Auwera,J.vander&L.Lejeune.[2005]2013.Theprohibitive.InM.Dryer&M.Haspelmath(eds.),Worldatlasof
languagestructuresonline.Leipzig:MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology.[FirstpublishedOUP,2005]
Contini-Morava,E.1989.Discourse-PragmaticsandsemanticCategorization:thecaseofNegationandtense-AspectwithspecialreferencetoSwahili.Berlin-NewYork:MoutondeGruyter
Miestamo,M.2005.Standardnegation:Thenegationofdeclarativeverbalmainclausesinatypologicalperspective(EmpiricalApproachestoLanguageTypology31).Berlin:MoutondeGruyter.
Veselinova,L.2013.Negativeexistentials:Across-linguisticstudy.Rivistadilinguistica25(1).107-145.*
Mettouchi,A.(2012)“Négation”(N.34).Encyclopédieberbèrevol.XXXIII(N-Nektiberes),Peeters(Paris-Louvain),pp.5392-5399.
Mettouchi,A.(2009a)“TheSystemofNegationinBerber”inNegationPatternsinWestAfricanLanguagesandbeyond,NorbertCyffer,ErwinEbermann&GeorgZiegelmeyer(eds),JohnBenjamins:Amsterdam-Philadelphia,287-306.
Mettouchi,A.(2009b)‘MoodandModalityinBerber’,inB.Hansen,F.deHaan&J.vanderAuwera(eds),ModalsintheLanguagesofEurope,MoutondeGruyter:Berlin-NewYork,431-456.
Mettouchi,A.(2006)“NonverbalandverbalnegationsinKabyle(Berber):Atypologicalperspective”inStudiesinAfricanLinguisticTypology,Voeltz,F.K.Erhard(ed.),JohnBenjamins,Amsterdam,pp.263–276.
Mettouchi,A.(2001)«Lagrammaticalisationdearaenkabyle,négationetsubordinationrelative»,dansTravauxduCerLiCOn°14,ColG.etRoullandD.(eds),P.U.Rennes,pp.215-235.
Mettouchi,A.(2000)«Accomplietnégationenkabyle»,dansMélangesoffertsàKarl-G.Prasse:Etudesberbèresetchamito-sémitiques,Peeters,Paris-Louvain,pp.281-293.
Mettouchi,A.(1996)“LanégationdansleslanguesduMaghreb,Synthèse”,dansLaNégationenberbèreetenarabemaghrébin,S.Chaker&D.Caubet(eds),L’Harmattan,Paris,pp.177-195.
Mettouchi,A.(1995).Aspectetnégation:recherched'invariantsetétudeénonciativedel'incidencedelamodaliténégativesurl'aspectenberbère(kabyle).Thèsededoctorat,UniversitédeParis3.
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