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Natural Science In Ancient China

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Physics in Ancient China

Chemistry in Ancient China

Astronomy in Ancient China

Medicine in Ancient China

Natural science In Ancient China

Main Fields:

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Natural science In Ancient China

The Four Great Inventions are:

Compass (指南针 )

Gunpowder (火药 )

Papermaking (造纸术 )

Printing (活字印刷术 )

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The importance of these inventions was perhaps first discussed by

the British philosopher Francis Bacon (1561–1626), who in 1620

wrote: "Printing, gunpowder and the compass ... whence have followed

innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star

seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs

than these mechanical discoveries.“ Bacon was likely unaware of the

origins of these inventions, and was not writing of the ancient Chinese

inventions but rather their Western analogs. However, his writings do

show the importance of these technologies to the early-modern

European world.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Later, Karl Marx also commented that:

"Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press were

the three great inventions which ushered

in bourgeois society. Gunpowder blew up the knightly

class, the compass discovered the world market and

founded the colonies, and the printing press was the

instrument of Protestantism and the regeneration

of science in general; the most powerful lever for

creating the intellectual prerequisites." 5

Natural science In Ancient China

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Physics and Technology in ancient China: a) Magnetism discovery and compass invention

b) Papermaking

c) Printing

Natural science In Ancient China

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Magnetism and compass navigator

In ancient China, the earliest literary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th century

BCE book called Book of the Devil Valley Master( 鬼谷子 ): "The lodestone

makes iron come or it attracts it.“

Natural science In Ancient China

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The earliest mention of the attraction of a needle appears in a work

composed between AD 20 and 100 (Louen-heng): "A lodestone attracts a

needle."

The ancient scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) was the first person to write of

the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of

navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north (Dream

Pool Essays, AD 1088), and by the 12th century the Chinese were known

to use the lodestone compass for navigation. They sculpted a directional

spoon from lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always

pointed south.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Papermaking

Natural science In Ancient China

paper, China, circa 100 BCE.

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5 step Papermaking :

a) Fibers are suspended in water to form a slurry in a large vat

b) Molding with wooden wired framec) Drying the layers but not

completelyd) Pressing the layerse) Hang or lay out to dry completely

Natural science In Ancient China

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Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China

about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the

Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220),

created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast

fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.

However a recent archaeological discovery has been

reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on

it dating to 8 BC.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Paper was used in China for wrapping and padding since the 2nd

century BC but paper used as a writing medium only became

widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China,

sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as

well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded

and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea.

The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first

government to issue paper currency.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Printing

Natural science In Ancient China

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868

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The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before

the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), produced the

world's first print culture. Woodblock printing was better suited

to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also

invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Woodblock

printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by

centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around

220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th

century or before, via the Islamic world.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Natural science In Ancient China

Chemistry in ancient China: a) Chinese Alchemi

b) Gunpowder

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Chinese alchemy

a part of the larger tradition of Taoism, centers on the tradition of

body-spirit cultivation that developed through the Chinese

understandings of medicine and the body. These Chinese traditions

were developed into a system of energy practices. Chinese alchemy

focuses mainly on the purification of one's spirit and body in the

hopes of gaining immortality through the practice

of Qigong and/or consumption and use of various inventions

known as alchemical medicines or elixirs, each of which having

different purposes.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Alchemical medicines were valued for Chinese because of three main reasons:

granting transcendence and immortality

summon benevolent spiritsexpel demons

Natural science In Ancient China

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The alchemical practices outlined in :

• Waidan or 'external alchemy' and • Neidan or 'internal alchemy'

are intended to increase life span or produce immortality amongst the people using these methods.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Natural science In Ancient China

Outer alchemy (Waidan):

The term Waidan can be divided into two parts:

-- Wai which means outside or exterior and -- Dan referring to alchemy or elixir Waidan is using an elixir often containing herbal

or chemical substances found outside of the body.

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Waidan is using an elixir often containing herbal or chemical

substances found outside of the body.

Waidan can also include following certain dietary regiments

including the avoidance of specific foods. Taking medicines

and elixirs can be referred to outer elixir or weidan; these

practices occur outside of the body until they are verified by

the ingestion of medicines, herbs, and pills

“to bring about physical changes within the body,

separate to the soul.”

Natural science In Ancient China

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Inner alchemy (Neidan) :

The term Neidan can be divided into two parts -- Nei meaning inner and -- Dan referring to alchemy or elixir

Neidan uses techniques such as: composed meditation techniques, visualization, breathing and bodily posture exercises.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Neidan comprises the elixir from the principles

of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the

cultivation of substances already present in the

body, in particular the managing and controlling

of three substances in the body known as the

"Three Treasures”:

a) Jing b) chi c) shen

Natural science In Ancient China

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o Jing which can be translated as "life essence“. A person is born with

Jing and it governs the developmental growth processes in the body.

Since people are born with a certain amount of Jing, it is taught that a

person can increase their Jing through dietary and lifestyle practices.

o Ch'i which can be translated as "energy" or "vital energy". Ch'i energy

results from the interaction of yin and yang. A healthy body is

constantly circulating Ch'i.

o Shen can be translated as "spirit" or "mind". Shen is the energy used

in mental, spiritual and creative functioning

Natural science In Ancient China

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The three treasures are also associated with locations in the body

where the alchemical firing process can take place, known as the

three dantians:

• Jing or "life essence" is found in the lower dantian, which is

located just below the navel.

• Ch'i or "vital energy: is found in the middle dantian located in the

heart.

• Shen or "spiritual energy" is found in the upper dantian located

between the eyebrows, also known as the Third eye.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Conception of medicine :

Medicines can be used to heal ailments on the

exterior or interior of the body, to control the

ageing of the body, or even to prevent death.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Yin and Yang

Yin-Yang is an important concept in the ideas of Chinese alchemy. The Chinese had very definitive notions of the natural world, especially involving the Five Elements, which were:• Water • Fire• Earth• Metal• Wood

These were commonly thought to be interchangeable with one another; each was capable of becoming another element. The concept is integral, as the belief in outer alchemy necessitates the belief in natural elements being able to change into others. The cyclical balance of the elements relates to the binary opposition of yin-yang, and so it appears quite frequently.

Natural science In Ancient China

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Natural science In Ancient China

Yin and Yang symbol for balance. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, good health is believed to be achieved by a balance between Yin and Yang

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Natural science In Ancient China

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Gunpowder

The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder

was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese

alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By

the time the Song Dynasty treatise in AD 1044, the

various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels

of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%.

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Natural science In Ancient China

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In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large

gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire,

which produced such a massive explosion that a team of

Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deduced that

some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden

beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance

of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.

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Natural science In Ancient China

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In the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of

gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in

gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to

91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are

considered to have maximum explosive potential for

gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered

how to create explosive round shot by packing their

hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder. 31

Natural science In Ancient China

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Fireworks were invented in ancient China in the 12th century to scare away evil spirits, as a natural extension of the Four Great Inventions of ancient China of gunpowder.

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Natural science In Ancient China

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THE END

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Natural science In Ancient China

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