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Nanocarbon:
Properties and Applications
Trial lecture1-17-2004
Kai de Lange Kristiansen
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Nano
Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer)
Border to quantum mechanics
Form
Emergent behavior
Introduction
10010-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m
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Carbon
Melting point: ~ 3500oC
Atomic radius: 0.077 nm
Basis in all organic componds
10 mill. carbon componds
Introduction
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones Carbon black
Horns
Rods Foams
Nanodiamonds
Introduction
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones Carbon black
Horns
Rods Foams
Nanodiamonds
Introduction
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Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones Carbon black
Introduction
Properties & Application
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Storage
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Bonding
Properties
Graphite sp2 Diamond sp3
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Nanocarbon
Shenderova et al.
Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.
Properties
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Nanocarbon
Properties
12 pentagons
6 + 6 pentagons
1 5 pentagons
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Fullerene
The most symmetrical large molecule
Discovered in 1985
- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley
Properties
Epcot center, Paris
~1 nm
Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller
C60 , also 70, 76 and 84.- 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)- prototype
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC) High pressure
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC) High pressure
Hollow caging particles
Properties
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Fullerene
Symmetric shape lubricant
Large surface area catalyst
High temperature (~500oC) High pressure
Hollow caging particles
Ferromagnet?- polymerized C
60
- up to 220oC
Properties
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Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons
Crystal by weak van der Waals force
Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.
Properties
P i
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Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons
Crystal by weak van der Waals force
Superconductivity - K
3C
60: 19.2 K
- RbCs2C
60: 33 K
Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.
Properties
P ti
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Nanotube
Properties
Roll-up vector:
21amanC
h
+=
Discovered 1991, Iijima
P ti
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Nanotube
Properties
Roll-up vector:
21amanC
h
+=
Discovered 1991, Iijima
P ti
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Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
21amanC
h
+=
Properties
If , then metallicelse semiconductor
imn
=+
3
2
P ti
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Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
21amanC
h
+=
Properties
Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2
Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2
Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
Temperature stability Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)
Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC
Caging
May change electrical properties sensor
imn
=+
3
2If , then metallicelse semiconductor
Properties
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Nanotube
Properties
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
Length:
typical few m
High aspect ratio:
1000>diameter
length
quasi 1D solid
Properties
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Nanotube
Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.
Properties
SWCNT 1.9 nm
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
Length:
typical few m
High aspect ratio:
1000>diameter
length
quasi 1D solid
Properties
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Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever knownmaterial.
Young Modulus (stiffness):Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa
Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)
High strength steel 200 GPa
Tensile strength (breakingstrength)
Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa
Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa
High strength steel ~ 2 GPaElongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %
Density:
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3
Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3
Properties
Properties
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Carbon nanotubes are very flexible
Nanoscience Research GroupUniversity of North Carolina (USA)
http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html
Properties
Mechanical
Properties
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Cones
Scale bar: 200 nm
19.2 o
38.9o
60.0o
84.6o
112.9o
Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.
Properties
Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler
1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.
Closed: same shape as HIV capsid
Possible scale-up production (open form)
Storage?
HydrogenLietal.N
ature
40
7
(2000)
409.
Properties
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Carbon black
Properties
Large industry
- mill. tons each year
Tires, black pigments, plastics,
dry-cell batteries, UV-protectionetc.
Size: 10 400 nm
Application
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Writing
Carbon graphite C60 : 1000x better resolutionthan ink (Xerox)
Application
Application
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CNT / polymer composite
Current technology
- carbon black- 10 15 wt% loading
- loss of mechanical properties
CNT composites
- 0.1 1 wt% loading- low perculation treshold
Application
Application
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CNT / polymer composite
Application
Wu et al. Science
305 (2004) 1273.
Transparent electrical conductor
- Thickness: 50 150 nm
- High flexibility
Application
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Electric devices
Application
Application
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Transistor
Vacuum tubes- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.
IBM, 1952.
Semiconductor, Si-based- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen,
and Brattain.
- 2000, Kilby.
Application
Application
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Transistor
SWCNT- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K
- Logical gates
Application
Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.Bachtold, Dekkeret al.Science 294 (2001) 1317.
Base
CollectorEmitter
Application
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Antenna
Application
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Application
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Antenna
Dipole~ 3/4 m
Dekker, Phys. Today May(1999) 22
Nanotube
pp
MHz
m
s
mc
f 100~3
1038
==
Radio wave:
Optical wave:L
nmL 500~2/~
Application
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Flat screen displays
pp
Plasma TV
Application
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Flat screen displays
Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.
pp
Field emission
Application
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Atomic Force Microscopy
pp
Application
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Atomic Force Microscopy
pp
EldridS
vsand,IFE,K
jeller
Application
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Atomic force microscopy
Wong, Lieberet al.
Nature 394 (1998) 52.
Tube or cone
Chemical probe
Application
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Yarn
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,
Science 306 (2004) 1358.
Application
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Yarn
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,
Science 306 (2004) 1358.
MWCNT
Operational -196oC < T < 450oC
Electrical conducting
Toughness comparable to Kevlar
No rapture in knot
Application
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Hydrogen storage
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy
H2 (200 bar)
Schlapbach & Zttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353
H2 (liquid)LaNi5H6Mg2NiH
3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%
Application
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Hydrogen storage
Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2
SWCNT- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt%(questionable)- Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H
2,
-150oC.
Cones- Mealand & Skjeltorp,
(2001) US Patent 6,290,753
Eldrid Svsand, IFE Kjeller
Conclusion
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Warnings
Environment and health
No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes
No scale-up design, yet.
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Nanocarbon- fullerene - most symmetrical
- tubes - strongest- cones - one of the sharpest
- carbon black - large production
Properties
- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging
Applications - antenna, composite, writing, field emission,
transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage
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Commercial
Companies: ~ 20 worldwide- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)
- SES Research
- n-Tec
Prices: - Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI)
MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec)
- C60
: pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research)
- Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)
- Gold : $10 / gram
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Acknowledgements
Foothill College gratefully acknowledges thegenerous contribution of this lecture to ourcourse by Kai de Lange Kristiansen, Physics
Department, the University of Oslo Norway This lecture may be viewed by students of
ENGR76, but may not be distributed further
http://www.fys.uio.no/~kaidk/
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