Multifunctional Conservation Technologies for preservation of paper carriers of information

Katarína Vizárová, Radko Tiňo

Content

• About us • Why Multifunctional Conservation Technologies (MCT)

o M – multi-factorial degradation processes o C – conservation as a summary of the technological processes o T – means mass technologies

• Recent praxis in conservation o Individual technologies for individual problems o Deacidification technologies

• Our research and solution proposal o Safe Aquaeous Technology (SAT) o Plasma treatment technology

Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres Department of polymer processing Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry

Conservation of Heritage Materials and Objects Research and Education Interdisciplinary cooperation

Slovak University of technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology

Signs of degradation processes Loss of mechanical properties Embrittlement Change of color Change of information readability

Multifactorial aging of paper carriers of information

Degradation of materials

permanent +

multi-factorial proces internal factors - pH - type of fiber - lignin - transition metals - degradation products - etc.

external factors - humidity - temperature - oxygen - UV irradiation - SO2, NOx - dust - mechanical damage during access

Emission (volatile degradation

products)

Absorption (SO2, Nox, volatile

degradation products)

Cellulose

Papermaking fiber

Paper

Book

Paper carriers of information

Consequences of paper degradation processes

paper r p-value

Whatman 0,98 0,002

NOVO 0,88 0,052

kniha 0,98 0,003

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

decrease of polymerization degree of cellulose

loss of woodpulp paper mechanical

properties

during the accelerated ageing

Past

• MULTIFUNCTIONAL • Manual conservation – Restorer

(all operations)

Recent

• MONOFUNCTIONAL • cleaning • disinfection, decontamination,

sterilization • deacidification • stabilization • reinforcement • others

Future

• MULTIFUNCTIONAL • Multifunctional Conservation

Technologies MCT

Conservation Technologies

Quantification of the problem

• The current conservation practice still deals with serious issue which is presence of acids in the paper, causing fast degradation of pulp fibers in the most endangered books and documents on acid paper, which make up 80-85% of the resources of libraries, archives and other world heritage institutions

• Statistical data (2010) in SR

Druh kultúrnych objektov (KO)

Počet KO SR 2009 (počet KO v SR za rok 2009)

Ročný prírastok KO (počet KO/rok)

Ročný výkon konzervovania, reštaurovania, zdigitalizovania z celkového počtu KO SR v roku 2009. (%/ rok)

Potreba ochrany, konzervovania, zdigitalizovania KO (%)

archívne dokumenty 1 000 000 000 50 000 -150 000 0,0001 – 0,0002 99,9999-99,9998 textové analogové dokumenty 5 000 000 5 000 -15 000 0,076 – 0,237 99,924 -99,763 2D objekt + malý 3D objekt + veľký 3D objekt 15 904 143 100 000 – 300 000 0,63 – 1,26 99,37-98,74

Katuščák, D. a kol. Výročná správa za rok 2009 c. MK-245/2010-103/1903, http://www.snk.sk/swift_data/source/KGR/pdf/VS_SNK_2009.pdf (10.10.2010).

Evaluation Slovak project KnihaSK – Comparative evaluation of deacidification processes1 Priority is longevity2

1. Katuščák, S., Jablonský, M., Holúbková, S.: Comparative Evaluation of Deacidification Processes. [ed.] Mälck A., Niggemann E., Pothast A., Schneider-Kempf B. Altenhöner R. Blüher A. EINE ZUKUNFT FUR SAURES PAPIER. Perspektiven von Archiven und Bibliotheken nach Abschluss des KUR-Projekts „Nachhaltigkeit der Massenentsäuerung von Bibliotheksgut“ Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie Sonderbände. Zv. 106, p. 149-176, 2012.

2. Drewes J., France, F.: Taking the measure: Treatment and Testing in Mass Deacidification. The Book and Paper Group Annual 31, p. 104, 2012. Mass Deacidification Today. Open discussion on May 11th, 2012, the 40th AIC Annual Meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico

Comparative evaluation of deacidification processes – by KnihaSK

Papersave Swiss > Papersave > CSC Booksaver > SOBU > Bookkeeper

BAT least efficient

the most widespread!

efficiency problems

incomplete deacidification

technologically difficult

Comparative evaluation of deacidification processes – updated in 2016

Comparison of independent studies testing the mechanical permanence factors efficacy

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Sτ,ω - factor of mechanical permanence for folding endurance SBF –factor of mechanical permanence for breaking length STS –factor of mechanical permanence for tensile strength STSB – factor of of mechanical permanence for deformation strength at break

The Future of efficient Mass Conservation Technology multi-threat protection - development of Multifunctional Conservation

Technology (MCT) - set of all conservation technologies

• Testing parameters for mass deacidification should be standardized across the board for all the various processes

• Testing should be conducted by independent researchers (not manufacturers or vendors!) – objective testing

• There is no one best, optimal process for deacidification paper carriers of information in the world.

• so far commercially developed and implemented process has its advantages and drawbacks.

• Even, if it was optimal, it still has flaws – it’s mono-functional!

The Recent problems

We propose

o DEVELOPMENT of MULTIFUNCTIONAL Conservation Technologies (for conservation of books and documents);

o environmentally friendly and effective technologies; o complete removing / elimination of degradation factors, applied on base of

initial quality control: o Safe Aquaeous Technology (SAT) o Plasma treatment technology

DEVELOPMENT of MULTIFUNCTIONAL Conservation Technologies (for conservation of books and documents) o Safe Aquaeous Technology (SAT):

o INNOVATION of existing and DEVELOPMENT of new deacidification processes

• perspective of using the most suitable environment for effective modification – based on water – suitable for further R&D

• Solutions of STU (patents and other outputs - ) suitable fortreatment of books and blocks of paper without deformation and damage is now possible = SUBDEFORMATIONAL DEPOSITION

o Our new US patent (Vizarova at al. 2016) offers solutions for completing of deacidification and also allows application of the principles of multi-threat protection in a single device.

World knows, that paper cannot be submerged into the water without consequences (damage).

Kaskötö M.: Evaluation kinetics of impregnation sheet lignocellulosic materials and objects with water borne systems. Diploma Thesis. FCHPT STU Bratislava, 2008, p.79

Technological conservation Centre at Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology STU in Bratislava

PLASMA

positive ions

metastable particles

electrons

negative ions

atoms

free radicals

photons

excited molecules

Future We propose

DEVELOPMENT of MULTIFUNCTIONAL Conservation Technologies (for conservation of books and documents ... and others) - Plasma treatment

Plasma treatment technology offers

Future

+

non-toxic, multifunctional, energetically and cost efficient, enironmentally friendly

cold plasma is suitable for treatment of biomaterials during the plasma treatment, simultaneous synergic effects take a part

• sterilization / decontamination

Preliminary experiment

• papier:Whatman

• inokulum: Penicillium chrysogenum,• ADRE plazma:

E = 1.24 J,E = 0,6 J (30min),

• plyn: O2,

čas: A, B (0 min), C, D (5 min), E, F (10 min), G, H (30 min)

sterilisation of microorganisms in low temperature plasma discharge

Preliminary experiment

papier: glejený, inokulum: Cladosporium Herbarum, ADRE plazma: E = 1.24 J, E = 0,6 J (30 min), plyn: N2, čas: A, B (0 min), C, D (5 min), E, F (10 min), G, H (30 min)

samples of microorganisms colonising paper substrate sterilised in plasma discharge

Flavia Schlegel - Assisten Director General (ADG) for the natural sciences UNESCO visiting Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SLovak University of Technology and its Technological Conservation Centre (june 2016).

Thank you for your Attention

Acknowledgement This research is supported by Slovak Agency for Research and Development, project „Conservation and stabilization of cultural heritage objects from natural organic materials with low temperature atmospheric plasma – PlasmArt - APVV-15-0460“