International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com August 2014, Volume 2 Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
54 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
Multi-hop Routing SEP (MR-SEP) for clustering in wireless sensor
Network
HarpreetKaur Sukhwinder Sharma Manu Goyal
CSE/IT&MCA Deptt. CSE/IT&MCA Deptt. CSE/IT&MCA Deptt.
BBSBEC BBSBEC BBSBEC
Fatehgarh Sahib, India Fatehgarh Sahib, India Fatehgarh Sahib, India
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensors nodes are made up of small electronic devices which are capable of sensing,
computing and transmitting data from harsh physical environments like a surveillance field. These
sensor nodes majorly depend on batteries for energy, which get depleted at a faster rate because of the
computation and communication operations they have to perform. Communication protocols can be
designed to make efficient utilization of energy resources this paper, In order to prolong the lifetime
of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the proposed algorithm would be implemented as Multi-hop
Routing with Stable Election Protocol (MR-SEP). MR-SEP partitions the network into different
layers of clusters. Cluster heads in each layer collaborates with the adjacent layers to transmit
sensor’s data to the base station. Ordinary sensor nodes can join cluster heads of their respective
fields as according to distance. The transmission of nodes is controlled by a Base Station (BS) that
selects the upper layers cluster heads to act as super cluster heads for lower layer cluster heads. Thus,
MR-SEP follows multi-hop routing from cluster-heads to a base station to conserve energy, unlike the
SEP Protocol.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Cluster Head (CH), Multi-hop Routing SEP (MR-SEP),
Routing Protocol, Layered Sensor Network, Lifetime, Residual Energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) [4] are a special kind of Ad hoc networks that became one of the
most interesting areas for researchers. Routing techniques are the most important issue for networks where
resources are limited [6]. WSNs technology‟s growth in the computation capacity requires these sensor
nodes to be increasingly equipped to handle more complex functions. Each sensor is mostly limited in their
energy level, processing power and sensing ability. Thus, a network of these sensors gives rise to a more
robust, reliable and accurate network. Lots of studies on WSNs have been carried out showing that this
technology is continuously finding new application in various areas [3], like remote and hostile regions as
seen in the military for battle field surveillance, monitoring the enemy territory, detection of attacks and
security etiquette. Other applications of these sensors are in the health sectors where patients can wear small
sensors for physiological data and in deployment in disaster prone areas for environmental monitoring. It is
noted that, to maintain a reliable information delivery, data aggregation and information fusion that is
necessary for efficient and effective communication between these sensor nodes [5]. Only processed and
concise information should be delivered to the sinks to reduce communications energy, prolonging the
effective network life-time with optimal data delivery [7]. An inefficient use of the available energy leads to
poor performance and short life cycle of the network. To this end, energy in these sensors is a scarce
resource and must be managed in an efficient manner.
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55 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
Hierarchical routing protocols have been proved more energy efficient routing protocols. Several
protocols are designed for homogeneous networks. LEACH [1] is one of the first clustered based routing
protocols for homogeneous network. LEACH assigns same probability for all nodes to become cluster head.
However, LEACH does not perform well in heterogeneous environment. Heterogeneity of nodes with
respect to their energy level has also proved extra lifespan for WSNs. To improve efficiency of WSNs, SEP
[2] was proposed. SEP is a two level heterogeneous protocol. SEP assigns different probability (to become
cluster head) for nodes on the basis of their energy level. However, SEP does not use extra energy of higher
level nodes efficiently. To send messages from nodes to base station we require minimum dissipation of
energy. For such purpose a need of better routing protocol arises which should efficiently utilize energy.
Classical approaches were insufficient to fulfill this demand. We present a novel protocol which is an
extension of the SEP [2], to properly distribute energy and ensure maximum network life time. Our
simulation result shows an improvement in effective network life time and increased robustness of
performance in the presence of energy heterogeneity.
LEACH [1] is a hierarchical clustering algorithm for judicious usage of energy in the network.
LEACH uses randomized rotation of the local cluster head. LEACH performs well in homogeneous
environment. In LEACH every node has same probability to become a cluster head. However, LEACH is
not well suited for heterogeneous environment. SEP is a two level heterogeneous protocol introducing two
types of nodes, normal nodes and advance nodes. Advance nodes have more energy than normal nodes. In
SEP both nodes (normal and advance nodes) have weighted probability to become cluster head. Advance
nodes have more chances to become cluster head than normal nodes. SEP does not guarantee efficient
deployment of nodes. Enhanced Stable Election Protocol (E-SEP) [17] was proposed for three level
hierarchies. E-SEP introduced an intermediate node whose energy lies between normal node and advance
node. Nodes elect themselves as cluster head on the basis of their energy level. The drawback of E-SEP is
same as in SEP. Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol (DEEC) [18] shows multilevel
heterogeneity. In DEEC the cluster head formation is based on residual energy of node and average energy
of the network. In DEEC the high energy node has more chance to become cluster head than low energy
node. TEEN [10] is reactive protocol for time critical applications. TEEN was proposed for homogeneous
network. In TEEN the criteria for selection of cluster head is same as in LEACH, TEEN introduces hard and
soft threshold to minimize the number of transmissions thus saving the energy of nodes. In this way the life
span and stability period of the network increases.
In this research, we design a Multi-hop Routing Algorithm with Stable Election Protocol (MR-
SEP).The motivation behind this work is to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes by adaptively
increasing the clustering hierarchy. In order to create the equal number of clusters, BS assists in defining the
clustering hierarchy and issuesa TDMA schedule for each layer of cluster heads. Based on this schedule,
each cluster head issues its own TDMA schedule formember nodes. In MR-SEP, cluster heads not only
collect data from their member nodes but also act as relying nodes for cluster heads at lower layers in-order
to route data to the base station. Thus, cluster heads form a tree rooted at the base station,where the
intermediate nodes are only the cluster-heads and leaves are the member nodes. This scheme yields longer
network life time since transmission is based on multi-hop routing from lower-layers towards higher-layers.
Similar, to the SEP protocol, it operates in rounds and a new cluster head is selectedin each round based on
available energy of sensor nodes.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II presents
related work and motivation for this research is given. Section III elaborates the network and radio model
used for MR-SEP. In Section IV, we provide the details of MR-SEP.
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56 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
Theoretical performance evaluation of MR-SEP with other stateof the art routing protocols is give in
Section V. Finally, this research is concluded in Section VI.
II. RELATED WORK AND MOTIVATION
Clustering techniques have been employed to deal with energy management in WSNs. Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), a clustering based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of
local cluster base station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the
network was proposed in Ref. [1]. These sensors organize themselves into clusters using a probabilistic
approach to randomly elect themselves as heads in an epoch. However, LEACH protocol is not
heterogeneity-aware, in the sense that when there is an energy imbalance between these nodes in the
network, the sensors die out faster than they normally should have if they were to maintain their energy
uniformly. In real life situation it is difficult for the sensors to maintain their energy uniformly, thus,
introducing energy imbalances. LEACH assumes that the energy usage of each node with respect to the
overall energy of the system or network is homogeneous. Conventional protocols such as Minimum
Transmission Energy (MTE) and Direct Transmission (DT) [3] do not also assure a balanced and uniformly
use of the sensor‟s respective energies as the network evolves.
Stable Election Protocol (SEP), was proposed in [2], a heterogeneous aware protocol, based on
weighted election probabilities of each node to become cluster head according to their respective energy.
This approach ensures that the cluster head election is randomly selected and distributed based on the
fraction of energy of each node assuring a uniform use of the nodes energy. In the SEP, two types of nodes
(two tier in-clustering) and two level hierarchies were considered.Another emerging approach for routing in
WSN is multi-hop routing with unequal clustering. In this approach variable number of intermediate nodes
will forward data to the base station,depending on the location of the sensed data. This approach has
following shortcomings.
1. Since, there are unequal clusters inside the same network hence; scheduling becomes a difficult task. In
some cases we may need to use Carrier Sense Multiple Access(CSMA), which is rather expensive compared
with TDMAschedule.
2. Decision of joining upper level cluster head lies with the lower level cluster head this can result in hot
spots.
In this research, our main aim is to develop a multi-hop routing algorithm for WSN with equal clustering to
achieve the following objectives.
1. Reduce the average distance of each cluster head from it supper level cluster head so that in reaching the
base station, the energy consumption is distributed among different cluster heads that will eventually result
in longer network lifetime.
2. Selection of cluster heads at second and above level will be made by the base station thus; computational
cost at sensor nodes will be reduced.
3. Equal number of clustering level will be used, this will enable us to use global TDM schedule hence;
problem associated with multi-hop routing with unequal clustering will be alleviated.
TERMINOLOGIES USED
Some basic terminologies we used in the paper are:
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57 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
• Stability Period: Time interval from the start of the network to the death of the first sensor node.
• Instability Period: Time interval from the death of the first node to the death of the last sensor node.
• Throughput: The total rate of data sent over the network, the rate of data sent from cluster heads to base
station as well as the rate of data sent from the nodes to base station.
• Network Lifetime: Time interval from the start of the network to the death of the last alive node.
• Epoch: Number of rounds after which a node becomes eligible for cluster head.
• Data Aggregation: Data collected in sensors are derived from common phenomena so nodes in a close area
usually share similar information. A way to reduce energy consumption is data aggregation. Aggregation
consists of suppressing redundancy in different data messages. When the suppression is achieved by some
signal processing techniques, this operation is called data fusion.
3. PROPOSED MR-SEP
In this section we present our proposed protocol. Our protocol is extension of SEP. It follows hybrid
approach i.e. direct transmission and transmission via cluster head. Further we discuss in detail the
functioning of our protocol.
3.1 Network Model
In this research, we assume that set of sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the square field to
continuously monitor the phenomenon under inspection. We assume that sensor network possess following
properties.
1. Once deployed all sensor nodes and BS are stationary.
2. Base Station can be placed anywhere inside the sensing field or away from it.
3. Nodes use power control to tune the amount of send power according to the transmission distance.
Fig. 1 Network Phase
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58 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
3.2Radio Model
Our radio model is similar to the one presented in [5]. Discussion of radio model is essential because
assumptions about the radio characteristics including energy dissipation in transmit and receive mode will
have an impact on the performance of a particular routing protocol. We further assume that path loss
exponential is d2 power loss in free space provided; transmitter and receivers are within certain threshold
distance d0 otherwise it is d4. If a node wants to transmit „k‟ bits of data over a distance „d‟ then following
equation will give us transmission energy requirements.
𝐸Tₓ 𝑘,𝑑 = 𝑘.𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝑘. 𝜀𝑓𝑠 .𝑑2 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 < 𝑑0
𝑘.𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝑘. 𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝 .𝑑4 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 ≥ 𝑑0
(1)
𝐸Rₓ 𝑘 = 𝑘.𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐
(2)
In above equation 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 is the per bit energy dissipations for transmission.We also use the free-space and
two-ray models according to the distance between the transmitter and receiver.
d0is a threshold transmission distance and d0= 𝜀𝑓𝑠
𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝 . If d0<d , the free-space model will be employed;
otherwise, the two-ray model will be employed. 𝜀𝑓𝑠and𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝 are the amplifier parameters of transmission
corresponding to the free-space and the two-ray models respectively.
Fig 2. Radio Model
3.3 No. Of Optimal Cluster-heads
In hierarchical routing protocols, the number of cluster-headsis a key factor that affects performance
of routingprotocols. If the number of cluster-heads is less, each cluster-headneed to cover larger region that
will lead to some clustermembers are far from their cluster-heads and consume muchmore energy. As the
communication between cluster-heads andthe base station needs much more energy than common nodes,the
excessive number of cluster-heads will increase the energyconsumption of the whole network and shorten
the networklifetime. Therefore, it is necessary to select optimal cluster-headnumber to make the energy
consumption minimum.
Assume that there are N nodes distributed uniformly in an 2×R×Rregion. If there are k clusters, there are on
averageN / k nodes per cluster (one cluster-head and (N / k) −1regular nodes). Each cluster-head dissipates
energy receivingsignals from the nodes, aggregating the signals, andtransmitting the aggregate signal to the
BS. Since the BS is farfrom the nodes, presumably the energy dissipation follows thetwo-ray model.
Therefore, the energy dissipated in the cluster-headduring a single frame ECHis:
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59 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
𝐸𝐶𝐻 = 𝑙 ∗𝑁
𝑘∗ 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝐸𝐷𝐴 + 𝑙 ∗ 𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐵𝑆
4
(3)
wherelis the number of bits in each data message, dtoBSis the distance from the cluster-head to the BS, EDAis
theenergy consumption of one byte in data aggregation.
Each regular node only needs to transmit its data to thecluster-head once during a frame. Presumably the
distance tothe cluster-head is small, so the energy dissipation follows thefree-space model. Thus, the energy
used in each noncluster-head node is:
𝐸𝑛−𝐶𝐻 = 𝑙 ∗ 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝑙 ∗ 𝜀𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐶𝐻2
(4)
WheredtoCHis the distance from the node to the clusterhead.
Hypothesize the probability density of all the nodes in thearea is ρ(x, y), and cluster-heads are in the center
of thecluster, The expected squared distance from the nodes to thecluster-head can be:
𝐸 𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐶𝐻2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜌 𝑥,𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(5)
𝐸 𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐶𝐻2 = 𝑟2 𝜌(𝑟,𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
(6)
Assume this area is a circle with radius R = M / 𝜋𝑘,and ρ (r,θ ) is constant for r and θ , If the density of
nodes is uniform throughout the cluster area, then ρ = k / M2 and: (6) simplifies to:
𝐸 𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐶𝐻2 =
𝑀2
2𝜋𝑘
(7)
The energy dissipated in a cluster during the frame is:
𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐸𝐶𝐻 + (𝑁
𝑘− 1)𝐸𝑛−𝐶𝐻 ≈ 𝐸𝐶𝐻 +
𝑁
𝑘𝐸𝑛−𝐶𝐻
(8)
and the total energy for the frame is ET= kEcluster, We canfind the optimum number of clusters by setting the
derivativeof ETwith respect to k to zero.
Thus the optimal ratio of cluster-heads is:
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑡 =𝑘𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑁
(9)
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝜀𝑓𝑠
2𝜋𝑁𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑀
𝑑𝑡𝑜𝐵𝑆2
(10)
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60 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
This Poptwill be used in the thresholdTR(n)to decidewhich node is eligible to be a cluster-head.
4. MR-SEP ALGORITHM
The operations that are carried out in the SEP-MR protocol are divided into three stages, which are given
below:
• Cluster Formation at lowest level.
• Cluster Discovery at different levels by Base Station.
• Transmission of aggregated data by cluster heads to Base Station through Multi-hop routing.
4.1 Cluster Formation at lowest level
In the cluster formation phase, all the sensors within a network group themselves into some cluster
regions by communicating with each other through short messages as same of SEP [1]. At a point of time
one sensor in the network acts as a cluster head and sends short messages within the network to all the other
remaining sensors. The sensors choose to join those groups or regions that are formed by the cluster heads,
depending upon the signal strength of the messages sent by the cluster heads. Sensors interested in joining a
particular cluster head or region respond back to the cluster heads by sending a response signal indicating
their acceptance to join.The cluster head can decide the optimal number of cluster members it can handle or
requires. Figure 2 below shows two phases of a sensor in a SEP-MR protocol: all the sensors form as cluster
members to the cluster heads and in the second phase cluster heads perform the transmission of data to the
sink in a multi-hop structure.
Fig. 3 Selection of Cluster-heads
4.2 Cluster Discovery at different levels by Base Station
In this phase, the cluster heads will be divided into the different layers with the help of base station.
Using its broadcast capability base station will discover clusterheads at different levels. We assume that the
BS can reach all nodes in one hop over a common control channel. The BS will broadcast its Identifier (ID)
over the common control channel. All cluster-heads which hear this broadcast will record the BS ID. Cluster
heads which are near to the BS form layer one since they are at single hop distance from the BS i.e. layer
one. Now, BS will broadcast a control packet with all layer one cluster heads ID‟s in it. All cluster heads in
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61 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
the network will reply to this message at default low power level with their own ID‟s aswell as ID‟s of layer
one cluster heads (Layer one cluster heads will not respond to this message, since their ID‟s are present in
the control packet). Since, nodes will broadcast at lower power level therefore; this reply will not get to the
BS directly. Layer one cluster heads are one hop away from layer two cluster heads therefore; this reply will
get to layer one cluster heads. Layer one cluster heads whose ID‟s are present in the reply message will relay
this message to the BS.
BS will record the ID‟s of cluster heads, level of the cluster head and ID of the forwarding cluster head (at
immediate upper level, of the node) in its internal data structure.Similarly, BS will again broadcast control
message with ID‟s of all cluster heads it has discovered. All undiscovered cluster heads will reply to this
message and the processing will be done as described above. This process continues till no new cluster head
is discovered.
Following figure depicts the whole process:
Fig. 4 Cluster Discovery at different levels
Once the cluster heads at different levels have been discovered, the BS will use the information, i.e., cluster
head ID, Cluster Head Level and immediate Cluster Head ID to form cluster of cluster-heads.
4.3 Transmission of aggregated data by cluster heads to Base Station through Multi-hop routing.
After forming cluster heads at different levels, member nodes scheduling needs to be done. Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is the preferred scheduling scheme in sensor networks because it saves
lot of energy compared to contemporary medium access techniquesfor wireless networks. One thing must be
notice that whenever a cluster head needs to communicate with its upper cluster heads in the cluster
hierarchy it must use higher powerin-order to guarantee data delivery.
Upper level cluster heads will allocate longer time slots to their member low level cluster heads
because they have more data to send compared to simple members. Hence the communication between the
inter cluster-heads takes place through the multipath routing before the data directly sent to the base station.
First of all communication will take place between the upper level cluster head and lower level cluster head
on the basis of the distance which is clearly illustrated by the fig. 4. According to multipath routing, the
upper level cluster heads will look for the nearest lower level cluster head to conserve energy. Then after
inter cluster-heads communication lower level cluster-head would send the data directly to the base station.
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
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62 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
Fig. 5- Illustration of Multi-hop Routing
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
We simulate proposed algorithm and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) clustering algorithm for WSN. Results
from many runs of each algorithm are recorded for random distribution of nodes. The basic parameters used
are listed in Table I
Table 1: Parameter for the MR-SEP algorithm
Parameter Value
Number of Nodes 100
Network Field 200*200
Base Station Position (100,100)
Size of data packet 4000 bits
Initial energy of normal
node
0.5 J
Initial energy of
advanced node
2 J
𝜀𝑓𝑠 10pJ/bit/m2
𝜀𝑎𝑚𝑝 0.0013pJ/bit/m4
Eelec 50nJ/bit
EDA 5nJ/bit/signal
d0 87m
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63 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
We use following two metrics to analyze and compare the performance of the algorithm MR-SEP and SEP
The stability of networks [9], namely the first node dead round
The networks life time, namely the total energy dissipation and survival round, is the key metric of
evaluation.
B. Stability Period& Network Lifetime
We have calculated the stability period and Network Lifetime for proposed algorithm and SEP algorithm
over the 100 simulation. The table 2 shows the results of Stability period and Table. 3 shows the result of
Network Lifetime for both algorithm
Table 2: Comparison of stability period for SEP and MR-SEP
Stability Period for SEP 882
Stability Period for MR-SEP 1012
Table 3: Comparison of Network Lifetime for SEP and MR-SEP
Network lifetime for SEP 5547
Network lifetime for MR-SEP 5894
Fig. 6. Stability Period & Network Lifetime Result
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a multi-hop routing with Stable Election Protocol is proposed to minimize the energy
consumption of sensor nodes. MR-SEP introduces the concept of multi-hop routing in SEP algorithm i.e.,
data from any node that becomes cluster-head irrespective of energy in the top layer will reach the BS with
the help of intermediate cluster-head in the lower layer. Hence multipath model of radio which leads to
major power dissipation in nodes in SEP protocol is not used in this algorithm. Hence with the multi-hop
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64 HarpreetKaur , Sukhwinder Sharma , Manu Goyal
between the intermediate cluster-heads leads MR-SEP algorithm to better stability period and network
lifetime than original SEP. Performance evaluation section has shown that MR-SEP performs well compared
to similar approaches given that network is divided into optimal number of layers,
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