Motivation, Emotion, and Stress and Health

Chapters 12, 13, and 14

Motivation Categories

•Needs—Instinct Theory•Drives—Drive Reduction•Motives—Maslow• Incentives—Cognitive—

oBandura, Rotter, Kelly

Early Perspectives on Motivation

• Motivation was INSTINCTUAL– Darwin—Survival– James/McDougall—Social Instincts• Examples—Modest, Kind, etc.• Why?

– Criticism????

• Drive Reduction—Hull (We are motivated to reduce our drives and maintain homeostasis)

• Criticism????

Early Perspectives on Motivation• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs—must fulfill

basic needs before you can move onto other needs and to eventually become self actualized.

• Most never become self actualized because other needs get in the way. Ex.—

• Examples of Self Actualized People:

Are you self actualized?

• Acceptance and Realism• Focused on Helping Others• Spontaneous—open and unconventional• Need for Autonomy and Solitude• Appreciation of the World—Inspired• Peak Experiences—Intense Joy, Wonder, Awe

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Primary Physiological MotivesMaintain Homeostasis

• Hunger—Hypothalamus (LH vs. VMH)– External vs. Internal– External Eating starts @ 3 years– Glucose drop—hunger—cut stomach?– Eat Slow—20 min. & Learn to like foods 17 times– Set Point Theory—Can you change your set point?– Garcia Effect– Eating Disorders—Anorexia, Bulemia, Obesity

• BMI handout• Cultural Differences

– Body Image Survey

Primary Drives

• Thirst Drive• You need to drink water or you will die• Can’t sham it like with food• Cells need hydration• Can go almost 2 weeks without food, but only

a couple days without water

Survey Scale of 1 to 5—1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree

1) Teens who engage in sexual intercourse tend to stay together longer.

2) The birth control pill is 100% effective and prevents STDs or STIs

3) I would be comfortable having a friend with HIV4) People can be born gay.5) Expectations about sex and marriage are the

same for men and women.

Survey Scale of 1 to 5—1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree

6. Abstinence only education is the most effective program in preventing teen pregnancy and STDs or STIs

7. I am comfortable talking to my parents about sex.8. My parents are the ones who gave me the most

information about sex.9. Condoms are 95% effective in preventing pregnancy

and STDs or STIs.10. The country with the highest rate of teen pregnancy

is the US.

• What are the main reasons American teens get pregnant more, have more abortions, and suffer from more STIs?– Study shows ignorance, guilt, lack of

communication about birth control, alcohol use, and mass media norms.

• STIs are growing fastest amongst people under 25 with teen girls being the most vulnerable. – 4 factors were identified in study that linked to

sexual restraint—intelligence, religious activity, father prescence, and participation in community service.

Primary Drives• Sex Drive--Hypothalamus– Sexual Response Cycle—

• Masters and Johnson• Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

– Kinsey– Hormones—Estrogen and Testosterone

• Levels affect libido--sex drive– Gender Differences—why to a partner!– Sexual Coercion—is learned, not a drive– Sexual Orientation—Simon Levay

• Hypothalamus– Disc uss with a partner!

Primary Drives

• Is Maternal Drive a primary, unlearned drive?• Are women biologically prepared to be good

mothers?• Do we have a maternal instinct?• Do men have any type of paternal drive or

instinct?• Stand up for your opinion!

Stand up--Review Time

• How would the drive reduction theory explain someone who takes a higher paying job that requires much more work and time away from home?

• What aspects of hunger are controlled by the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus?

• The balanced physiological state we are driven to attain by satisfying our needs is called?

Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not necessary for survival

• Exploration and Curiosity– What are people like to have a high need to

exploration and curiosity?• Survey

– Naturally want to explore our environment• How do we learn not to?

– Naturally curious—think of little kids who ask lots of questions• How do we learn not to be curious and not ask lots of questions?

Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not necessary for survival

• Manipulation– We want to experience things first hand—touch,

etc.– If that is the case, then what is the best way to

learn?

Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not necessary for survival

• Contact—Harlow– Infants need contact to flourish– Infants without contact develop a lot of problems

Stimulus Motives—Unlearned, but not necessary for survival

• Arousal—motivated for stimulation– Optimal Arousal—There is an optimal level of

arousal for certain tasks– Yerkes-Dodson Law• Easy—High Arousal• Complex—Low Arousal

– Sensory Deprivation--We don’t like a non-aroused state, so we create stimulation

Review Time

• What did Masters and Johnson add to the field of psychology?

• Why were Kinsey and LeVay treated so poorly?• What hormone drives libido?• What is the Yerkes-Dodson curve referred to

as?• What do we tend to do when we are sensory

deprived?

Learned Motives

• Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic– If we got rid of grades, would you still find school

motivating? Discuss with a partner!

• Theory X vs. Theory Y– Survey results--discuss– Which type of boss is best? Discuss with a

different partner!

Learned Motives

• Aggression—inflicting intentional physical or psychological harm on another.– Examples:

• Bandura—Aggression is learned through modeling and imitation– Agree or Disagree—Stand up!

Learned Motives

• Sexual Coercion—sexual harassment to rape• Most underreported crime—why?• Learned, not a drive!• Motivated to do it for power and control• Miami Case Study• College Case Study– Response

Learned Motives• Get blue book and turn to page 352

• Answer the following questions using the picture on p. 352—– What led up to the moment?– What is he thinking?– What is he feeling?– What is likely to happen next?

• Stay tuned for results!

Learned Motives

• Need for Achievement—nAch• Murray said some have a greater nAch than

others. – Examples:

• McClelland developed the TAT or the Thematic Apperception Test to test someone’s nAch.

• How did you score? Does it seem valid and reliable? Discuss with a neighbor!

Learned Motives

• Need for Power and Control• Some of us have a greater need for power

than others.• How high is your need for power? What do

you do to satiate your need for power?• What careers tend to attract people who have

a high need for power?

Learned Motives

• Need for Affiliation—nAff• Stanley Schacter• Misery LOVES Miserable Company• We need to affiliate with people who are like

us and who share our feelings!

Stand UP! Review Time

• What does nAch stand for?• What test do they give to test nAch?• What is the primary difference between

primary motives, stimulus motives and learned motives?

• Why do miserable people love miserable company?

• Is aggression instinctual or is it learned?

Emotion Expression and Interpretation is Universal

Emotion

• James-Lange Theory• Stimuli—Physical Response—Emotion– Example—Jimmy calls you, you get a weird feeling

in your tummy, you feel love for Jimmy– Example—Jimmy calls you, you feel nothing, you

tell Jimmy you are just not that into him– Your own example???

Emotion• Cannon—Bard Theory• Stimuli—Physical and Emotion occur

simulataneously• Thought Thalamus was emotional center, but

were wrong—what is it?• Amygdala

Emotion• Cognitive Appraisal Theory AKA Two Factor

Theory• Schacter--Singer• Most current emotional theory!• Stimuli—Cogntive Appraisal + Physical

Response--Emotion

Which theory do you agree with most?

Emotion

• Facial Feedback Theory• Pencil Experiment• Smiling vs. Frowning—Results

Emotion

• Non-verbal vs. Verbal Emotional Communication

• Not good at verbally expressing our emotions• 80% is non-verbal• Examples—Facial Expressions, Body Language,

Distance, Gestures, Actions• Charades!

Emotion

• What are the differences between men and women when it comes to emotion?

• If we did a PET scan of both a man and a woman during an emotional moment, what would the two PET scans look like? Draw them--get a marker to color in the hot spots.

Music ReviewSong Motivation Theory Emotion Evoked

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Stress and Health

• What do health psychologists study?– Stress– Behavior that leads to stress– Personality types that lead to stress– How people cope with stress– How stress effects health– Sources of stress – How the body responds to stress

Stress and Health

• Define Stress—– What is the difference between eustress and

distress?

Stress and Health

• How does our body respond to stress?– GAS—General Adaptation Syndrome• By Hans Seyle

– Alarm—Fight or Flight– Resistance—Stress Hormones

» Cortisol – Exhuastion--Parasympathetic

Stress and Health

• What causes stress?– Daily Hassles—Examples– Life Changes—Examples• Holmes and Rahe SRRS—p. 484 in blue book

– 80% of people who scored high developed illness in the following year.

– What is the lesson to be learned?

Stress and Health

• What causes stress?– Pain and Discomfort– Frustration– Irrational Beliefs—p. 489 in blue book– Conflict—• Approach-Approach• Avoidance-Avoidance• Approach-Avoidance• Multiple Approach-Avoidance

Stress and Health

• What causes stress?– Personality Type—• Type A vs. B—Type A has more stress—greater chance

of a heart attack—p. 490 in blue book

Stress and Health

• How do we cope with stress?– Self Esteem Work– Sense of Humor– Predictability– Support– Relaxation– Psychological Hardiness—Internal Locus of Control

—p. 493 in blue book

Debate Topics1. Stress causes illness, therefore holistic medicine is most effective VS.

Stress does not cause illness therefore modern medicine is most effective

2. Most humans are extrinsically motivated therefore a Theory X manager is most effective VS. Most humans are intrinsically motivated therefore a Theory Y manager is most effective

3. Abstinence education regarding sex is most effective VS. Abstinence education regarding sex is not effective.

4. Obesity is biological (nature) VS. Obesity is learned/cultural/psychological (nurture).

5. Sexual orientation is biological (nature) VS.Sexual orientations is learned/cultural/psychological (nurture).

Debate Directions

• Prepare a typed or neatly written statement at least one page in length that you will share with your group.

• Have a works cited/bibliography with at least 3 sources.

• Be prepared to debate/discuss your topic with your peers.

Grading• You will be graded mainly on your written

statement.• You will also receive a grade for your

bibliography.• Lastly, you will get a grade for the points you

make during the debate/discussion.– Essay—30 pts. – Works cited/bibliography—10 pts.– Discussion—10 pts.