8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
1/59
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 4 - Motherboard
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
2/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
2
Module 4 - Motherboard
Overview
It is a Printed Circuit Board that performs the keyfunctions to enable smooth running of the computer.
Lesson Covered in this Module
Motherboards
Standard Expansion Buses
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
3/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
3
Lesson 1 - Motherboards
Introduction
Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board which possessesdifferent components for various purposes. It contains
CPU
BIOS,
Memory
I/O ports
External I/O connectors
I/O controllers
Expansion slots
Chipsets.
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
4/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
4
Module 4 - Motherboard
Topics Covered in this Lesson
Physical Form Factors
Motherboard Components
System Chipsets and Controllers
CMOS Settings
Power On Self Test (POST)
System Resources
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
5/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
5
Topic 1 - Physical Form Factors
Personal Computer Extended Technology(PC-XT)
Introduced by IBM,8088 microprocessor
was used.
It has socket for theprocessor and chips
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
6/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
6
Topic 1 - Physical Form Factors
AT and Baby AT
To overcome the problemcreated by AT Form factor,the Baby AT form factor wasintroduced.
Baby AT is designed to holdthe peripheral devices likekeyboard, video and mouse.
It could not accommodatethe combination of processor,heat sink and fan. Cooling
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
7/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
7
Topic 1 - Physical Form Factors
ATX and Micro ATX form
factor
Here expansion slotswere placed on separateriser cards.
It provides softwarecontrolled shut downand power up.
Micro ATX form factor
More space for I/Oconnectors was providedat the rear end.
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
8/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8
Topic 1 - Physical Form Factors
LPX and Mini-LPX
It has sound and video tobe integrated on to themotherboard.
It is not suitable for
upgrading and offers poorcooling.
NLX
Small in size
Suited for low profiledesktop cases
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
9/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
9
Topic 2 - Motherboard Components
The major components of the motherboard
Processor socket or slot
Chipset
Super I/O chip
BIOS
SIMM/DIMM sockets
Bus slots
PC H d B i G id
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
10/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
10
Topic 2 - Motherboard Components
Chipset and Functions
Different chipsintegrated to a singlechip called the chipset.
North bridge and Southbridge was introducedto the motherboard withPCI slots.
The south bridge controlsthe slower I/Ocomponents like theSerial ports, USB portsand the IDE.
PC H d B i G id
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
11/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
11
Topic 2 - Motherboard Components
The new technology, Intel Hub Architecture (IHA) uses two
chips called hub controllers.
The hub controllers are
Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)
I/O Controller Hub (ICH)
The chipset determine
The voltage provided to the processor
Number of processors that can be supported
The speed of the processor
The different memory modules that are supported Bus speed
The different expansion bus that are supported
Power Management
PC H d B i G id
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
12/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
12
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
The system chipset and controllers are the intelligence of
the motherboard.
Chipset has a effect on the quality, feature set andspeed of the computer.
Controllers found on motherboards
The system chip
The keyboard controller
The super I/O chip
Additional built-in controllers
M d l 4 M h b dPC Ha d a e Basic G ide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
13/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
13
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Qualities and Functions of Chipset
Chipset Processor Support
Support for Processor Class and Optimization - Supports one generation of
processors
Support for Processor Speed - Fast processors need chipset control
circuitry that has the capacity to manage them.
Support for Multiple Processor - Chipset support the capability for building
motherboards with two or four processors on them.
M d l 4 M th b dPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
14/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
14
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Chipset Cache Support - The cache stores recent
memory accesses by the processor
Size of Secondary Cache - Chipsets support cache of 256KBor 512 KB.
Type of Secondary Cache - three major kinds of cache,
Asynchronous, Synchronous burst, Pipeline burst.
Write Policy of Secondary Cache - A write-through cacheand a write back cache.
Cacheability of System Memory - The amount of
cacheable memory is dependent on the chipset controlcircuitry and the amount of tag RAM on the board.
M d l 4 M th b dPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
15/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
15
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Chipset Memory Support - The chipset determines several
permissible features of the memory
Support for Maximum Memory-Determines the maximumquantity of RAM a system can have on the motherboard
DRAM Technology - Regulates whether motherboard can
make use of FPM, EDO, BEDO, or SDRAM memory.
Support for DRAM Packaging and Size - Two main types ofmemory packages are, single in-line memory module
(SIMM) and dual in-line memory module (DIMM).
Support for Parity and Error Correction - Error correctionlogic is offered as part of the memory control circuits of the
chipset.
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
16/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
16
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Chipset Peripheral and I/O Bus Control - Most recent
computers use two buses, (ISA) bus and l component(PCI) bus.
Bus Types - The chipset determines what type of buses the
system can support.
Bus Bridges Bridge is used for connecting together devices
on two different buses.
IDE/ATA Hard Disk Controller - All motherboards have
integrated into them support for four IDE hard disks
DMA Controller and DMA Mode Support Process of
transferring information directly to and from memory with no
interference of the processor.
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
17/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
17
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Interrupt Controller
USB Support
AGP Support
Plug and Play
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
18/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
18
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Chipset Power Management Support Works through a
number of BIOS settings that determine when to shutdown different parts of the computer
Energy Star
Advanced Power Management
Display Power
Management Signalling
System Management Mode
Hard Disk Spindown
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
19/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
19
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Super I/O Controller
Chip super I/O controllerhandles three ports
Serial Port Control
controls the serial ports,
UART
Parallel Port Control
manages and controls
the parallel port
Floppy Disk Drive
Control supports theFloppy Disk Drive and
floppy based tape
drives
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
20/59
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
20
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Processor
Two major components Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU) performs Arithmeticand Logic Operations
Control Unit (CU) provides
the control signals forperforming differentoperations.
Cache Memory It is high speed storage
memory made of Static RAM(SRAM).
Two types of cache memoryare L1 or the internal cacheand L2 cache or the externalcache.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
21/59
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
21
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
I/O Ports
Each device connected to a computer uses I/O portaddress.
Functions of I/O address
Sending commands to the peripheral device Receiving the status of the device whether it is idle or busy
Send and receive data
Configure the device for interrupts
Bus Speed
The speed of the bus refers to the amount of the datathat can be transferred across the bus.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
22/59
Module 4 MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
22
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Some of the bus types are,
Front side Bus - The bus speed in general refers to thespeed of the Front Side Bus (FSB).
AGP Bus
It connects the video card to the memory andthe CPU.
Back side Bus It connects the processor to the L2Cache
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
23/59
Module 4 MotherboardC a d a e as c Gu de
23
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Memory bus It connects
the north bridge to thememory.
IDE or ATA bus Itconnects the south
bridge to the disk drives.
PCI Bus It connects the
PCI slots to the south
bridge.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
24/59
Module 4 Motherboard
24
Topic 3 - System Chipset and Controllers
Jumpers
It is a smallconnector whichcan be placedbetween two pins to
make electricalconnections.
DIP switch
The dual inlinepackage switch is asmall block providedwith a lever.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
25/59
Module 4 Motherboard
25
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
CMOS BIOS ROM
Stores the basic systemconfiguration. The fourmajor components of
BIOS are
POST
Bootstrap Loader
CMOS Setup
BIOS ROM
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
26/59
26
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
CMOS Battery
Battery is used to powerup the Real time ClockChip.
This chip maintains thesystem date and time.
System Configuration The BIOS should find an
operating system on ahard disk or floppy diskdrive to start thecomputer.
Starting the Setup Program The settings made in the
BIOS setup program arestored in the nonvolatileRAM of the CMOS chip.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
27/59
27
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration
From the CMOS setup menu, select the menu point toexamine or change setting and choose Standard CMOSsetup to begin.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
28/59
28
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
From the standard CMOS configuration screen you can
set Date, Time, Hard drives connected to the IDEinterface, Floppy disk drive types for drives
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
29/59
29
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Advanced CMOS Configuration
Here, you can perform the Number Lock setting,keyboard repeats speed, type of video, settings forcache memory, and other special features.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
30/59
30
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Recommended Advanced CMOS Settings
Depending on the BIOS version, you have to press theESC key, to return to the main menu
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
31/59
31
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Power Management Configuration
After a user defined period of inactivity of devices likethe monitor, the hard drive, or the CPU will go intodifferent low power modes.
Standby mode
Suspend mode
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
32/59
32
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup
It can enable or disable ports which built in new systems.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
33/59
33
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Security/Passwords
Two types of passwords are
One must be entered to allow any use of the system
Another one must be entered to allow access to the
BIOS/ CMOS setup
Saving and Recording BIOS/CMOS Settings
BIOS allows you to save the changes and it will reject the
changes that happen accidentally.
Record the critical BIOS settings
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
34/59
34
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
BIOS Upgrades
Change the physical chip or to change its contents withsoftware
Flash BIOS Upgrade
Install the BIOS upgrade loader and BIOS image to afloppy disk
Incorrect CMOS Configuration
Restart by using the BIOS Setup auto-configure options,double-check drive configurations, save changes, andrestart.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
35/59
35
Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
Incorrect Flash BIOS or
Failed Update
If the update can't beinstalled, themotherboard mighthave jumpers that
write-protects theflash BIOS.
Clearing the BIOSPassword
It can be cleared byusing a CMOS jumperthat is present in themotherboard.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
36/59
36
Topic 5 - Power On Self Test (POST) Error codes
Some main functions of BIOS during POST
Helps to start the Operating System.
Check for the integrity of the BIOS code
Some error beeps
No beep - Power supply or system board problem
1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem
Long beeps - 3270 keyboard card
Some error codes
100 to 199 - System board
200 to 299 - Memory
300 to 399 - Keyboard
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
37/59
37
Topic 6 - System Resources
System resources are components that are required to
communicate between the hardware components ina PC.
Interrupt Request Channels (IRQ)
Hardware devices use IRQ signal to the processor
There are 16 IRQ channels .
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
38/59
38
Topic 6 - System Resources
The snapshot shows the different IRQ channels
associated with different devices.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
39/59
39
Topic 6 - System Resources
Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels
Here the data is transferred between the peripheraldevice and the memory without the intervention of theCPU.
Devices connected to serial and parallel port do not useDMA channels
I/O Port Address
It is an interface present in a PC to connect devices
The port address ranges from 0000h to FFFFh
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
40/59
40
Topic 6 - System Resources
The snapshot displays the I/O address range used by
different devices
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
41/59
41
Topic 6 - System Resources
Checking for Resource Availability For Windows 3.x or MS-DOS, the resource settings can be
verified by using the MSD command present in the DOSdirectory.
For Windows 2000 or Windows XP, follow the step given
below to identify the resources used by the differentdevices
ClickStart ProgramsAccessoriesSystem Tools-> System Information
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
42/59
42
Lesson 2 - Standard Expansion Buses
Introduction
The expansion slots are used to enhance the features ofthe PC.
The expansion slots can hold expansion cards like thesound card, VGA card, AGP card, Network card etc
There are different types of expansion slots. IndustrialStandard Architecture (ISA) bus
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus
Extended ISA (EISA) Bus
Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)Bus
Peripheral Component Interconnect X
Accelerated Graphics Port
Audio Modem Raiser and Communication Network Raiser
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
43/59
43
Lesson 2 - Standard Expansion Buses
Topics Covered in this Lesson
PC Bus
Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus
Extended ISA (EISA) Bus
Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus
Accelerated Graphics Port
Audio Modem Raiser and Communication Network
Raiser
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
44/59
44
Topic 1 PC Bus
PC bus is an 8 bit expansion slot to connect 8 bit
expansion cards.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
45/59
45
Topic 2 - Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus
ISA bus is a 16 bit
slot present in80286, 80386,80486 andPentium systems.
The ISA card isconfiguredthrough jumpers or
switches
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
46/59
46
Topic 3 - Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus
Bus Mastering - The components that can take control
over the bus are called bus masters.
Features of MCA
It is a 16 or 32 bit bus created by IBM
Supports bus mastering
Operates at 10-12 MHZ
Can be configured through software
Has Lower Noise Level
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
47/59
47
Topic 4 - Enhanced ISA
It is a 32 bit bus.
Capable of using multiple bus mastering devices.
Compatible 8 bit PC bus, 16 bit ISA bus.
Software setup capability for boards
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
T i 5 Vid El t i St d d A hit t
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
48/59
48
Topic 5 - Video Electronics Standard Architecture(VESA) bus
It is a 32 bus.
It is used to connect video cards, I/O cards andmultimedia expansion cards
Disadvantages of the VESA
80486 dependence
Limited number of slots
No bus mastering
Boards are configured through jumpers
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
T i 6 P i h l C t I t t (PCI)
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
49/59
49
Topic 6 - Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)bus
PCI
Operates at a speed of 33MHz or 66 MHz
It is a 64 bit bus
Communicates with processorusing a bridge circuit.
PCI-X
Operates at 133 MHz busspeed
Offers 64 bit Band width
Supports 1 GB/Sec data
transfer rate Supports efficient bus
operation
Provides backwardCompatibility
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
50/59
50
Topic 7 - AGP Bus
It is designed for connecting video cards.
PCI bus with 2.1 version at 66MHZ is the basis for AGP slot. It supports a new technique called texture cache.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
Topic 8 Audio Modem Raiser and Communication
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
51/59
51
Topic 8 - Audio Modem Raiser and CommunicationNetwork Raiser
This specification developed by Intel.
The function of the modem and the analog I/O audiocircuitry are combined together on a small circuit board
The small circuit board is called raiser card
The AMR card enhances the performance by providingbetter quality audio solutions.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
Topic 8 Audio Modem Raiser and Communication
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
52/59
52
Topic 8 - Audio Modem Raiser and CommunicationNetwork Raiser
Communication Network Raiser
Card
This is a standard developed
by Intel
It contains chips for the
functioning of modems and
audio devices.
PCMCIA or PC Card
It is an expansion board used
for laptop and notebookcomputers.
It is used for interfacing
components like the Memory,
fax/modems, SCSI adapters
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
Topic 8 Audio Modem Raiser and Communication
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
53/59
53
Topic 8 - Audio Modem Raiser and CommunicationNetwork Raiser
The following figure shows different Bus interfaces and
the devices that can be connected to each of them
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
Lesson 3 Choosing Installing and Troubleshooting a
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
54/59
54
Lesson 3 - Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting aMotherboard
Introduction
Motherboard is the most important component of thecomputer.
This is the central component to which every othercomponent is attached,
Topics covered in this module
Choosing a Motherboard
Installing a Motherboard
Troubleshooting a Motherboard
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
55/59
55
Topic 1-Choosing a Motherboard
Choosing a Motherboard
Choosing an appropriate motherboard can be quite a
challenging task. A lot of factors affect the choice of the
motherboard.
Future upgradeability of the system is the most important
one
It should support a higher hard drive capacity, a higher
Memory slot on the motherboard, whether it has an AGPslot.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
56/59
56
Topic 1-Choosing a Motherboard
IT should support the following
Mother form factor
CPU compatibility
Functionality
Connectors
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
57/59
57
Topic 2-Installing a Motherboard
Installing a Motherboard
Installing a motherboard should be done with a lot ofcare.
Connect the motherboard to the mounting holes andtighten the screws.
Set the jumpers and switches to the appropriatepositions.
Once the motherboard is secure, then start connectingthe different wires to their appropriate sockets.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
58/59
58
Topic 3 Troubleshooting a Motherboard
Troubleshooting a Motherboard
Troubleshooting the motherboard is the trickiest part for atechnician.
This requires a lot of time, patience and documentation.Since the troubleshooting has to be done at the chip-level, troubleshooting a motherboard can cost moretime and money than buying a new one.
Module 4 - MotherboardPC Hardware Basic Guide
8/3/2019 Module 4-Motherboard.18214342 (1)
59/59
Conclusion
PC bus is an 8 bit expansion slot to connect 8 bit
expansion cards
The major components of the motherboard are Processor socket or slot
Chipset
Super I/O chip
BIOS SIMM/DIMM sockets
Bus slots
ISA bus is a 16 bit slot present in 80286, 80386, 80486 andPentium systems
Future upgradeability of the system is the most importantone
Top Related