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Menshevism Reconsidered: Is Globalization a Stepping Stone to International Socialism?
and the Speech,
Space Exploration: A Uniting Force for All of Humanity
Aaron Scott Robertson
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About the Author
Aaron Robertson is currently in his senior year at Cardinal Stritch University in Milwaukee, WI.
He majors in Political Science and minors in both Sociology and Philosophy. It is his hope to
teach someday at the college level and write works of political, social, and economic thought. He
lives in Muskego, WI.
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To my parents, Tim and Marilyn, and to all of my friends at Cardinal Stritch University, who
have encouraged me over the years to follow my dreams, no matter how big they may seem.
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Copyright 2005 by Aaron Scott Robertson. Nothing in this book may be duplicated without theexpressed written consent of the author, except in the case of brief excerpts used in criticalreviews.
Self-published by the author and printed at Cardinal Stritch University in Milwaukee, WI. This isone in 500 copies produced in February 2005.
For further information, write:
Aaron RobertsonCardinal Stritch University6801 North Yates Road, Box 246Milwaukee, WI 53217
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Table of Contents:
Menshevism Reconsidered: Is Globalization a Stepping Stone to International
Socialism?....6
Preface..7
Chapter I: Introduction.8
Chapter II: Socialisms Dependence on Capitalism...10
Chapter III: The Russian Revolution..11
Chapter IV: Free Trade Theory..13
Chapter V: The Influence of Menshevism.14
Chapter VI: Stalinism and Trotskyism and Their Roles in this New Look on
Globalization17
Chapter VII: A Possible Defect in Lenins Thought..18
Chapter VIII: The Four Stages of Globalization21
Chapter IX: Where Does the Soul of Socialism Lie Today?.23
Chapter X: Conclusions.24
Space Travel: A Uniting Force for All of Humanity.26
Works Cited...30
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Menshevism Reconsidered: Is Globalization a Stepping Stone to International Socialism?
Aaron Scott Robertson
January 20031
1 This is the fourth version of this paper, the July 2004 revision. The first three versions were:January 2003, March 2004, and June 2004. The first version won at the school level of a nationalwriting contest in January 2004. The prize included $30 and recognition in the campus bulletin.The second version was presented at the 18th Annual Student Conference of the WisconsinInstitute of Peace and Conflict Studies, April 16, 2004.
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Preface
Having wrote a research paper for my high school English Composition class entitled A
Brief History of the Soviet Union, my senior year, led me to become interested in exploring
Marxist political and economic theory. That paper sparked a number of brief papers during my
freshman year of college on various aspects of Marxism. My A Brief History of the Soviet
Union has become for me an ongoing project, as I enjoy adding to it when time allows for it. I
wrote the following paper, Menshevism Reconsidered in January of 2003 while on winter
break. This paper has also become an ongoing project. Following is the entire work as it
currently stands. It examines historical events, current trends, and theory to project what may be
in store for Earths political and economic future. I hope that you will find it interesting.
Author.
Milwaukee, October 2003.
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I: Introduction
In the mid-1800s, Karl Marx predicted that capitalism was doomed.2
He observed that
there were simply too many contradictions built into the capitalist economic order that would
eventually bring it to its fate. Many critics proclaimed socialisms death when the Soviet Union
collapsed.3 But is socialism really dead? Today, we find ourselves bearing witness to an
economic phenomenon: the process of globalization. With this, I pose a question: If all of the
worlds nations tear down their protective devices such as tariffs and quotas, and embrace the
free trade model, will it serve as a stepping stone to socialism on an international scale?
A lot of people may be skeptical about such a theory, but let us consider this: the theory
of socialism was always an internationalist concept. However, those countries that adopted
socialism were not able to adequately spread socialism throughout the world. The result was that
socialism had to be adapted in order to fit a nationalist context. This nationalistic socialism is
artificial, the result of socialisms failure to spread on a worldwide scale. So, socialism could not
achieve internationalism on its own. Globalization, on the other hand, is a natural development,
not an artificial one. Therefore, if classical Marxian theory marries globalization, then the end
result could be true, international socialism. It is clear then that this theory relies more upon the
Economic Internationalist perspective than on the classic Structuralist perspective advanced by
Marx.
For Marx to make such a powerful statement (that capitalism is doomed), it can be
theorized that besides speaking about revolution to solve the problem of capitalism, he may have
2 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, (New York: InternationalPublishers, 1998 [1848]).3 Vladimir Volkov, Trotskys struggle against Stalin and the tragic fate of the Soviet Union,speech commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the assassination of Leon Trotsky, October27, 2000. Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI),http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/oct2000/volk-o27.shtml.
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been thinking of an evolution. Marx seemed very confident in his prediction, too confident to
rely on revolution alone, whose results are unpredictable and determined by chance. As we have
observed since Marxs time, world revolution has failed to gain momentum. The Bolsheviks,
who were victorious with their 1917 Russian Revolution, were themselves relying on revolution
to occur in some Western European nations, but were disappointed when they learned that these
revolutions either failed to gain momentum or were defeated by reactionary forces. On the other
hand, it could also be theorized that Marx was not thinking of this evolution at all. It could be
that he did not see capitalism continuing for this long.
My theory is strongly influenced by Menshevism, that line of thought coming from the
old Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that will be described shortly. In order to help
develop this theory, I will examine various topics including: socialisms dependence on
capitalism, the Russian Revolution, newer developments such as the European Union and
NAFTA, free market theory, and the differences between Stalinism and Trotskyism and their
roles in this theory. I wish to make clear at this point that Stalins crimes will not be examined
here. Only his political and economic strategies will be addressed. Besides looking into these
topics, I have theorized four economic-political stages that will guide the world through to the
completed process of globalization. I will explain which phase the world is currently in, and how
the world will advance into the next phases of this development as I see it. I will then close by
attempting to answer the question, Where does the soul of socialism lie today?
This research offers a bold hypothesis as to the future of the worlds political and
economic order. The research relies heavily upon the past, with both its achievements and its
downfalls, in order to explain what may happen in the future. The intention here is simply to
provide theorizing by applying Menshevik doctrine to current trends through the citing of
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historical events and current observations. Ernesto Che Guevara, describing the role of a
revolutionary party, once wrote, It is logical that this is a class party. A Marxist-Leninist party
could not call itself so if it were not a class party, for its mission is to find the shortest route to
achieve the dictatorship of the proletariat.4 This theory strongly contests Guevaras statement,
as it sees no possible shortcut.
II: Socialisms Dependence on Capitalism
In order for socialism to succeed, certain material conditions must be met. Capitalism
provides such conditions by building the roads necessary for the transportation of goods, through
competition, has produced the finest products at the greatest possible efficiency; those producers
who cannot compete fade out, and therefore, only the best quality and greatest efficiency are left
standing. Capitalism, and the notion of efficiency, has created the drive to progress in the area of
technology, constantly searching for new and innovative ideas to improve human life and
industry. If a country lacks these vital elements, socialism is simply not possible. How can
socialization occur from nothing? The necessary conditions are not just confined to industry and
technology however. Culture and intellectual property are also needed. These should however,
develop automatically with industry and technology.
Dinesh DSouza, author ofLetters to a Young Conservative, talked about his book at the
Bancroft School in Worcester, Massachusetts, and offered these examples of how capitalism has
come closer to closing the gap between the rich and poor over the last 100 years:
1) A century ago, the wealthy traveled by horse and carriage while the poor walked. Today,the wealthy may drive Mercedes and the poor Honda Civics, but as we see, the gap ismuch smaller.
4 Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdes (eds.), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara,(Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969), 104.
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2) The expected life span between the two groups is now nearly leveled off. While thewealthy may still be able to afford better healthcare, technology in general has greatlyimproved over the last century, making possible better care for everyone.
5
Another, more interesting example to point out here concerns space travel. On June 21, 2004,
the very first privately funded space ship launched into sub orbit from Mojave, California. Called
SpaceShipOne, the ship was designed by Burt Rutan, who also designed the NASA ship
Voyageur, which became the first ship to circle around the world without refueling in 1986. The
co-founder of Microsoft, Paul Allen, funded the project and Michael Melvill, aged 62 at the time
of the launch, piloted the vessel. The team behind SpaceShipOne is competing for the $10
million X Prize, awarded by the X Prize Foundation of St. Louis to the first team that can
successfully build a space ship that can reach 62.5 miles above the planet, and then repeat that
feat within two weeks.6 This serves as a remarkable example of how much capitalism is needed.
By a private foundation offering such a large prize, it spurs the effort and creativity needed to
drive progress. It is the hope of the SpaceShipOne team and many others throughout the world
that space travel can one day be affordable and accessible to all.
III: The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917, led by the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social
Democratic Labor Party, attempted to establish the worlds first socialist state. Despite the
revolution, some socialists never considered the Soviet Union to be socialist. It is an intellectual
debate that has been going on ever since the revolution. In any case, there was a major obstacle
standing in the way; Russia was caught in a time warp, the middle ages to be more specific. The
majority of people were poor peasants, and the Tsar was the last of the major monarchs left in
the world to hold onto absolute authority. A solid middle-class did not exist, and industry was
5 Dinesh D Souza,Book Talk, C-SPAN2, October 8, 2002.6 Traci Watson, Private craft to head for space, USA Today, June 21, 2004.
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very weak. The material conditions were not present to easily advance to socialism, the second
stage of political and economic development in the eyes of Marx and Engels. Also, the other
socialist revolutions being carried out around this time-Germany, Hungary, Italy, etc., were all
defeated, thus placing Russia in total isolation. If the revolutions elsewhere had succeeded, the
new governments would have been able to aid Russia tremendously but they failed. Lenin knew
of the extreme importance of the world revolution and stated:
It was clear to us that without aid from the international world revolution, a victory of theproletarian revolution [in Russia] is impossible. Even prior to the Bolshevik revolution,as well as after it, we thought that the revolution would also occur either immediately orat least very soon in other backward countries and in the more highly developed capitalist
countries. Otherwise we would perish.
7
This isolation and the lack of development gave rise to Stalin and his elite bureaucratic
class, and hence, a horrible and distorted meaning of the very words socialism and
communism came about. So, in essence, the revolution was a failure from the beginning, and
the only thing that kept it dragging on for 70+ years was the dedication of party hardliners and
Stalins police force trying to hold on and work with what they had. Lenin even attempted, a year
before his death, to have Stalin removed from his position of power as General Secretary because
he knew the consequences of bureaucratization not only in the Soviet institutions but also in the
party.8 In the document that came to be known as The Testament of Lenin, he wrote on
December 25, 1922: Comrade Stalin, having become General Secretary, has concentrated an
enormous amount of power in his hands; and I am not sure that he always knows how to use that
7 Irving Howe (ed.), The Basic Writings of Trotsky, (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 22.8 Attributed to Lenin. From the Forward to Lenins Testament. Author unknown.http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1926/1926-len.htm.
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power with sufficient caution.9 A few days later, on January 4, 1923, he added a postscript to
the original document. In it he elaborated on his views regarding Stalin, taking aim at his
character:
Stalin is too rude, and this fault, entirely supportable in relations among us Communists,becomes insupportable in the office of General Secretary. Therefore, I propose to thecomrades to find a way to remove Stalin from that position and appoint to it another manwho in all respects differs from Stalin only in superioritynamely, more patient, moreloyal, more polite, and more attentive to comrades, less capricious, etc.10
Whereas I was once hesitant of Marxs prediction, I am now considering it an open
question. I believe that his prediction has credibility-It is just perhaps that the Bolsheviks acted
much too early when they should have focused on building up society under capitalism and
working on a political democracy, something which was totally unheard of in the old Tsarist
days. They prevented a natural historical process from playing out, just as protectionists today,
both on the liberal and the conservative side of the spectrum, may be the leading factor in the
delaying of socialism. Conditions were not ripe in 1917 anywhere throughout the world, and they
still are not quite ripe.
IV: Free Trade Theory
Free trade, following the ideas laid out in Adam Smiths 1776 workThe Wealth of
Nations, in theory is supposed to increase production, which in turn creates more abundance of
goods.11 The reason for this is that with a protectionist economy, the state sets quotas, tariffs, and
the like. These mechanisms severely limit production. If we apply Menshevik-style principles
9 Vladimir Lenin, The Testament of Lenin,http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1926/1926-len.htm, December 25, 1922 andJanuary 4, 1923.10 Ibid.11 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
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and tactics to free trade, we see that the future goal, which is socialism, depends on free trade to
create the necessary material conditions to generously support all the worlds people.
V: The Influence of Menshevism
All attempts made in the past to get workers to see the common plight they share with
fellow workers from other nations have failed. National pride has always won out. However, the
process of globalization will change this by integrating the world. We are already seeing signs of
this through the various alliances that have been made over the decades such as the United
Nations, the European Union, NAFTA, and countless other trading blocks, not to mention
security alliances like NATO. President Vicente Fox of Mexico and President Bush of the United
States have begun talks to consider allowing Mexican citizens to cross the border to work in the
U.S. So we see, this integration has already gotten under way, though slow. Similarly, American
companies are appealing to Congress to allow foreigners that are trained in the United States to
remain here to work due to what they see as a growing shortage of American-born workers with
engineering and physics degrees.12
The problem faced right now is that there are quite a number of these alliances, both large
and small. After full globalization has been achieved though, all of these groups will fade away
in theory in favor of one united world. The world will become so integrated that no nation will
wish to declare war on another because all will be too dependent on one another. Workers of all
nations, who make up the overwhelming majority of the worlds population, now united through
this process, will see eye to eye. National barriers will come crumbling down, though a
governing apparatus will still be necessary for purposes of communication and trade, not to
mention maintaining law and order.
12 Judy Holland, High-tech companies lobbying to let more educated foreigners stay here,Hearst Newspapers as reprinted in theMilwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 21, 2004.
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Let us now briefly discuss Menshevism. The term may not be familiar to many people
today, so it is imperative to define it, as my theory, is heavily influenced by it. The Mensheviks
became a faction of the RSDLP after the party split in two between them and the Bolsheviks at
the partys congress in 1903. John Reed, an American journalist and himself a Communist,
described both factions in an excellent manner in his famous 1919 book10 Days That Shook The
World, an eyewitness account of the Russian Revolution. He states, The Bolsheviki proposed
immediate proletarian insurrection, and seizure of the reins of Government, in order to hasten the
coming of Socialism by forcibly taking over industry, land, natural resources, and financial
institutions.
13
The Mensheviks had a different approach to arriving at socialism. Reed described
them as including, all shades of Socialists who believe that society must progress by natural
evolution toward Socialism, and that the working-class must conquer political power first.14
The Bolsheviks of course, led by Lenin and Trotsky (who himself for a long time shifted
back and forth between the two camps), were victorious in the 1917 Revolution and became the
Communist Party, the only legal party in Russia. The Menshevik faction completely faded from
public eye in Russia by 1921. Many either went underground or left Russia for Western Europe
and the United States, where they made contributions of political thought to Western socialist
parties. The Mensheviks favored political revolution in order to establish democracy, but
believed that the time for social revolution was a long way off. The members of this group were
often called moderate socialists or even conservative socialists. They were willing to
collaborate with likeminded members of the petty-bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie, while the
Bolsheviks refused to do such a thing.
13 John Reed, 10 Days That Shook The World, (New York: International Publishers, 1974[1919]), xli.14 Ibid.
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Another major difference between the two groups was that the Bolsheviks favored a party
based on limited membership composed only of professional revolutionaries, while the
Mensheviks favored a mass party that would include anyone who wished to join. Since the
Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian Revolution of 1917, and because of their beliefs in
closed membership, upon taking over the seat of government, they were able to substitute
themselves for the working class, who according to Marx was destined to run the state directly
and democratically. This is where the major dispute comes into play over whether or not the
Soviet Union was actually a socialist society. Many mainstream socialist parties in Europe and
elsewhere have Menshevik tendencies; instead of advocating for immediate social revolution,
they work through the current political system. They are parliamentarians. The Bolsheviks of
course, demanded immediate revolution, both political and social at once.
Let us examine for a moment, the Communist Party of China. This party, which claimed
to follow a highly orthodox Leninist ideology under Mao, and was thus purely revolutionary,
now appears to be reconsidering the ideas of Menshevism, consciously or unconsciously. For
example, the Party has taken steps to allow wealthy business owners and leaders to become
members. People who were denounced 25 years ago as running dogs of Western imperialists
are now held up as role models who generate wealth for themselves and the nation. A few
tycoons may even be tapped into the ranks of the partys all-powerful Central Committee on
Thursday.15 The reason why this seemingly absurd notion of capitalists joining the Party may be
occurring, is because the Party realizes that it needs to work in conjunction with these capitalists
to build up industry (and society in general) further. The revolution, which had come at a
premature time, did not work as intended. So, this is highly Menshevik in tactics because the
15 Indira A.R. Lakshmanan, China rolls out red carpet for millionaires to join party, BostonGlobe as reprinted in theMilwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 13, 2002.
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Party is engaging in class-collaborationism and is acknowledging that capitalism still has much
use in a society that eliminated capitalist development before it reached its fullest and the
necessary material conditions were present.
There is more. Recently, the Communist Party of China amended its constitution to
formally protect the right to private property. The amendment reads, Private property obtained
legally shall not be violated.16 Besides the amendment, the Party also reaffirmed its
commitment to helping the poor and farmers throughout the vast country. The National Peoples
Congress chairman, Wu Bangguo, commented, We should unite all the people of China in
focusing on construction and development in order to build a better future, while Premier Wen
Jiabao stated, What I am most concerned about are the issues most pivotal to our people. These
can be solved by reform, innovations and pushing forward despite difficulties.17 The key words
in the statements of these two powerful men are construction, development, reform, and
innovations. Clearly, the rigid Bolshevik-style ideology of Mao is on its way out, in favor of a
Menshevik-style program.
VI: Stalinism and Trotskyism and Their Roles in this New Look on Globalization
With the Soviet Union still in isolation after the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalin, upon
assuming power, went against the Bolshevik principle of world revolution. Instead, he focused
on his theory of socialism in one country. He did not care about world-wide revolution, but
instead focused his energy on maintaining stability and his power in the Soviet Union itself and,
as the theory implies, building socialism at home and only at home. Leon Trotsky dismissed this
theory as illogical. He argued that in order for socialism to function properly, there must be other
socialist states, hence the need for worldwide socialist revolution. These states would then be
16 Alexa Olesen, China Agrees to Amend Its Constitution,Associated Press, March 14, 2004.17 Ibid.
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able to aid the Soviet Union and each other. According to Trotsky, no one country alone has the
necessary material conditions to support a socialist system for its people. Therefore, with other
socialist states in existence, there would be aid and support.
The Soviet Union certainly did not have in its possession all of the necessities that
socialism demands by itself. As Lenin noted, Stalin defied Lenin and Bolshevism as a whole on
the question of international revolution, even though he always referred to himself as The Great
Marxist-Leninist. Stalins lack of dedication to the world revolution may also have been the
reason why the Soviet Union resorted to expansionism through force a number of times
throughout its historyforcibly conquering lands when the U.S.S.R. was in need of more
resources because revolution by the workers of these lands was not occurring.
Relating to this theory, both Stalins quest for stability at home and Trotskys insistence
on world revolution will find themselves to be welcome. After this vision of globalization is
completed, each nation must still have a state apparatus in order to communicate and trade with
other nations and in order to maintain law and order at home. Hence, each nation will still have a
stable and orderly government, controlled by true workers representatives of course. At the
same time, Trotskys dream that socialism will succeed on the international level will also have
been attained.
VII: A Possible Defect in Lenins Thought
All Marxian socialists share the same agenda. The Mensheviks and Bolsheviks are no
different. Both groups sought the end of capitalism and the creation of a workers paradise.
However, as was established earlier, the two groups differed on the question of tactics. I will not
touch upon that again since a lot of time has already been devoted to that area. However, one
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interesting note to mention here is that it appears that Lenin agreed with his Menshevik
counterparts on the question of working through capitalism. He wrote:
In countries like Russia, the working class suffers not so much from capitalism as from
the insufficient development of capitalism. The working class is therefore decidedlyinterestedin the broadest, freest, and most rapid development of capitalismthat is whya bourgeois revolution is in the highest degree advantageous to the proletariat. Abourgeois revolution is absolutely necessary in the interests of the proletariat. The morecomplete and determined, the more consistent the bourgeois revolution, the more assuredwill be the proletarian struggle against the bourgeoisie for Socialism.18
Karl Marx himself, the father of modern scientific socialism, addressing the issue of free trade,once said in a speech:
Is that to say that we are against Free Trade? No, we are for Free Trade, because by Free
Trade all economical laws, with their most astounding contradictions, will act upon alarger scale, upon a greater extent of territory, upon the territory of the whole earth; andbecause from the uniting of all these contradictions into a single group, where they standface to face, will result the struggle which will itself eventuate in the emancipation of theproletarians.19
As we can see, Lenin and Marx knew that capitalism was important for the attainment of
socialism. So what went wrong with the Bolshevik revolution and all of the following
revolutionsChina, North Korea, Cuba, etc? Their leaders must have known that their
respective countries lacked economic development. I offer a theory: A genetic defect has
occurred in the Marxist bloodline. Lenin appears to have agreed with the Mensheviks on the
question of capitalism. However, for one reason or another, he and the other Bolsheviks pressed
for the socialist revolution to occur right away. Because Russia was the only socialist country in
existence for quite a while, all of the worlds communist (and many of the worlds socialist)
parties looked to the Bolsheviks for guidance. This makes sense. They were triumphant in their
revolution and hence the only Marxist party in the world to control a seat of government, so why
18 Vladimir Lenin, Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, Chapter Six,http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/ch06.htm, June-July 1905.19 Karl Marx, Speech of Dr. Marx on Protection, Free Trade, and the Working Classes,http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/09/30.htm, 1847.
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shouldnt the worlds other Marxist parties look to them as an example? Well, because this did in
fact occur, these parties began to adopt the tactics, theories, and program of the Russian party.
However, as history has taught us, it was not a good thing that the worlds Marxist parties
looked to the Russian example. I say this because each country is at a different level of economic
development. It follows accordingly then that the party (ies) of each country should adapt tactics,
theories, and a program to fit their countrys unique situation, while still staying within the realm
of Marxist thought. Luckily for many of the communist governments that followed throughout
the world, the Soviet Union managed to rise up to become a major economic force in the world,
largely due to Stalins aggressive plan to build up industry. So the Soviets were able to send
generous amounts of aid to these countries. If the Soviet Union had not achieved such economic
clout, where then would these dependent governments receive such aid? Certainly not from their
own countries because industry does not exist.
So, in essence, Lenin passed down a genetic defect to many of the worlds Marxists
who came after him. Since the Bolsheviks pressed for revolution right away, succeeded, and
slowly began to build industry up in a backwards land, it created an illusion that any communist
or socialist party could do the same anywhere in the world; bypass capitalist development and
head right for the workers paradise. Ernesto Che Guevara thought this to be possible and the
reason why he thought it so is because he was a student of Lenin, having read Lenins major
works and writing extensively on them. Lenin passed this illusion, this defect down to
Guevara, and to many more followers both before and after him. What this thought ended up
doing however was to prevent development from occurring at all. From 1949 to the late 1970s,
China was still an economically backwards land. North Korea and Vietnam still are practically
undeveloped and it is 40-50 years since their revolutions occurred.
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Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the communist governments left in the world have
come to realize that the rigid Bolshevik way of thinking has cost their countries severely in terms
of economic progress. That is why we see these governments embracing capitalism now, because
they realize that capitalist development is a must. That is why they are adopting the tenets of
Menshevism.
VIII: The Four Stages of Globalization
I theorize four main stages of globalization in relation to Menshevik-style principles.
Following is a definition of each stage in order. The first stage does not apply to all nations. Most
nations are in the very early phase of stage two, while some must still go through stage one. The
stages are:
1) Conquering of political power. This stage only applies to those nations that are
undemocratic. A political revolution must occur in these nations by the masses. It is
important that all of those nations that are already democratic not interfere in these
revolutions. True democracy can only be established by the people who are inhabitants of
the nation undergoing the struggle.
2) Beginning the integration process. At this stage, all of the worlds nations begin
bringing down all of their protective mechanisms, so that the world can become truly
unified. Later on in this stage, all of the alliances previously mentioned, such as the
United Nations and NATO (to name only two), will begin to dissolve in favor of one
unified world. Capital is still in private hands at this stage.
3) The socialist revolution. As the world is integrating, a political party, or a number of
parties collaborating in each of the worlds nations, are leading the way for a socialist
revolution in their respected nations. Now, when we mention the term socialist
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revolution here, it does not have to imply violence. The socialist revolution can be a
non-violent ballot box revolution in which people ultimately embrace logic and reason
and see that it is better if the world worked together. However, the political revolution
described in the first stage for undemocratic nations may be violent, all depending on
how the undemocratic regime reacts. When the integration of the world appears to be at
its climax, the worldwide socialist revolution will take place, with all of the participating
parties throughout the world acting at the same time, or close to the same time. After the
revolution, socialist societies will be constructed throughout the world. All of the major
industries and resources will be placed in the hands of the state and democratically
administered. Petty-capitalism, that is, capitalism on a micro scale, may still continue. All
of the worlds participating parties will establish working relationships and aid one
another in developing socialism throughout the world.
4) The new government. Because the world will be so integrated, war is not likely to occur
again. All of the worlds nations, thanks to the process of globalization, will be too
dependent on one another. The role of the government will be to maintain law and order
(as any government would do now), serve as the moderator for communication and trade
between nations (as is the case now), and hold in trust the major industries and resources
of their respected nation. Trade will flow freely throughout the world. Whatever a
particular nation produces will be distributed to all of the others. All of the governments
throughout the world will be democratic and will work together to establish peace and
prosperity throughout the world. Even though all governments will be democratic, they
may not all be run in the same fashion. The people of every country will determine how
their government is to be run. Even though the world will be closely integrated, the
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culture and identity of each nation will not be sacrificed. There can still be a national
identity and pride. However, there is a difference between having a deep respect for ones
own birth land, and going too far to the point that a fascist attitude has been attained-
viewing ones own nation and/or people as superior over all others.
IX: Where Does the Soul of Socialism Lie Today?
So far, I have established that the world can still gain a lot from capitalism. In response to the
title of this chapter, Where does the soul of socialism lie today? I would have to conclude that
it lies within the liberal capitalist parties of the world, for example, the Democratic Party in the
United States, or the Labor Party in Britain. Now, I know that socialists will not hesitate to
disagree with that statement, and so I will apply the greatest care and detail in my defense of this
argument.
The reason why the soul of todays socialist movement lies within the liberal capitalist
parties of the world is because the various socialist and communist parties of the world believe
that capitalism should come to an immediate halt, that it is no longer needed. In my justification
of Menshevism however, I have made clear that capitalism is still needed, and since it is the
worlds liberal capitalist parties (as opposed to the various socialist and communist parties) who
would maintain the capitalist economic order, it is logical then that the heart of socialism should
be found in these parties.
Both liberal and conservative capitalist parties (for instance the Democratic and Republican
parties in the United States) wish to maintain the capitalist order. However, the two parties differ
in that the liberals tend to demand, and create if they are in power, strong socio-economic
policies and institutions. However, as we have seen in recent years, we find that in many
countries, the liberals are shifting to the right so that they can maintain their elect-ability. So, it
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should be the duty of every member of these liberal capitalist parties to help return their parties
to their classical roles in society and fight to maintain the policies and institutions that they have
created or led to the creation of, while at the same time maintaining capitalism until it is no
longer needed. We will know when it is no longer needed when all the countries of the world
have become truly dependent upon one another.
X: Conclusions
I conclude this new look at globalization by restating the main points of this theory. By
applying Menshevik-style principles to globalization, it is acknowledged that while socialism is
the final goal, there are gradual stages that society must pass through in order to achieve that
goal. The Bolsheviks in Russia acted much too quickly. Even the Chinese Communist Party has
come to realize that capitalism still has much use. Conservatives will like the theory because it
acknowledges that capitalism, and free trade in particular, is necessary. Those on the liberal to
left side of the political spectrum will like the theory because it sees socialism as the final goal.
Finally, those near the middle of the political spectrum will like the theory because it calls for
gradual steps. Nothing extreme will occur out of the blue as we say, either left wing or right
wing in nature.
So, this could be the main contradiction in the capitalist economic order that will cause
capitalism to fall: The capitalists very greed that creates the drive to constantly discover new
markets will lead them to cause the world to become so interconnected that war is likely never to
occur again. Capitalism will have reached its highest pinnacle, meaning that only the finest
goods will be produced and the best technologies in use. All the while, the workers of the world,
with their allies in the upper-classes, will be preparing for that ripe moment to come about that
will allow them to transfer the industries and resources of the world into their hands. Socialist
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internationalism will have claimed victory, and a new era in human history will have been
ushered in. Socialism, if this theory holds true, is not artificial, but natural, to societal
development, a next step in our evolutionand because it is a natural evolutionary step, violence
does not have to be a pre-requisite, a concept that would have been totally contrary to the
socialism of Lenin, Mao, and others.
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Space Exploration: A Uniting Force for All of HumanitySpeech delivered by Aaron Robertson
16 April 2004Wisconsin Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies
18th Annual Student Conference
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Ladies and Gentlemen:
First, I would like to take a moment to thank you for your attendance and I would like to thankthe Wisconsin Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies for allowing me to speak before you today.
What I would like to focus on this afternoon is the topic of space exploration and my theory thatspace exploration can be a force that unites all of humanity in ways never before imagined. Letus explore further. Before we do however, allow me to point out that while space exploration isgoing to be the specific topic of my delivery this afternoon, I am also talking about science as awhole.
First, it is important to take a few moments to discuss briefly the history of space travel.Hopefully, all of us present here are at least somewhat knowledgeable with what that history allentails, so I shall not bore you with it all over again. You are present here today to hear what Ihave to proclaim concerning space explorations future and why it can unite humanity.
I will not attempt to hide from you the fact that I am an Idealist. Some of my friends say that Ican be very cynical at times, and they are right. But when I am having one of those cynical days,I am reminded of the words of Leon Trotsky, who, in 1901, composed a brief yet beautiful workcombating the pessimism that many entered the 20th century with. He wrote:
Death to Utopia! Death to faith! Death to love! Death to hope! thunders the twentiethcentury in salvos of fire and in the rumbling of guns. Surrender, you pathetic dreamer.Here I am, your long awaited twentieth century, your future. No, replies the unhumbledoptimist. You are only the present.20
When I am having one of those cynical days, I am reminded of the incredible vision and work ofGene Roddenberry, the creator of the 60s television show Star Trek, now a franchise consistingof nine feature films, a number of spin-off television shows, books, soundtracks, action figures,props, and so on. But let us now proceed to that history lesson.
In October of 1957, the Soviet Union launched the satellite Sputnik. Many Americans wereshocked to learn that the Soviets had beaten them to space. However, before 1957, manyAmericans did not pay much attention to their nations space program, which at that time wasvery primitive and overseen by the Navy. NASA would not come into existence until thefollowing year.21
In a way, it was great, I think, that the Soviet Union beat us into space, and allow me to explainwhy. Had the Soviet Union not launched Sputnik, then perhaps the United States would not havepoured vigorous energy into her space program as early as it did. We can take what we aretalking about here, and put it into the perspective of economics. Capitalism is needed in order to
1 Leon Trotsky, On Optimism and Pessimism; on the 20th Century and on Many Other Issues,http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1901/1901a.htm.2 Thomas H. Maugh II, Longtime JPL Director Put U.S. in Space Race,Los Angeles Times,March 17, 2004.
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provide for healthy competition between businesses. When competition exists, each competitorstrives to create the best possible product. In this case, the United States and the Soviet Union arebusinesses, and the products are tools to explore space. The Soviet Union, by getting the jump-start on space technology, forced the United States to come back with a stronger product. Andhence, we have the space race. If the Soviet Union had not lit the spark that created what is
called the space race, then the United States may not have had the incentive to get its spaceprogram rolling.
During this time period, we can clearly see that space exploration, and science in general, arebeing treated as national commodities. We have two major powers competing for domination ofscience. Today however, we see that barriers are slowly but surely coming down. The UnitedNations has added many more member states since 1957, and its reputation in the internationalcommunity is growing. While member states are certainly not obligated to obey the U.N., manymembers, because the U.N. has gained so much respect in the global community, do tend to seekits approval in matters. There are many more political and economic alliances between states.Another popular example is the European Union. On a smaller scale, I should say fairly smaller,
corporations throughout the world sometimes collaborate on research. And on a smaller, morepersonal basis, we find individual scientists and researchers throughout the world collaboratingon projects together. I believe that globalization is the reason for this dismantling of science as anational commodity. Sure, we still have the classic question of state sovereignty to deal with, butfor the most part, I do believe that we are seeing great amounts of cooperation throughout theworld, and it can only improve with time and more scientific discoveries.
In the realm of space exploration specifically, we see that there exists the European SpaceAgency, which is, as the name implies, an agency composed of European states joined togetherfor the purpose of space discovery.
We see that there exists an International Space Station. U.S. President Ronald Reagancommissioned the initial proposal for this station in 1984. NASA of course, would take up thelead, leading nine of the E.S.A.s member states, plus Canada and Japan, in this great endeavor.That was a little after a year of the space stations creation. Today, sixteen countries, eleven ofthem being E.S.A. members, are a part of this collaborative force. Two of the goals that theInternational Space Station has established, which fit the topic of this delivery today very well,are: to Find solutions to crucial problems in medicine, ecology and other areas of science andto Foster world peace through high-profile, long-term international cooperation in space.22
Then there is the latest fascination with Mars, a fascination that produced two NASA rovers,Spirit and Opportunity, and a never before seen view of this amazing planet. And now evidencesuggests that water may have once existed on Mars.
Now, many people wonder, Space exploration is great, but why dont we focus more on ourown planet and its many problems first? Why are we spending so much money on space
3 International Space Station: Background, http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/overview/background_goals.html.
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exploration when it can be used here on Earth to combat poverty? And those are valid points toconsider, and I wish to address them.
Over the years, many scientists have speculated that many of the minerals found on other planetsin our solar system, including our moon, that are not found normally on Earth, may be used to
cure many ailments. If there is even a possibility that this holds true, then in my judgment, spaceexploration is certainly a noble cause. Also, everyone has some interest in space. All of us arecurious about what is out there. So, through collaboration in space exploration, we are not onlypromoting peace between governments, but we are also bringing together everyone, everyone,throughout the world. That curiosity that each and every one of us possesses can be used to uniteus.
So, in closing, I would like to restate my position that space exploration can surely unitehumanity in unprecedented ways. The search for cures, the fascination with space that all of uspossess, consciously or unconsciously, and the peace that exploration promotes by causingnational governments to work together in search of those cures and in search of answers to the
questions that our fascination produces, make space exploration a necessary part of Earthsfuture. Yes, let us be citizens of the United States, of Italy, of France, of Russia, of Mexico; butlet us also be citizens of the world, united through science and reason, united through our goal ofaiding the whole of humanity! Thank you.
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Holland, Judy. High-tech companies lobbying to let more educated foreigners stay here.Hearst Newspapers as reprinted in theMilwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 21, 2004.
Howe, Irving (ed.). The Basic Writings of Trotsky. New York: Vintage Books, 1965.
International Space Station: Background. http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/overview/background_goals.html.
Lakshmanan, Indira A.R. China rolls out red carpet for millionaires to join party. Boston Globeas reprinted in theMilwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 13, 2002.
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Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto. New York: InternationalPublishers, 1998 [1848].
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Watson, Traci. Private craft to head for space. USA Today, June 21, 2004.