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Membrane Processes For Waste Water
Treatment
By:
Rohit Chaurasia
3rd B. Tech. Civil Engineering
71/08
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ContentsContents1. Introduction2. Stages in waste water treatment
3. Conventional waste water treatment techniques
4. Processes and equipments
5. Membrane bioreactor processes
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of MBR
7. Conclusions
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IntroductionIntroduction
y Wastewater treatment is the process of taking
wastewater and making it suitable for discharge back
into the environment.
y Wastewater can be formed by a variety of activities.
y
Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-usesewage effluent for drinking water.
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Stages in waste water treatmentStages in waste water treatment
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
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CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL
WASTE WATERWASTE WATER
TREATMENT TECHNIQUESTREATMENT TECHNIQUES
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Physical/Chemical TreatmentPhysical/Chemical Treatment
SystemsSystems
Physical Process
The water is pumped into large tanks where matter settles or sinks,just like in a biological treatment system.
aided by the addition of flocculants and dissolved air.
Chemical Process
Chemical processes include added chemicals to precipitate dissolvedmaterials.
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Biological Treatment SystemBiological Treatment System
y Biological treatment systems use bacteria
and other biological matter to break
down waste.
wastewater isscreened to
eliminate easily
removed objects
the wastewateris taken to a
primary settlingbasin where
matter can float
or sink in thetank
The remainingwater is thensent to thesecondary
treatment tank
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PROCESSES AND
PROCESSES ANDEQUIPMENTSEQUIPMENTS
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Screening Removal System
Grit Removal System
Clarification
Filtration
Sludge Dewatering
Solar Drying of Sludge
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MEMBRANE BIOREACTORMEMBRANE BIOREACTORPROCESSESPROCESSES
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Introduction to MBRIntroduction to MBR
y Membrane bioreactor(MBR) technology combines the use of
biological processes and membrane technology to treat
wastewater and provide organic and suspended solids removal.
y Produces a tertiary standard effluent of 5: 5: 5 BOD: Suspended
Solids: Ammonia.
y Contains an ultra-filter or micro-filter membrane unit.
y It can be operated in either an AEROBIC or ANAEROBICmode,increasing the spectrum of chemicals suitable for biological
treatment.
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Membrane TechnologyMembrane Technology
y These processes differ depending on the
type of substance to be removed.
y Membrane types can be broadly placed
into four categories as shown ahead:
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Micro FiltrationMicro Filtration
y Filtration by particle size.
y Removes e.g. colloidal silica, oil emulsion, Collidocillus
staphylococcus.
y Used for wastewater treatment.
y Membrane size: 0.1 - 10 m.
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Ultra FiltrationUltra Filtration
y Selectively filters only molecules of a specified size and
weight.
y Removes various viruses.
y Used for sterilization, clarification, wastewater
treatment.
y Membrane size 1 - 0.01 m.
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NanofiltrationNanofiltration
y Used for partial desalination.
y Removes e.g. sucrose, egg albumin.
y Used for blood osmosis, blood fitration, water
purification.
y Membrane size: 10 - 0.001 m.
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Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis
y A filtration process used for complete desalination.
y Used for blood osmosis, blood filtration, water
purification.
y Membrane size: 10 - 0.001 m
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Electro dialysisElectro dialysis
y This is a process in whichelectrically chargedmembranes are used toseparate ions from watersolutions by the effect of adifference of electricpotential.
y May have up to 400 cationicand anionic membranes.
y Convenient for very highconcentrations (between 0.5and 1 gram per litre)
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Membrane materialsMembrane materials
y Some of the polymers most frequentlyused as materials for membranes are:
Polycarbonate.
Polyvinylidene-flouride. Polytetrafluoroethylene.
Polypropylene.
Polyamide.
Cellulose-esters.
Polysulfone.
Polyetherimide.
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Membrane ProcessesMembrane Processes
Cross Flow Filtration
Dead End Filtration
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ADVANTAGES ANDADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGES OFDISADVANTAGES OF
MBRMBR
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AdvantagesAdvantages
Cost-effective - low life-cycle costs.
Difficult contaminants degraded.
High-quality effluent produced.
Recovery of high-value products. Recovery of energy.
Increase of productivity.
Improvement of quality.
Creation of new products. Easy to expand the system.
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
y The disadvantages include:
The problem ofFOULING.
Membrane malfunctioning.
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ConclusionsConclusions
y Study of the effluent quality produced by conventional
secondary treatment processes reveals that such
treatment methods do not remove many pollutants.
y The advantages of MBR show that it is the best option
economically, socially, environmentally and sustainably.
y Can achieve cost effective wastewater regulatory
compliance.
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