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The Byzantine Empire and
the Christians in the Near East,
7th 8th centuries
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Evolution of Styles - Classical
Egypt, 2nd century CE
Rome, 1st century BCE
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Evolution of StylesLate Antique
Saint Apollo the New, Ravenna, 504
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Evolution of StylesLate Antique
San Vitale Basilica. Ravenna, Italy. 546-548.
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Evolution of StylesLate Antique
Constantinople, 6th or 7th century
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BeatussCommentary on the Apocalypse
Kingdom of Leon, ca 800. Copy from 1046.
Revelations Chapter 17, Verses 4-5:
And the woman was arrayed in purple
and scarlet, and decked with gold and
precious stone and pearls, having in her
hand a golden cup full of abominations,even the unclean things of her
fornication, and upon her forehead a
name written: Mystery, Babylon the
Great, the mother of the harlots and of
the abominations of earth.
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Saint Catherines Monastery
Sinai Peninsula
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Saint Catherines Monastery
Sinai Peninsula
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Evolution of StylesLate Antique
Saint Catherines Monastery, Sinai, 6th
century
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Evolution of StylesLate Antique
Saint Catherines Monastery, Sinai, 6th century
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Justinians Conquests (527-554)
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Byzantine Empires Territorial Struggles
Late 500s: The Lombards conquer parts of Italy
Late 500s: Creation of the theme system
Late 500s: The Slavs threaten the north
Provinces organized as militarily
districts
Civilians are the also the army
Governors are also military commanders
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Byzantine Empires Territorial Struggles
Ca 640: Lose Syria and Palestine to Muslim forces
Late 600s: The Bulgars establish dominance at the
northern border
Late 600s: Lose North Africa to Muslim forces
Late 600s and early 700s:
Muslim forces repelled at
Constantinoples walls
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Mediterranean, ca 600 CE
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Mediterranean, ca 800
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Byzantine Empire, ca 800
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Byzantine Empire: 7th and 8th centuries
Greek becomes the dominant language
Constantinople thrives
Clergy and civil servants come from same background
and go to same schools
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Justinian II (692-695)
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Icons
Very popular by the late 6
th
century
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Iconoclasm
726: Emperor Leo III outlaws veneration of icons
Pope in Rome refuses imperial order to destroy icons
Mid 700s: Active persecution of icon veneration in
the eastern Byzantine empire
730: Emperor Leo III outlaws public display of icons
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Iconoclasm
John of Damascus (d. 753):
Icons should be venerated for what they
represent, not worshipped themselves
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Mar Saba Monastery, Palestine
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Stylite Saint, Syria, 5th or 6th century
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Alexandria, Eypgt, 7th 8th century
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Red Monastery, Egypt, 7th century
I P l ti 8th t
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Icon, Palestine, 8th century
Ch h f th Vi i S i id 8th t
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Church of the Virgin, Syria, mid-8th century
P l 17 d 18 S i C h i M
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Psalms 17 and 18, Saint Catherines Monastery
Sinai Peninsula, 9th century
G l f J h S i C h i M
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Gospel of John, Saint Catherines Monastery
Sinai Peninsula, mid-9th century
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