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Chapter 3: MatterProperties
and Changes
Section 3.4 Types of Matter
Elements & Compounds
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What is matter?
Anything that has mass and
takes up space
Mass is a measurement of theamount of matter in an object. It
is different than weight which
measures the amount of matterAND the gravitational pull on an
object.
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Now that youre an expert, which of the
following is matter?
1. A book
2. A house3. A thought
4. Your brain
5. Light6. Your cell phone
7. Radio waves
Matter Not Matter
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There is so many different kinds of
matter, that we need to organize it.Substances have a uniform and unchanging
composition
examples: salt,
water,
sugar
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Chemical symbols
Make it easy to write the formulas for chemical
compounds
Ex: salt water
NaCl
H2O
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Elements
A pure substance that cannot be broken downinto simpler substances by physical or chemical
means
91 naturally occurring elements Symbolized by one capital letter or one
capital letter and 1 lower case
ex: S = sulfur Na = sodium
In mid 1800s, no chart for organizing the
elements that were known at the time
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Dmitri Mendeleev--1869
-Organized the known
elements into a table ofrows and columns based
on their similarities and
masses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_4.gif7/29/2019 Matter Properties and Changes EDITED
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Periodic table
Organized into horizontal rows calledperiods and vertical columns calledfamilies
Called periodic because properties ofelements repeat as you move from period toperiod
Mendeleevs table left blank spaces forelements yet to be discovered and predictedtheir properties
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Compounds
A combination of 2 or more different elements
that are combined chemically
Most of the matter in the universe are compounds
Ex: water (H2
O), sugar (C12
H22
O11
), salt (NaCl),
aspirin (C9H8O4)
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Can be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
Usually requires energy
Compounds
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Properties of a compound are different from
its component elements
Ex: waterliquid at
room temp.
Compounds
Hydrogena
colorless,
tasteless gas
Oxygena
colorless,
tasteless gas
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Sodium chloride
As a compound, it is a white, unreactivesolid that adds flavor to food
Its component elements:
Chlorinepoisonous, pale,green gas Sodiuma highly
reactive element
that fizzes in water
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Classification based upon the following:
Particle arrangement
Energy of particles
Distance between particles
State of matter is dependent ontemperature and pressure of thesurroundings
States of Matter
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3 states of matter
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States of Matter
1. Solidhas a definite shape and volume
exs: wood, desk, shoes, sugar
-particles are tightly packed,
incompressible
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States of Matter
2. Liquidshave a constant volume,
-no definite shape
-takes the shape of its container
-particles are not held rigidly in place,allows material to
flow
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Section 3.3
Mixtures of Matter
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2. Homogeneoushas a constant
composition throughout
-called asolution
Types of Mixtures
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Types of Solutions
Gas-gas: air
Gas-liquid: soft drinks
Liquid-gas: moist air
Liquid-liquid: vinegar
Solid-liquid: Crystal Light
Solid-solid: steel (called
alloysmixture of metals
producing greater strength)
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Separating Mixtures
1. Physical separation:
hand selection or
pouring through sieves
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3. Distillationbased on
differences in the
boiling points of thesubstances involved
Separating Mixtures
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5. Chromatographyseparating thecomponents of a mixture
based on the tendency ofeach to travel across thesurface of anothermaterial.
Separating Mixtures
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Matter
MixturesPure
substances
HeterogeneousMixtures
HomogeneousMixtures
Elements Compounds
Dirt, blood,
milk
Lemonade,
gasoline, steel
Oxygen, gold,
iron
Salt, baking
soda, sugar
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Physical Properties of Matter
A characteristic that can be observed
or measured without changing the
composition of the sampleProperties such as density, color, odor,
taste, hardness, melting point, boiling
point
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1. Extensive: dependenton the amount ofsubstance present
--length, volume
2. Intensive: independentof the amount ofsubstance present
--density, melting point, boiling point
--used to identify substances
Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types
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Chemical Properties
Ability or inabilityof a substance to
combine with or change into one or
more other substances
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Classify each as a physical or
chemical property:1. Iron and oxygen form rust.
2. Iron is more dense than aluminum
3. Magnesium burns brightly when ignited.
4. Oil and water do not mix.
5. Mercury melts at -39C.
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Section 3.2
Changes in Matter
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Physical Change
Changes in a substances appearance, not in
composition
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Types of physical changes:
Bend, grind, crumple
Split, crush, twist
Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize
(changes of state or phase)
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2. Energy change:absorbed or released
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3. Odor changes
or production
4. Gas production
5. Precipitateformation
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Classify each as a physical or
chemical change:1. A dead fish rotting
2. Dissolving salt in water
3. Boiling salt water until only salt remains
4. Melting steel
5. Bending steel
6. Cracking ice
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Section 3.3 & 3.4
Laws of Matter
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Antoine Lavoisiera
French scientist
o 1743-1794
o Father of Modern
Chemistry
o One of the first to use
an analytical balance
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In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide
powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it
is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. Theliquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the
mass of oxygen formed in the reaction?
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Practice problemspg. 65 #6, 7, 9
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To find percent by mass:
Percent by mass = mass of element x 100
mass of compound
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Analysis of sugar:
Carbon 8.44 g 42.2%
Hydrogen 1.30 g 6.5%
Oxygen 10.26 g 51.30%
20.0 g sugar
Carbon 211.0 g 42.2%
Hydrogen 32.5 g 6.5%
Oxygen 256.5 g 51.30%
500.0 g sugar
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Therefore
Sugar always has the same proportions of
ingredients
If a substance has different proportions, it isa different substance
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Practice problemspg. 76 #21-24
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Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide
O=
C=
O=
C=
1
1
2
1
CO CO2
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