Matteo De Rose e Francesco Fotino IV A anno scolastico
2014/2015
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Areas governed by the endocrine system: Reproduction Responses
to stress and injury Growth and sexual development Body energy
levels Internal balance of body systems Bone and muscle strength
The endocrine system controls the way your body functions. It
produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to maintain
your tissues and organs. Hormones are chemical messengers that are
secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and
tissues of the body to exert their functions.
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Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Thymus Pineal Gland Testes Ovaries
Thyroid Adrenal Glands Parathyroid Pancreas E NDOCRINE SYSTEM S
GLANDS Glands are located throughout various parts of the human
body. These glands take on the critical task of releasing hormones,
and together, they form the endocrine system.
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The pituitary gland produces several hormones. Growth hormone
(GH) Prolactin (PRL) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) Pituitary Gland The front part of it, commonly called the
anterior pituitary, produces the following types of hormones:
Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) The front part of it (posterior
pituitary) produces:
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The hypothalamus is in control of pituitary hormones by
releasing the following types of hormones: Thyrotrophin-releasing
hormone (TRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Hypotalamus
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The pineal gland releases melatonin, which helps the body
recognize when it is time to go to sleep. Researchers continue to
learn more about this gland. Pineal Gland
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Found in both women and men, the thyroid controls a person's
metabolism. It is located in the front of the neck. Thyroid
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The parathyroid gland is actually a group of four small glands
located behind the thyroid gland. This gland is vital to proper
bone development because it helps control both calcium and
phosphorous levels in the body. Parathyroid
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This gland secretes hormones that are commonly referred to as
humoral factors and are important during puberty. The role of these
hormones is to make sure a person develops a healthy immune system.
Thymus
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This gland helps to control blood sugar. In addition, also
helps your body do the following: Adrenal Glands Promoting proper
cardiovascular function Properly utilizing carbohydrates and fats
Helps distribute stored fat Promotes healthy gastrointestinal
functions
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The main function of the pancreas is to maintain healthy blood
sugar levels. It is a large gland located behind the stomach.
Pancreas
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Found in women, this gland produces both estrogen and
progesterone, which promote the development of breasts. They also
help a woman maintain healthy menstrual periods. Ovaries
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Found in men, this gland produces testosterone, which promotes
the growth of the penis as a male gets older as well as facial and
body hair. It also deepens the voice of a male at a certain age.
Other functions of testosterone include: Maintaining sex drive
Promoting production of sperm Maintaining healthy levels of muscle
and bone mass Testes
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T YPES OF HORMONES Although there are many different hormones
in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on
their chemical structure.
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P OLYPEPTIDES AND AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES HORMONES ACTION ATP:
provides energy for chemical reaction. G proteins, also known as
guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that
act as molecular switches inside cells. Cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger important in many
biological processes. Phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the
addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to an
acceptor.
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Tropic effects onlyNontropic effects onlyNontropic and tropic
effects A DENOHYPOPHYSIS Tropic hormones are hormones that have
other endocrine glands as their target. Non-tropic hormones are
hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce
effects.
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H YPOPHYSIS The posterior pituitary produces no hormones of its
own. Rather, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize
two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and
oxitocyn. These are then released into the blood upon stimulation
of the axons.
T HYROID AND METABOLISM Thyroid cells are the only cells in the
body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the
amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. The function of the thyroid
gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into
thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T3 and
T4 are then released into the blood stream and are transported
throughout the body where they control metabolism (conversion of
oxygen and calories to energy).
Helps regulate sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body
fluids They are glucocorticoids, which stimulate the metabolism of
lipids and proteins, help regulate glucose levels in the blood and
play a role in decreasing inflammation. Androgens stimulate or
control the development and maintenance of male characteristics in
vertebrates. Estrogens are the primary female sex hormones,
important in both menstrual and estrous reproductive cycles. They
initiate multiple systemic mechanisms that contribuite to the bodys
fight-or-flight response