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ADDIS ABABA
UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY SOUTH
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
THESIS FOR UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAM (BSc.)
TITLE: MATERIAL HANDLING AND WASTAGE CONTROL IN ADDIS
ABABA LOW COST HOUSING PROJECTS
ADVISOR: Belay Yitayew (Ato.)
PREPARED BY:
1. Dechasa Haile
2. Gebrehiwot Hintsay
3. Saron Anteneh
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February 2010
APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS
ADVISOR: ______________________________
SIGNITURE: _____________________________
DATE: ______________________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER: __________________
SIGNITURE: ______________________________
DATE: ______________________________
INTERNAL EXAMINER: ___________________
SIGNITURE: ______________________________
DATE: _______________________________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would have been impossible to realize without the tremendous
assistance and cooperation of various individuals and construction
companies. It is therefore our great pleasure to acknowledge and thank them
for their collaboration and helpful support.
We sincerely thank and express deep gratitude to our advisor Ato Belay
Yitayew for providing valuable advice, continuous support and guidance andfor his comments and suggestions during the progress of the research in a
more realistic way.
Our special credit also goes to those contractors, consultants and employer
for giving their precious time to respond our survey questioners and
interviews.
The Ministry of Works and Urban Development, the Ethiopian Association of
Civil Engineers also deserves our acknowledgement for the ease access of
the important information for this study.
And finally we are highly indebted to all site engineers, and supervisors, who
have shown their keen interest of cooperation by providing us with the
necessary information and data required for the thesis work.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgement I Table of content .. II , IIIAbbreviation .. IVAbstract .. V
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research back ground ... 1
1.2 Objective of this research .. 3
1.3 Methodology .. 3
1.4 Scope and limitation .. 4
1.5 Structure of the paper .. 4
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
. 52.1 Construction Management 5
2.2 Construction Resource Management 6
2.3 Construction Materials Management 7
2.3.1 Materials Planning 8
2.3.2 Materials Procurement Process 10
2.3.3 Inventory Control 11
2.3.4 Store-Keeping and Warehousing
12
2.3.5 Handling and Transportation 12
2.3.6 Codification and Standardization
13
2.3.7 Disposal of surpluses .. 14
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2.4 Construction Materials Wastage Management .. 15
2.4.1 Definition .. 15
2.4.2 Materials wastage standard .. 15
2.4.3 Causes of material wastage 17
2.4.4 Side effect of the problem 19
2.4.4.1 Side effect due to poor material handling . 19
2.4.4.2 Side effect due to material wastage . 20
2.4.5 System of material wastage control .. 22
2.4.5.1 Accounting for construction materials .. 22
2.4.5.2 Material wastage analysis .. 22
CHAPTER THREE
3. ANALYSIS
3.1. Profile of the questionnaires 24
3.2. The respondents 25
3.3. Data presentation, Analysis and Discussion .. 26
3.3.1 Section one Existence of the problem 26
3.3.2 Section two Major causes .. 27
3.3.3 Section three Side effects . 38
3.3.4 Section four Proposed systems ..
41
CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. Conclusion .. 44
4.2. Recommendation .. 45References .. 46
Appendix A Research proposal
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Appendix B Research questionnaires
ABBRIVATIONS
LCH Low Cost HouseMSE Micro and Small Enterprises4Ms Materials, Money, Manpower and Machineries4Rs Review, Reduce, Reuse and RecycleMSM Material Storage ManagementAAHDPO Addis Ababa Housing DevelopmentHCB Hollow Concrete Block
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ABSTRACT
In any construction project especially in Low Cost Housing there should be a
great concern for construction material wastage control system in order to
avoid maximum material wastage generation. Since construction industry is
one of the emerging economy of our country which consumes larger
percentage of the annual budget, construction material handling and
wastage control system desires serious consideration and due attention.
Based on this assumption, we have conducted our research on construction
material handling and wastage control systems in LCH projects with in Addis
Ababa. And we attempted to answer the following questions. What are the
most recent material handling systems in these projects? What are the main
causes for material wastage and their consequence? And what are the
systems adopt to reduce the wastage generated?
In this thesis we have explored construction material handling systems,
wastage control mechanisms, and tried to identify wastage causes and their
remedial measures to decrease wastages. Data were collected using
questioner survey distributed randomly to selected and concerned stake
holders for those operating in Addis Ababa LCH projects. In this research
work, all questions are grouped and analyzed according to their relationship,
discussed and possible conclusions and recommendations forwarded.
Generally, 100% of the cost efficient LCH construction stake holders proved
that, the existences of material wastage, therefore implementing effectivewastage control system, early identification and awarenesss on wastage
causes and use of some sort of material plan and management systems are
vital to minimize the unavoidable material wastages.
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CHAPTER - ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research back ground
"Low-Cost-Housing Technology (LCH)" was instituted for the first time in
Tigray province and then in other regions of Ethiopia [7]. The city of Addis
Ababa, being the capital of the nation, is facing numerous challenges in
trying to meet the demands aroused by the ever increasing population and
high rate of urbanization. Consequently, the need for an increase in quantity
and quality of shelter, infrastructure, employment and various social services
become crucial to sustain the city life.
Accordingly the city government has planned to address these challenges
strategically with the help of the National Integrated Urban Development
Plans along with other municipal administration of Addis Ababa Grand
Housing Program. Since September 2003, the municipal administration of
Addis Ababa has been working on the planning and implementation of the
Addis Ababa Grand Housing Program, which is an action program for the
construction of living space. The national plan on housing has allocated about
50% of its 2006 - 2010 plans, which are about 200,000 housing units, to be
executed in the city of Addis Ababa.
The long term objective of housing program is to improve the living standard
of citizens, especially low-income citizens of the city, which are the majority,
through the creation of employment opportunities and the provision of the
decent affordable housing.
The specific immediate objectives of the program are to be serving the
purpose of:
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Regenerating the slum area of the inner city,
Increasing the land delivery amount in the inner city as a process
of densification and vertical growth,
Promotion of micro and small-scale enterprise, which can absorb
more labor force and operate at a lower overhead cost,
Promotion of cost efficient housing construction technology,
Empowering citizens of the city through ownership of houses and
possession security,
Changing the image of the city [6].
Construction is proceeding on the basis of LCH technology with prefabricated
components. People wishing to move in to the apartment buildings and
become owners, by paying some 30% of the construction costs. The
remainders are financed through building loans with a 15-year term, pre-
financing being advanced by the city municipal administration. In the socially
integrated settlements, complete with municipal infrastructure facilities, the
residents themselves are to take responsibility for maintaining their houses
[7].
Following the first successful LCH pilot projects in 2004, Addis Ababa city
government administration under "Grand Housing Program" allocated huge
sum of budget to alleviate shortage of housing and also reduce house slum in
the city [8]. Besides it is part of the national government plan for the
reduction of poverty in the new millennium particularly in the capital city of
Ethiopia. Since huge investments are deployed to construct LCH projects,
implementation of the existing material handling and wastage control
systems and further study will be crucial to save the extra lost cost due to
material wastages.
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1.2 Objective of this research
The main objectives of this research are:
Assess whether material handling and wastage control problems
exist or not?
Find out the main causes of material wastage and poor material
handling.
Explore the side effects of material wastage and poor material
handling.
Forward appropriate material wastage reducing techniques and
poor material handling corrective procedures to alleviate problems
faced on different stages of the project.
1.3 Methodology
The methodology adopted for this research is based on actual survey. In this
process data has been collected and discussion has been made with different
professionals from the low cost housing construction sector.
For the data collection survey, construction industry stakeholders like
contractors, consultants and employer, local firms that actively participating
in low cost housing construction projects have been selected to fill our
questionnaires.
Analysis of the collected survey data and interviews are used to answer thefollowing four vital questions:
Is material handling and wastage control problem exist or not in LCH
projects?
What are the major causes of material wastage and handling
problems?
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What are the side effects of the problems in the project?
What are the proposed systems used to minimize poor material
handling and wastage?
The following procedure were used in order to prepare the research
Procedure DescriptionTopic SelectionResearch proposal We discussed with our advisor on the contents of
research proposal.Literature review Referring different literatures and assessing different
web sites through internet then supervised by our
advisor.Research instrument Questionnaire survey and desk study were done.Data collection Questionnaire were collected from respondentsSample identification Taking all samplesAnalysis Analysis were done on the collected questionnaireThesis writingSubmission
1.4 Scope and limitation
The scope of this research bases only to Low Cost Housing projects in Addis
Ababa. The limitations are time for the research, and absence of conducted
researches on construction material handling and wastage control system,
since LCH projects have been started in recent times and due to lack of
properly collected and documented datas.
1.5 Structure of the paper
This paper comprises of four chapters:
Chapter two present an overview of different literatures on construction
materials management and causes of poor material handling and
wastage in construction industry, chapter three deals with the analysis of
the collected data, and chapter four explains the conclusion and
recommendations of the findings.
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CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Different writers define construction management on their own ways as;
Construction management is defined as the art of arranging and/or
organizing various activities, operating equipment and group of people in
a suitable manner to create systematic operation with continuity to
achieve a common goal. Management can also be defined as the use of
people and other resources to accomplish objectives. That is,management by necessity involves the creation of an environment in
which people can use resources to reach the stated goal. It also involves
the implementation of the function of management: - planning,
organizing, implementing and controlling. These functions are the very
essence of management [3 ].
Construction management is dealing with the system of how
relationships among stakeholders, resources and activities are planned,
implemented and monitored for the successful completion of any
construction work or activities.
Construction management addresses how the resources available to the
manager can be best applied. Typically when speaking of resources for
construction, we think of the four Ms of construction: Manpower,
Machine, Material and Money. Management involves the timely and
efficient application of the four Ms to construct a project. Many issues
should be considered when managing a project and successfully
applying the four Ms [2].
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2.2 CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Construction resource management is a concept of strategically
managing basic resources for the successful completion of construction
project.
A complete resource study identifies when and how many of each trade
will be on the job site each day of the project. This allows management
to ensure that work scheduled concurrently is compatible and that
adequate supervision is provided.
Efficient & effective implementation of construction project require good
management of relationships for and among resources, activities and
stakeholders as applied to the context where such projects are
implemented. Materials, money, manpower & machineries (the 4M's)
are usual resources.
The principal resource involved in construction project is material. The
correct management of this resource ensures that the stakeholders keeptheir profit and complete the project according to required quality, cost
and time.
In our world construction resources are scarce, hard to obtain easily and
becoming expensive every day in spite of the fact that their demand is
high. It is this reality which obliged us to utilize them efficiently and
effectively.
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2.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
Materials management is a process: It is how a building is designed
and how materials are estimated. It is how materials are acquired and
even how the packaging is specified. It is how the delivery schedule is
designed. It is how contractors plan materials use and how they manage
previously used materials and cuts. It is how waste is managed for use
elsewhere or recycling rather than being discarded in a landfill [9].
It is a culture how the customer expects the contractor and the
contractor its subcontractors and the subcontractors its workers to care
for and properly manage the materials provided.
Material Management can be defined as integrated management
system for planning, controlling or redirecting efforts to achieve a
smooth, timely, efficient flow of materials to the project in the required
quality, the required time, and at an acceptable price and quality.
In building construction projects, materials account for more than 50% of
the project total cost. A small saving in materials cost through efficient
management of materials can result in a large contribution.
A great opportunity for the construction industry to reduce cost and
increase profit and competitiveness is in the area of materials
management. Better materials use can, additionally, result in improved
project economy, conservation of natural resources and reduced
pollution. Therefore, the opportunity to reduce cost and increase profits
is also the Opportunity to protect the environment.
Efficient materials management in project environment calls for an
integrated approach covering numerous functions such as materials
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planning, purchasing, inventory control, store keeping and ware
housing, handling and transportation, codification and standardization,
and the disposal of surpluses[1].
2.3.1 MATERIAL PLANNING
Materials planning is the key function of materials management, is
closely linked with project planning and control set up. Both these work
together to develop a plan for procurement and stocking of construction
materials so as to provide at site materials of the right quality in right
quantity at the right prices from the right sources at the right time.
A few hours spent in planning can produce project cost savings through:* Reducing the amount of materials purchased
* Better use of the materials purchased
* Reduced labor in handling materials and having to purchase
Make-up materials
* Reduced waste and disposal costs.
Construction materials planning involves identifying materials,
estimating quantities, defining specifications, forecasting requirements,
locating sources of materials approved, designing materials inventory,
developing procurement plans, and monitoring flow of materials till the
connected construction works are completed.
A Materials Management Plan, formulated through the process of these
guidelines, consist of procedures guiding all the professionals and trades
involved in the entire process of the building creation from design
through finish. It is a two-phase plan corresponding to the Design Phase
and the
Construction Phase of your project. Within each of these phases there
are four sections -Review, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle [9].
The process and results of the planning done in the design Phase
corresponds directly to the site materials management plan.
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Design and Construction Phase
The Plan that design should consider the "Four R's":
Review: Reconsider the design philosophies and practices. Review the
company's policies regarding estimating and purchasing and the site
construction practices. And review the sources of those policies and are
they valid in today's economy or procedures: ecology?
Reduce: Reduce quantities purchased as well as waste. A way of looking
at the estimator's and purchaser's "fudge factor" is that they are actually
Specifying the waste amounts. More care taken on the jobsite and
different cleanup practices could dramatically reduce waste. Then finally
create a substantial list of waste-reducing practices.
Reuse: Reuse materials as possible. For instance form lumber is used
more than once, but generally for another concrete form, and used
plastic film can be stored and used to cover exposed work in case of
inclement weather.
Recycle: Plan the recycling of the construction waste before the project
starts at the site. Once the project is underway, treat the waste recycling
as rigorously as quality of the construction.
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2.3.2 MATERIALS PROVISIONING (PROCUREMENT) PROCESS
Construction materials needed for a project work vary with the nature
of the project. The determination of the type, quantity and specifications
of the construction materials needs a detailed study of the contract
documents, including the bill of quantities, drawings, specification,
pretender estimates, and preliminary vendor enquires. Such a study
consumes considerable time, and is a systematic and gradual process[1].
Materials Procurement
Preliminary investigations for developing sources for procurement of
materials are made by floating enquiry indents, containing quantities,
specifications and delivery times are jointly prepared by the project
planning cell and materials procurement department. These are
processed by the materials procurement department for invitingquotations with samples of materials, where applicable.
On receipt of quotations, a comparative study of the price, quality,
delivery time, terms of delivery and payment terms is made jointly by
both materials and project planning in charges. During the course of this
study, vendors proposals are compared with enquiry specifications and
stipulated requirements, and the resulting deviations are examined for
acceptability. The key criteria for evaluating the potential of the supplier
to deliver the right quantity product at the right time should include
quality of material, companys financial status, companys management
team and their professional competence and engineering skills, and
support services.
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The quotation comparison sheet can be best termed as a summary of
the alternative proposals for given materials. These proposals undergo
further processing before making a decision about placing of purchase
order. The various stages encountered prior to the purchase decisions
are approval in principle for processing proposals, clients approval of
proposed materials and negotiations of terms of supply. And the final
step in the procurement of materials is monitoring materials delivery
schedule.
2.3.3 INVENTORY CONTROL
The term inventory implies the cost of materials in stock at a given
time. This stock of materials is held to act as a cushion between supply
and demand. The monetary value of inventory indicates the extent of
investment required to maintain minimum stock of materials for the
smooth running of the project. Higher inventory implies higher
investment, and fewer inventories carry the risk of supplies falling
behind demand. A balanced inventory acts as a cushion between supply
and site requirement till supplies are received. It includes pre-
determined safety stock to cater for slippages in delivery schedules [1].
Inventory control not only looks into the physical balance of various
materials but also looks into aspects of minimizing the inventory cost.
Another aspect of inventory control is control of the inventory carrying
cost. Avoiding shortage, avoiding excessive stocking and increasing
inventory turnover, are some of the main issues concerning inventory
control. Further, methods of reducing the component of materials cost in
the product cost is an important consideration in cost reduction. This
means that the purchase of materials should be for the quantity needed
and the purchase quantity should be neither more nor less. Purchases
have to be made at the right time and at the most economic cost.
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Inventory control is therefore a strong management tool for cost
reduction.
2.3.4 STORE KEEPING AND WAREHOUSING
Store keeping: means whereby goods are received, identified, stored,
issued, account for and replenished in accordance with defined servicelevels and with due regard of legal requirements for health and safety.
Store keeping is both a science and an art. Some of the essentials of
good store keeping are assigning and placing each item in a proper
place, providing protection against damage and pilferage, using proper
method of identifying and coding, and keeping record and inventory of
stores up-to-date.
Warehouse: is a place where items are housed or a building designed
for storage purposes and constructed with roof and complete side and
end walls.
Warehouses must be seen as providing services to the rest of the
organization in which they operate. The levels of these services will
affect the overall efficiency of the organization. Therefore, the
relationship between warehouses and other Departments (or functional
areas) within the organization are very important aspects of store
management.
2.3.5 HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION
Materials handling: refers to techniques employed to move, transport,
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and store or distribute store items with or without the aid of mechanical
appliances. The movements of materials to, through, or from productive
process, and in receiving and shipping areas. Transportation
encompasses all activities involved in the movement and flow of
materials from the time they are received to the time they are shipped.
The transportation costs are affected by shipment sizes and other
factors. Shipment by the full load of a carrier often reduces prices and
assures quicker delivery, as the carrier can travel from the origin to the
destination of the full load without having to stop for delivering part of
the cargo at other stations. Avoiding transshipment is anotherconsideration in reducing shipping cost. While the reduction in shipping
costs is a major objective, the requirements of delicate handling of some
items may favor a more expensive mode of transportation to avoid
breakage and replacement costs.
2.3.6 CODIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION
The received of goods should be identified by a clear way of
identification. Without identification it is impossible to uniquely identify
the materials needed. This problem can be solved using codification.
The code must be developed to identify all items held in store. All
materials should be given a code identifying the material specifically,
definitely, and unambiguously. Adopting a well designed codification
system enables the stores manage to have a unique, precise (i.e. exact),
simple and consistent method of identifying stocks. Code should be
compact, concise, and flexible enough to accommodate future addition.
The primary purpose of classifying materials is to control quality, cost
and timely supply. There are many factors that need consideration while
classifying materials. These include storage space, shelf life, supply
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reliability, inventory costs, ease of identification, construction sequence,
transportation requirement, price, procurement time, procurement
source and project life.
2.3.7 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUSES
Construction activity leads to generate of solid wastes, which include
sand, gravel, concrete, stone, bricks, wood, metal, paper etc.Construction waste can occur at every stage of the activities but most of
those involved in the operation do not aware of that. Waste level for
initial stage of construction activities can be low and the most significant
waste level can be observed during the construction phase especially on
site where most of the resources are being used in this stage.
Construction waste is bulky and heavy and is mostly unsuitable for
disposal by incineration or composting. Due to continuing shortage of
dumping sites and increase in transportation cost, the disposal of
surpluses is very expensive.
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2.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WASTAGE MANAGEMENT
2.4.1 DEFINITION
Construction material wastages can be defined as the difference
between the value of materials delivered and accepted on site and those
properly used as specified and accurately measured in the work, after
deducting the cost saving of substituted materials transferred elsewhere
in which unnecessary cost and time may be incurred by materials
wastage [4].
2.4.2 MATERIALS USAGE STANDARDS
Generally, the materials and labor costs in a project are conceptualized
during the inception stage by using past experience. While contracting
the quantities of work involved in a project are detailed in the contract
bill of quantities. These are derived from the design and drawings. But
there is inherent materials wastage associated with all types of
materials.
Some wastage is inevitable in actual work. This wastage in materials is
generally expressed as percentage of materials calculated theoretically
from the quantities of work involved, and is termed as Standard
Wastage.
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The total quantity of materials to be provisioned should cater for the
standard wastage by increasing the theoretical quantity proportionately.
Materials to be provisioned
= Theoretical quantity of materials * (100 + standard wastage
(%))/100
Standard wastage of the construction materials depends upon many
variables such as the nature of work, type of materials, method of
application, etc.
It may be noted that standard wastage caters for wastage during
utilization only for causes considered beyond control at site. In addition
to the uncontrollable wastage, there is wastage/pilferage which falls in
the category of controllable wastage. The main causes of controllable
wastage at various stages can be due to the following:-
a. Wastage during design and supervision.
b. Wastage during materials procurement.
c. Wastage during handling and storage.
d. Wastage during utilization.
Since, controllable wastage falls under the purview of the materials
management staff the additional provisions to compensate for such
wastage should be made by them so as to ensure that the right quantity
and right quantity of materials are available at the right time.
Table 2.1 Construction Materials Wastages Planning Norms [4].
Item No. Types of Materials Planned Wastage ( % )1 Cement 22 Sand 103 Aggregate 54 Reinforcement steel bars 3
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5 Stone masonry 56 Steel sheet roofing 27 Tile roofing 58 Floor tiling 2-59 Marble lining 2010 Reinforced concrete 211 Lean concrete 1012 Painting 5
2.4.3 CAUSES OF MATERIAL WASTAGE
Wastage of materials can take place during various stages of the project.
1. Wastage arising from design may result from the following reasons -
Dimension dis-coordination.
Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing).
Discrepancies in drawings and specifications.
Over design.
Specification failing to match the quality of the building
required.
Resistance to adopt alternative materials.
2. Wastage during procurement can result from one or more of the
following main causes -
Buying materials of wrong specification.
Buying more than the actual requirement.
Unnecessary buying of items to cater for unrealistic and
unforeseen eventualities.
Untimely buying of short-life materials.
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Improper and unnecessary handling of materials.
Wastage in transportation.
3. Wastage during storage can occur due to the following reasons -
Damaged and breakages during handling.
Deterioration due to incorrect storage, incorrect maintenance
and short-shelf life.
Losses due to fire, thefts and exposure to climatic conditions.
4. Wastage during utilization (usage) can be attributed to one or more of
the following reasons -
Excess quantity estimation.
Shortage in delivery.
Theft and pilferage.
Breakages and damages during handling.
Lack of pre-work preparation and coordination.
Inferior quality of materials.
Improper accounting and poor store keeping.
Negligent and careless attitude of the supervisor.
Unforeseen circumstances like accidents, fire, etc.
High rate of deterioration due to long storage at the place of
work.
Over-issues from the central stores and failures to return
unused surplus materials.
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2.4.4 SIDE EFFECT DUE TO MATERIAL HANDLING AND WASTAGE
CONTROL PROBLEMS
2.4.4.1. Side effects due to poor materials handling
a) High level of materials wastage
Due to poor storage system, materials are exposed to damage, loss,
vandalism etc. Higher level of wastage may be occurring due to over
order or under supply of materials. A lot of materials are being wasted
due to poor handling system and poor workmanship.
b) Poor materials storage
When the materials are not in properly arranged, it may cause damage
to materials and obstruct the handling of mechanical plant. Materials
should be unloaded and stored near to the point of use to prevent double
handling of work. Without proper planning a location of materials
storage, the site may be congested and affect site accessibility. There is
always a tendency for some of materials to be stored in wrong place. For
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example small and valuable items like door closers and lockset, which
are always stolen by workers or sub-contractors when stored in an open
store.
c) Materials shortage or excesses on site
Without proper planning of ordering and delivering of materials, there is
a high tendency facing the shortage of materials in site. Excess of
materials delivered to site creates lot storage problems, if the materials
are delivered too early on site; the risk of materials damaged by
progressing works is high.
2.4.4.2. Side effects due to materials wastage
a) Low profitability
The profitability of a project can be influenced by the cost of materials.Large costs can be saved from the materials since it contributes to a
substantial value of a project. As a rule of thumb, the higher level of
wastage, the lower profitability of the project. Therefore, sound Material
Storage Management is needed to maximize profitability of a project.
b) Construction time delay
The delay of construction work may occur when wrong types or quality of
materials are used and the time spent for the re-construction and
replacement for the goods. Another cause of delays is damages during
the transit of materials, shortage of materials, and late delivery of
materials and so on. Without proper planning in Material Storage
Management, the project is likely to be delayed.
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c) Low productivity
Poor Materials Storage Management will affect productivity. For
example, a congested site with materials not properly allocated will
create a lot of double handling works and obstruct the operation works.
The productivity of the work will be reduced with shortages and delay of
materials supply that disrupt program.
d) Environmental impact
Since the environmental issue is in concern globally, waste generated by
industrial operations need to be categorized in list of concern too as
waste levels indicate the appreciation of use of environment natural
resources. Among those industry operations, construction industry also
contributes a significant waste to the overall waste volume annually for
majority country.
The impact of construction operations on natural conservation is
cumulative and collective in most situations, such as disturbance ofsensitive habitats and species by water pollution. In addition, where
large amounts of waste are generated, loss of grassland can result from
the need for landfill sites.
New concepts of waste control are being applied in many countries
nowadays. Material Storage Management (MSM) is in great concern.
These are all done to ensure the waste is being controlled as well as the
environmental condition is being protected.
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2.4.5 SYSTEM OF MATERIAL WASTAGE CONTROL
Some unavoidable wastage is inherent during utilization, but it is the
excessive wastage which is of concern to the management. Excessive
wastage during the utilization stage affects the productivity adversely,
and consequently results in extra costs. Productivity control aims at
minimizing wastage in usage. Productivity control at the construction
responsibility center level can be broadly divided into accounting for
materials, analyzing usage variances to determine the causes of
wastage and implementing measures to minimize wastage [1].
2.4.5.1 Accounting for Construction Materials
Materials accounting system documents the materials data, it provides
the materials procurement status. It shows the holding of materials
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inventory for the incoming works. It identifies and quantifies issues of
materials to the site and it reveals the materials costs.
Project planners are especially concerned with materials-flow data for
ensuring the timely procurement of materials, and site availability of
materials of right quantity and quality at the required time and place.
They also aim at minimizing wastage during usage, evaluating
implications of variations from the acceptable wastage standard,
updating costs, estimates and expenditures of materials, and
formulating materials costing norms for future works.
2.4.5.2 Materials Wastage Analysis
The first step in materials wastage analysis is to quantify standard
quantity and type of direct material needed for each work item. The
actual materials consumed for each work item can be complied from the
material issues and return notes transacted between supervisors and
stockholders. In case of materials delivered directly to the construction
sites by the supplier, such as ready-mix concrete from site batching
plant of fabricated steel for reinforcement from the site steel yard, or
aggregate from the crusher, the suppliers delivery note along with
materials return note can be used to determine the quantity consumed
for a given work item. These issue slips and delivery notes, when
consolidated from the start to completion of the work-item can give the
quantities of materials consumed. The difference between the standard
materials requirement and the materials usually consumed indicates the
excess (if any) from the accepted materials wastage standard prepared
at the time of estimation.
Material usage variance
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= standard acceptable materials wastage - Actual materials
wastage.
CHAPTER THREE
3. ANALYSIS
3.1. PROFILE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES
As discussed in the methodology part of this paper, the second approach to
assess the existence of material handling and wastage problems, the main
causes of wastage, their side effects and proposed methods is the use of
questionnaires survey based on firms experience. The questionnaires were
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1
Is there any material handlingand wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost housingprojects? Yes or No
A. Contractor
Yes 100 100
No 0 0
B. Consultant
Yes 100 100
No 0 0
C. Employer
Yes 100 100
No 0 0
Fig. 3.1, Existence of materials handling and wastage problems.
Discussion - The above Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.1 indicated that the
existence of material handling and wastage problem in projects.
According to the result found from the survey study, 100% of the
stakeholders respondents believe that; the materials poor handling and
wastage problem exist in Addis Ababa Low Cost Housing projects.
3.3.2 Section two - is related to the major causes of materials poor
handling and wastage.
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Table 3.3, Major causes of poor materials handling and wastage.
Item
No.Questions
Respondents
In No. In %
2What are the major causes of poor materialhandling and wastage in LCH projects?
1. Poor workman ship
A. Contractor 4 50
B. Consultant 5 63
C. Employer 4 67
2. Improper material handling and storagesystem
A. Contractor 3 38
B. Consultant 4 50
C. Employer 4 67
3. Utilization
A. Contractor 4 50
B. Consultant 5 63
C. Employer 5 83
4. Design problem
A. Contractor 6 75 B. Consultant 4 50
C. Employer 2 33
5. Variation in design at construction stage
A. Contractor 4 50
B. Consultant 2 25
C. Employer 2 33
6. Incorrect procurement of materials
A. Contractor 2 25
B. Consultant 2 25
C. Employer 1 177. In bulk material supply by the owner
A. Contractor 4 50
B. Consultant 3 38
C. Employer 3 50
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Fig. 3.2, Major causes for materials handling and wastage.
Discussion - Table 3.3 and Fig. 3.2 shows that, the major causes for
poor material handling and wastage in LCH project. According to the
survey data, some of the main causes of materials poor handling and
wastage are poor workmanship, lack of appropriate handling and
storage, utilization, design problems, variations in design at construction
stage, incorrect procurement of materials and material supply in bulk
quantity.
1. Poor workmanship
According to the result found from the study, averages of 60% of the
respondents believe that; poor workmanship is one of the major causes
of material wastage in LCH project. Besides, most LCH projects are
awarded on fixed price bases for selected qualified consultants and
contractors; this makes the contractors unable to employ qualified
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professionals and skilled manpowers. In addition to this, since the
contractor employ laborers with low basic salary, mostly workers seek
another company which pays better. Thus poor and non-sustainable
workmanship contributes for the increase of material wastage.
Photo 1: Material wastage due to poor workmanship, utilization ofimproper quality materials and improper supervision.
The problem may rise due to poor workmanship during production stage
and lack of supervision.
Under supervision the following steps should be properly implemented.
During production stage; right vibration, quality material selectionand correct mix ratio should be kept.
The mould has to be cheeked and properly prepared for fixingreinforcement bars and to pour concrete.
After casting it has to be properly dismantled and get propercuring.
Until precast beams attain its comprehensive strength, it should beproperly cured. After that it should be well transported to workingsite and properly handled.
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This grade beam bulge out is due to lack of quality material selectionand Skilled laborers. As a result of this, the entire bulge out concreteamount increases the wastage limit to become out of standard.
Photo 3: Excess voids observed on casted grade beam and foundationcolumn junctions due to poor workmanship.
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Photo 2: Material wastage due to poor workmanship.
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Photo 4: Forwarded recommendations.As observed in photo 3 & 4, materials are wasted due to poorworkmanship; in addition the contractor incurs additional labor cost. Here
also the employer loses the on time functioning of the building due todelays of project completion time unless some compensation mechanismsimplemented here.
2. Lack of appropriate handling and storage
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As the result of the study shows, nearly 67% of the employer and 50% of
the consultant believes that, lack of appropriate handling and storage of
materials by the contractors (sub-contractors) contribute for the wastage
of materials in the project. Some problems associated with this, are
damages and breakages during loading and un-loading, deterioration
due to incorrect storage, losses due to theft and exposure to extreme
climatic condition. As they replied, wastages are more in cases of labor
based contracting system, this is because; mostly sub-contractors are
not sensitive to materials rather, they focus on outputs. Hence the client
should provide close supervision in order to make the subcontractors
give attention to material handling and control their negligence.
Inaddtion to this the owner should provide material handling and
wastage control item in the contract document.
Photo 5: Inappropriate material (cement) storage.
As observed in photo 5, cements are stored directly in contact with floor
and it is stockpiled randomly.
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Employer always not supply newly produced reinforcement bars. As it is
easily observed in the picture, the reinforcement bars get corroded from
the very beginning. In addition the reinforcement bars not stockpiled
properly; which means it is placed directly in contact with earth and
which is not under shed, due to this the corrosion extent enhanced a lot.As a result, it creates a direct additional cost to the contractor and
delays on project completion time.
3. Utilization
As the result of the study shows, 66% of the stakeholders respondent
believes that; improper utilization (usage) is one of the major causes for
material wastage. Some of the improper utilization problems mentioned
is; excess mortar/concrete preparation, poor handling of materials,
misuse of ratio to various grades, using unsuitable tools and machines,
and use of dry cement etc.
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Photo 6: Inappropriate reinforcement stockpiling.
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Photo 7: Material wastage during concretetransportation to cast a structure.
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Photo 8: Material wastage during concrete mixing.
4. Design problems
As the result of the study shows,
75% of the contractors and 50% of
the consultants believe that; design
problems as the major cause for
material wastage. Some problems associated with this, are over design,
dimension dis-coordination, and design without soil test. In this case,
larger material volumes are mandatory for construction than should be
the case, and this become a cause for material wastages. A good design
can reduce wastages by considering dimensional coordination and grid
system of designing.
5. Variations in design at construction stage
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Material wastage mostly observedin LCH project to a maximumdegree than other high scale projects. This is due to variousreasons:-
- LCH projects are labor basedcontract from the verybeginning. Beside this thecontractor not handle thematerials by using propertechniques and mostly the
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In this section, the study indicates that, 50% of the contractors accept
variations in design at the construction stage have effect for the increase
of material wastage in the project. The effect is manifested by not having
complete design and design change order given to the contractor by the
consultant or/and employer at the construction stage. Design change
(modification) at construction stage which leads to the additional
wastage in the form of demolishing of faulty design works.
6. Incorrect procurement of materials
As the result of the study shows, almost 75% of the respondents replied
that, incorrect procurement of materials does not have an influence on
material wastage. However, during our site visit and discussion with the
employees of stakeholders; we have reached to a common
understanding of its existence, since it is observed on contractors when
procuring and delivering incorrect materials which are inferior in quality,
however they remove it from site when it is understood by theconsultant.
7. In bulk material supply by the owner
It is agreed by nearly 55% of stakeholders that, bulk supply of materials
by the owner (AAHDPO) and MSE has influence to the increase of
material wastage in the project. They have explained the impact of its
influence as follows:
a. The supply of materials by the owner (AAHDPO) is not conceding with
the project material delivery schedule, which facilitates untimely bulk
supply of materials.
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b. Due to lack of supervision, MSEs produce poor quality materials and
supply materials with out keeping the required quantity and right time.
Table 3.4, Does the involvement of MSEs increase wastage
Item
No.Questions
Respond
Respondents
In No. In %
3
Does the involvement of MSE'S havecontribution for the increase ofmaterial wastage in LCH projects?
Yes or No, if yes what are the side
effects in your context? Pleaseforward possible justification?
A. ContractorsYes 6 75
No 2 25
B. ConsultantYes 7 88
No 1 13
C. EmployerYes 1 17
No 5 83
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Fig. 3.3, Does the involvement of MSEs increase wastage
Discussion - Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.3 shows that, whether the existence of
MSEs (Micro and Small Enterprises) have contribution for the increase of
material wastage in the project.
As the result shows 83% of the employers believe that, the involvement
of MSEs in this sector does not contribute for the increase of wastage
while; 75% of the contractors and 87.5% of the consultants replied that,
their participation in producing and supplying materials has large effect
on wastages of materials. They have explained the impact of their
influence as follows:
a) Production error and lack of perfection on materials like precast
beams, slab and HCB walls.
b) Due to lack of supervision, MSEs produce and supply poor quality
materials.
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The main problem we have understood here is that, the MSEs not yet
got enough training and knowledge which enables them to produce
materials with required quality and dimension. Due to this reason,
materials with poor quality and incorrect dimension produced and
wastages generated.
3.3.3 Section three - is related to the major side effects of materials
poor handling and wastage in Low Cost Housing projects.
Table 3.5, side effects of the problems in the project.
Item
No.Questions
Respondents
In No. In %
4What are the side effects of theproblems in LCH projects?
1. Cost overrun
A. Contractor 5 63
B. Consultant 4 50
C. Employer 4 67
2. Delay in project completion time
A. Contractor 3 38
B. Consultant 4 50
C. Employer 4 67
3. Ineffective resource utilization
A. Contractor 4 50
B. Consultant 5 63
C. Employer 5 83
4. Environmental impact
A. Contractor 3 38
B. Consultant 5 63
C. Employer 3 50
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Fig. 3.4, Side effects of the problems in the project.
Discussion - Table 3.5 and Fig. 3.4 shows that the major side effects of
poor materials handling and wastage in the low cost housing projects.
Some of the main side effects according to the survey data are cost
overrun, delay in project completion time, ineffective resource utilization,
and environmental impact.
1. Cost overrun
According to the result found from the study, averages of 60% of the
stakeholders respondents believe that materials poor handling and
wastage affects the expected project cost planned by employer and
contractor. More over as stated in the literature review section 2.3 in
building construction projects materials account for more than 50% of
the project total cost. The effect is manifested by not using proper
handling during procurement, transportation, storage, and utilization.
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2. Delay in project completion time
As the result of the study shows nearly 53% of the stakeholders
respondents believe that project completion time is affected having
materials poor handling and wastage in projects. During our discussion
with the project engineers the delay of construction work may occur
when wrong types or quality of materials are used and the time spent for
the re-construction and replacement for the goods. Another cause of
delays is damages during the transit of materials, shortage of materials,
and late delivery of materials and so on.
3. Ineffective resource utilization
As the result of the study shows nearly 83% of the employer and 63% of
the consultants believe that materials poor handling and wastage affects
the planned quantity of material to complete a project. Lack of
appropriate handling and storage of materials by the contractors
(subcontractors) contribute for wastage of materials in projects.
4. Environmental impact
According to the result found from the study shows nearly 50% of the
stakeholders respondents believe that wastes due to materials poor
handling and wastage is easily affect the environment. The impact of
construction operations on natural conservation is cumulative and
collective in most situations, such as disturbance of sensitive habitats
and species by water pollution. In addition, where large amounts of
waste are generated, loss of grassland can result from the need for
landfill sites.
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3.3.4 Section Four: proposed systems and methodologies used to
minimize materials wastage and to maintain proper material handling
from the three stakeholders point of view.
Material is the large portion of the project cost; our profit is highly
depending on proper utilization of material resources at different stage
of the project time. Because of this reason, stakeholders forward the
following systems to minimize material wastage and poor material
handling.
Table 3.6, proposed systems to minimize poor material handling and wastages.
Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsA.
Contractors
Assignment of follow up engineer by preparing
checklists.
Training is forwarded to engineers (senior and
fresh) and to other relevant skilled laborers with in
some interval or as it need.
Regular meeting evaluation which obtain one major
agenda about material handling and its standard
utilization.
Providing bonuses, position increment, preparing
scheduled recreational time to efficient laborers and
professionals as per their position and
encouragement on different aspect.
Bar schedule preparation, finance budgeting; break
downed material schedule preparation before
forced to executions.
Recycling, for example wastage created during
plastering, concrete placing and mixing. All these
material wastage will be processed again to use for
ordinary works.
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The contractor should take care on handling of
materials during loading, unloading, transportation
and utilization periods.
The contractor should have taken right mix, quality
material and properly staffed human resource.
Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsB.
Consultants
Giving orientation and briefing for the cause of
wastages to construction materials in LCH projects
such as slab & wall HCB's, Precast beam & onmajor raw materials such as cement, reinforcement
bar, sand & gravel.
Filling inspections on materials before they brought
in to the building to construct slab or HCB wall.
Preparing checklists, material handling procedure
and systems on storing, placing and on how
material management can be handled. Providing special training to supervisors, how they
should handle the project to the extent low cost
demands with in some intervals to create
awareness.
Assisting the contractors in how & where to store
materials when supplied by the client.
Warning contractors by writing on site book to
create a good management after repeated oral
communication and that obliged the contractors to
proceed by full filling their responsibility.
Consulting offices are trying to prepare trainings for
most stakeholders like Engineers under Consulting
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offices, contractors, suppliers & MSE's about how to
accomplish the project with appropriate quality,
relative completion time & better profit with less
wastage.
The consulting office should properly asses the
project site before rushing to the design work and
forces the contractor to implement it. Here soil
exploration must be the first mandatory and helpful
data for design work.
Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsC. Employer The organization should take random follow up and
supervision not only on materials production but
also due attention should be taken during loading,
un loading, transportation and usage of materials.
Appreciate position rewarding to efficient
professionals to acquire better knowledge, here
rewarding goes to the degree of additional work
provisions to the constructing parties.
All stake holders should keep their responsibilities
to achieve targets.
Discussion - Table 3.6 shows the systems practiced and proposed
techniques used to minimize poor material handling and wastage. To
avoid these problems, majorly all stakeholders agreed on staff training,
close supervision, proper work force staffing, and utilization of different
wastage reduction mechanisms including innovations are the basics. Out
of them, specifically clients have weaknesses in supervising MSEs. In
addition to this all the stakeholders should try to have good relationship
among others in order to minimize materials poor handling and wastage
in low cost house projects.
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CHAPTER - FOUR
4. CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. Conclusion
The research on Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa Low
Cost Housing projects is concluded with the following points:
1. Stakeholders should know how projects properly managed
concerning materials.
2. The client and MSEs do not use proper material delivery system.3. From observation, material wastage is mostly created due to
utilization, poor workmanship, design problem and improper
material handling and storage systems.
4. From the research findings, training and workshop requirement is
mandatory for the reduction of material wastage.
5. On most observed sites, poor quality materials exist due to lack of
strong supervision on the production of materials like precast beams, slabsand wall HCBs.
6. Building participants are often lacking skill and knowledge in applying
wastage minimization techniques in their daily work. Hence, there is a
natural tendency among architects, engineers and contractors to use the
more familiar conventional methods.
7. Unless we familiarized and go in to practice on wastage reduction
techniques, the following major out comings will be observed widely on
most project sites. Major out comings are project cost increase, great lost
for the owner and to other participated stake holders, work will be delayed
due to the overall material shorten and environment risk.
8. Wastage is unavoidable in construction work; but by applying
appropriate controlling system, we can minimize it.
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4.2 Recommendation
1. A proper way to handle the project is early planning.2. The client should follow proper material delivery system.
3. Developing staff training, Staffs or workers have to be consulted to
ensure they know how to handle the materials correctly and try to
reduce wastage.
4. Proper design should be implemented which considers material
wastage reduction.
5. Communication between the designer and contractor is important
so that each realizes how the design decisions will affect on site
operations and wastage generation.
6. Implementation of environmentally friendly construction methods.
7. Selections of the best reputation contractor have to be made to
insure the wastages are minimized.
8. Try to implement innovations like low-wastage building
technologies by avoiding obstacles.
9. Technical problems of a few new construction methods have to be
overcome before they can be widely adopted.
10. Developing Information and record management system.
11. Use appropriate wastage minimizing techniques for LCH projects.
12. Further study is recommended on material handling and wastage
control system.
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APPENDIX - A
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research title :
Material Handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost
housing projects.
Research goal :
To investigate any existing material wastage and poor materialhandling, studying their causes and side effects and for forwarding
improved systems to minimize wastages and correct poor material
handling systems to LCH projects.
Research objectives :
To investigate the presence of material handling and
wastage control problem on LCH project including its extent.
To find out the main causes of material wastage and poor
material handling.
To explore the side effects of material wastage and poor
material handling on LCH project.
To forward latest material wastage reducing techniques and
poor material handling corrective procedures to alleviate
problems faced on different stages of the project.
Research background :
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
In order to respond the high demand of population housing problem in
respect to economy and land resource utilization, the Ethiopian
government has give due attention for low cost housing. Besides it is
believed that it creates better urbanization, job opportunity to
unemployed large number of young people and become fair living
sites especially to low-income citizens of the city. Since building
construction materials account more than 50% of the total project
cost and LCH projects target cost-efficient house construction, and
using effective wastage control systems and proper material handling
is vital for the reduction of cost expenditure due to poor material
handling and problems on material wastages. The research is tried to
describe different crucial systems to avoid excess wastages.
Research problems :
1. Problem statement:-
Identify and use appropriate systems to minimize
material wastages and poor material handlings available in
LCH projects.
2. Research questions:-
What is material handling and wastage control system?
Is materials handling and wastage problem exist? If it
exists, what are the main causes and to what extent itappears?
To what degree, the stake holders share and give
outstanding solution for the problems appear associated
with wastage?
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
What are the effects of excess wastage and materials
poor handling to the project and what are the proposed
remedial measures to reduce these problems?
Research context :
Out of the construction materials, Cement, Reinforcement bar, slab
and wall HCBs, prefabricated concrete elements etc are the main
inputs for the construction of LCH buildings. However, since we are
not using the materials properly, we obliged to face different type
of wastages in degree. These wastages are:
Wastage during design and supervision.
Wastage due to incorrect purchasing.
Wastage during transportation, handling and storage.
Wastage during utilization (construction).
And these again, will lead to have maximum wastages for most
items of works. Which shows stake holders are not yet give due
attention for wastages created in different stages of the project. So
we try to explore in depth the menses and strengthening
mechanisms to reduce wastages.
Research concept :
Weakness to minimize controllable wastage of materials and attain
the permissible percentage of construction material wastage is a
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
big problem. Therefore the research will find out causes and
weaknesses to reduce wastage and give appropriate solutions.
Research Methodology :
Survey & Desk study
1. Survey:-
Research data type is Qualitative (problem solving & case
study approach).
Research instrument; postal questioners.
Data Source; study population will be taken from the
following categories of project stake holders:
Employers
contractors
consultants
Data collection
Data analysis
2. Desk Study:-
For contextual concept development.
Research processes :
Topic
Proposal Literature review
Research instrument
Data collection
Analysis
Thesis writing
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
Research time schedule :
Advisor: - Ato Belay Yitayew
Submitted by: - Dechasa Haile
Gebrehiwot Hintsay
Saron Anteneh
APPENDIX - B
Addis Ababa UniversityFaculty of Technology
Department of Construction Technology andManagement
Questioner on Material handling and wastage control in AddisAbaba low cost housing projects
Prepared for Contractors
Profile
Name:
Profession:
Organization: .
Years of Experience: ..
Position:
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
1. Is there any material handling and wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost
housing ( ) ?
Yes No2. If your answer is yes, what are the consequences?A) Cost over run.B) Delays of project completion time.C) Ineffective material resource utilization.D) Environmental impact.Please, brief all how it affects.
A)
B).C)
D).
3. Is there any material handling problem and causes for constructionmaterial wastage due to delivering of construction material in bulk
amount to the site by the client?
Yes No4. If yes, please mention the impacts of its influence?
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
..
5. Is the involvement of micro & small enterprises (MSE), havecontribution for the increase of wastage in producing and supplyingmaterials such as HCB, precast elements etc?
Yes No6. If your answer is yes, please describe it?
..
7. What is your recommendation to minimize material handling &wastage control system in LCH projects with respect to MSEs materialdelivery system?
..
8. In your opinion, which creates cost over run and delays on projectcompletion time due to material wastage and poor material handling inLCH projects?A) Over design during design period,B) Contractors negligence,
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
C) Delay in material selection and approval,D) Delay in material supply by the owner,Please, brief how it affects.A)
B).C)D).
9. What is your opinion, on the effect of workmanship quality duringutilization of materials on site with respect to wastage of constructionmaterials?..
10. Lack of sufficient stock area for construction materials on site, couldit be a cause for material wastage?
Yes No11. If yes, how it will be modified?
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
..
12. What are the major causes that enhancing material wastages in yourcompany? Please circle one or two and illustrate.A) Lack of appropriate attention for handling and storing,B) Poor workmanship at site,C) Improper material procurement,D) Inexperienced project managers,E) Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing),F) Delay in material selection and approval,( )( )( )
13. What kind of methodology you adopt to your company for minimizingmaterial handling and wastage problems?
..
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
..
3. If your answer is yes, what problems your companies observe duringsupervision period?..
4. Based on question no 1, is there any remedial measures taken by yourcompany to resolve problems, if problems come in to view?..
5. Is there any design modification made by your company to reduce
material wastages in low cost house (LCH) project?
Yes No6. If your answer is yes, please describe it?
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
..
7. What are the major causes that enhancing material wastages in yourcompany? Please circle one or two and illustrate.A) Over design,B) Dimension dis-coordination during design stage,C) Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing),D) Inexperienced project supervisors,E) Delay in material selection and approval,F) Resistance to adopt alternative materials.( )( )( )
8. Is the involvement of micro & small enterprises (MSE), havecontribution for the increase of wastage in producing and supplyingmaterials such as HCB, precast elements etc?
Yes No9. If your answer is yes, please describe it?
..
10. In your observation, which one lead to create maximum materialwastage in LCH projects?A) Contractors negligence,
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B) Poor workman ship,C) Improper material handling and storage,D) Delay in material supply by the owner,E) Unconcerned supervisory staff,
Please circle one or two and illustrate.( )( )
11. What kind of methodology and system you adopt to your company,in minimizing material handling problem and wastage controls for LCHprojects?..
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
Addis Ababa UniversityFaculty of Technology
Department of Construction Technology andManagement
Questioner on Material handling and wastage control in AddisAbaba low cost housing projects
Prepared for Employers
Profile
Name:
Profession:
Organization: .
Years of Experience: ..
Position:
1. Is there any material handling and wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost
housing ( ) ?
Yes No
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
2. If your answer is yes, what are the side effects?A) Cost over run.B) Delays of project completion time.
C) Ineffective material resource utilization.D) Environmental impact.
Please, brief all how it affects.
A)
B).
C)D).
3. Which type of material wastage problem is mostly your organizationfaced in LCH projects?A) Due to designB) Due to procurement of materials
C) Due to material storage & handlingD) Due to utilization
Please, brief all how it affects.A)
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
B)
.
C)
D)..
4. What are the main causes that enhancing material wastages yourorganization observe in LCH projects?A) Contractors negligenceB) Poor workman shipC) Improper material handling and storageD) Variations in design at the construction stageE) Unconcerned supervisory staffPlease circle one or two and illustrate.
( )( )
( )
5. Is the involvement of micro & small enterprises (MSE), havecontribution for the increase of wastage in producing and supplyingmaterials such as HCB, precast elements etc?
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Yes No6. If your answer is yes, please describe it?
7. Is there any mechanisms designed by your organization for wastage
control?
Yes No8. If your answer is yes, what are the mechanisms?
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REFERENCES:
1. K.K Chitkara: Construction Project Management. Planning,
Scheduling and Controlling - Second reprint 2000.
2. Er. D. Lall: Construction Management Reprint 2004.
3. Wubishet Jekale Mengesha (Dr.Ing), Principles of Construction
Management
4. Management Development Program (MDP) in Professional
Project Management Course Material, Organized by Sileshi
Consult, in association with Nehru Institute of Construction and
Enterprise, INDIA.
5. Matiwos Ensermu, Material Handling and Stores Management,
Addis Ababa University College of Commerce, hand out 2006.
6. Document (terms of reference) prepared for lideta urban
renewal, AAHDPO, Unpublished.
7. Ingo Becker, Successes in Capacity Development Low Cost
Housing Program 2003.
8. Technical Manual for Low Cost Housing Volume 2, GTZ IS,
2003
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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects
9. Construction Materials Management. Guide lines for economy
and ecology in design and construction. Prepared by, AIA
Houston, a chapter of the American Institute of Architect.
10. M. Osmani, Reducing Waste Through Architectural Design
Practices 2007.
11. http://[email protected] Construction Waste
Minimization.htm, accessed on December 15, 2009.
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