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Marxism v Socialism v
Communism. What is the
difference and why are
they so popular in
developing nations?submitted 1 year ago by RJeevC
3 comments share
all
3
comments
[–] ainrialai The Left in 20th c. Latin America 7
points 1 year ago
Socialism is an economy in which
productive property (factories, farms,
workshops) is controlled socially. This
can mean direct workers' control, or
community ownership, or statecontrol on behalf of the people. There
are a great deal of socialist
ideologies. Broad categories include
Ask a question
This Week's Theme is Vice and Virtue
This is an archived post. You won't be
able to vote or comment.
I'm currently researching for a major
work in my last year in high school.
I've been looking at Sri Lanka
recently and have noticed a
popularity in the political sphere with
Communist/Marxist parties amongboth ethnic groups (tamil/sinhala). I
was just wondering why that might
be the case and what are the specific
outlines of each ideology?
comments
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democratic socialism, Marxism, and
anarchism.
Communism is a classless, stateless
society in which productive property
is commonly owned and economic
distribution is operated on the
principle of "from each according to
his ability, to each according to his
need." It also refers to a group of
ideologies which hold this form of
social organization as their end goal.
The most significant form of
communism is Marxism, and the
20th century was characterized by a
number of Marxist-Leninist states.
Anarchist communism is also
historically significant, though hasnot been nearly as popular as the
various forms of Marxist communism
since the late-19th and early-20th
centuries, except in select countries
or localities.
MARXIST
SOCIALISM/COMMUNISM
Marxism is an analytical framework
based on the writings of 19th
century German philosopher,
economist, and sociologist Karl Marx
and political philosopher and social
scientist Friedrich Engels. It holds
that human society is built primarily
on economic relations between
classes and that political and social
structures are built around these
relations. One's class is defined byone's relationship to production—who
owns capital, who works it for a
wage? Marxism analyzes social
changes and developments as the
product of conflicting classes
changing the structure of the
economy. Modern capitalism as the
result of the bourgeoisie, the current
capital-owning class, having wrestedcontrol of the economy away from
the aristocracy, or the feudal owning-
class. Bourgeois democracy follows as
political structures adapt. The
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primary class conflict in capitalism is
between the capital-owning class
(the bourgeoisie) and the working-
class (the proletariat). Marx argued
that the proletariat would seize
control of the economy and society,
in a stage he described as socialism.
In Marxist analysis, every state is the"dictatorship" of the economically
dominant class. The socialist stage is
therefore the "dictatorship of the
proletariat," in which the workers will
reorganize the economy until there
are no longer any classes. Without a
class that needs to enforce its
dominance over others, Marxists
believe that the state will witheraway and the final stage,
communism, will be reached. These
socialist revolutions will happen when
capitalism reaches its final stages of
development and becomes consumed
by its own contradictions. There's a
great deal of in-depth theory here—
this is just the barest summary.
Marxism-Leninism is a term coinedby Joseph Stalin to describe the
ideology of the Soviet Union during
his time, though Leninism also
refers more broadly to the ideas of
Vladimir Lenin. The bolshevik faction
of the Russian Revolution, lead by
Vladimir Lenin, established the
Soviet Union and had huge influence
on the global left. Lenin made
theoretical additions and alterations
to Marxism. For instance, Marx
argued that truly successful socialist
revolutions could only occur in fully
industrialized economies in the high
stages of capitalism. Lenin, however,
claimed that revolution would occur
where capitalism was weak, like in
semi-feudal Russia which was in
earlier stages of capitalism thanGermany or Britain. Marx's
conception of the dictatorship of the
proletariat was purposefully vague,
195 points · 78 comments
Sergey Lavrov says post-Napoleonic
international system was stable and just. It
ensured peace in Europe and was destroyed
discussions in /r/AskHistorians< > X
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though in his life he did point to the
Paris Commune as an example.
Leninism introduces the vanguard
party, which is an organization of a
particularly class conscious sector of
the working-class (though some
bolshevik leaders like Lenin, Trotsky,
and Stalin were not working-class)which seizes control of the state and
guides the rest of the working-class
to socialism. After Lenin's death,
Stalin's codified Marxism-Leninism
also included the idea of Socialism in
One Country: that a Marxist
revolution didn't necessarily have to
engulf all the world at once and that
Marxist-Leninist states should focuson strengthening themselves and
building socialism internally.
Trotskyism is a Marxist and Leninist
(but not exactly "Marxist-Leninist")
ideology based on the theories of
Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky.
The leader of the Red Army during
the revolution and civil war, Trotsky
was an opponent of Stalin during a1920s power struggle and therefore
Trotskyism doesn't grow out of the
exact ideology of "Marxism-Leninism"
coined by Stalin so much as from the
Leninism of the revolutionary and
early Soviet years. It has similar
ideas of a vanguard party, though
criticized the Soviet Union as a
degenerated workers' state in which
the state was no longer worker-
controlled but instead controlled by
Stalin's bureaucracy. Trotsky also had
the theory of permanent revolution,
in which a workers' revolution in an
economy which had not yet
experienced a complete bourgeois
capitalist revolution could carry out
the necessary developments of the
bourgeois revolution and its ownrevolution. This revolution could not
survive long under assault from
outside capitalists, and so Trotsky
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argued that it must be constantly
expansive, rather than focused on
building socialism in one country.
Expanding the revolution to
Germany, for example, would not
only put class enemies on the run
but also allow Germany's more
advanced industrial base—theproduct of a more complete
bourgeois revolution—to speed
Russia's journey to socialism.
Personally, Trotsky saw himself as a
Leninist.
Maoism is a development of
Marxism-Leninism based on the work
of Chinese revolutionary Mao
Zedong, and is sometimes calledMarxism-Leninism-Maoism. It is
"anti-revisionist," meaning that it is
based in Stalin's conception of
Marxism-Leninism and critiques the
post-Stalin reforms of Nikita
Khrushchev and other Soviet leaders
as abandoning the revolution.
Maoism draws lessons from the
Chinese revolutionary experience anda theoretical base from Mao's
additions to and adaptations of
Marxism-Leninism. It focuses more
on the peasantry—which Mao saw as
proletarianizing—as a revolutionary
class and puts more of an emphasis
on agrarian communities as the
center of socialism and the site of
future industrialization. In
comparison, classical Marxism was
more focused on urban, industrial
centers. Third World countries, the
victims of imperialism, are the places
where Maoist revolutions will begin
because capitalism has not made the
kind of appeasement to workers
there as it has in wealthier countries.
Maoism also adds ideas like the Mass
Line to the vanguard party, in orderto constantly incorporate the ideas of
the masses into party policy. Mao
argued that bourgeois ideology does
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believe that the state, which
concentrates power, cannot be used
to abolish class society and will not
wither away on its own. Syndicalist
revolutions, as in 1936 Spain,
attempt to directly seize and
reorganize the economy through
democratically run industrial laborunions, rather than through the
state. An anarchist society is typically
governed through community
democracy and temporary delegate
systems, rather than through fixed
representatives in a permanent state
structure. Market forms of anarchism
—like mutualism—exist, but
anarchist communism would be adecentralized planned economy
based on principles of mutual aid and
organized globally between
communities and industry-wide
workers' syndicates. There's much
more to say here, but anarchism
doesn't seem very relevant to what
you're studying, so I'll leave off it.
why are they so popular in
developing nations?
Well, I can't say for sure, but if you
look at what socialism promises—
workers' control, economic equality,
prosperity—then it's hardly
surprising that it would take off in
areas with high rates of poverty and
economic insecurity among theworking classes. Realities and results
have of course varied widely
depending on the characteristics of
individual movements.
I can't speak much to Sri Lanka, but
I anticipate you'll be looking into
Marxist-Leninist groups. I'm not an
expert in every topic I've covered
here, but let me know if you haveany more questions.
permalink
[–] Samuel_INapoleonic Europe | Medieval Military History
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2 points 1 year ago
I've deleted my comment as
yours is a better answer to the
question. However, I will paste
part of my answer here to add
to your explanations.
For starters, it is important
to understand that Leftist
parties are and have also
been popular in many
'developed' nations. Eugene
V. Debbs ran for president in
the United States on the
Socialist Party ticket and
garnered 5-6% of the vote
more than once. Die Linke in
Germany is currently seeingan upswing in popularity.
The reasons why many
'developing' nations look to
Leftist alternatives are as
varied as the countries.
Common trends which can
be seen in revolutions and
popular movements
throughout the 20th centuryincluded economic inequality,
disenchantment with
capitalism, colonialism,
political pressure from the
USSR or other ostensible
Leftist states, opposition to
the United States and allies,
unequal distribution of
resources, empowering of
the populace, presence of de
facto oligarchies, etc. It
really depends on the
specific country in question.
Unfortunately, I do not know
much about Sri Lanka in
particular and would rather
leave that for someone more
well versed in the area.
I always feel it's important to
point out that there once was a
very strong Leftist movement
(though often disjointed) in the
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United States. In my
experience, many Americans are
surprised to learn about Debbs.
In addition, Leftist parties tend
to have at least some political
capital in other Western states.
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