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Geothermal Energy and GeofluidsMartin Saar ([email protected])Martin Saar ([email protected])

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Prof. Martin Saar, Ph.D.

Geothermische Energie& Geofluide, ETH Zürich

Unkonventionelle Geothermie für die Schweiz: Petrothermie und Alternativen

H2020:- DESTRESS- Elegancy

Geothermie-Forum in Frauenfeld: 20. Juni, 2017

And: Jimmy Randolph, Ben Adams, NagasreeGarapati, Jeff Bielicki, Tom Kuehn, Tom Buscheck, Steve Taff, Ellen Longmire, Raphael Allstadt, Justin Ezekiel, Anozie Ebigbo, Daniel Vogler, Allan Leal, Ben Tutolo, Andrew Luhmann, Bill Seyfried, ....

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©AllRightsReservedbyTerraCOHInc.

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www.terracoh-age.com

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[email protected]

Geothermal Energy and GeofluidsMartin Saar ([email protected])

Prof. Dr. Martin Saar (Werner Siemens Prof. and GEG Group Chair)

Dominique BallarinOffice + IT Administrator

Nils KnornschildTechnician

The GEG Group recruits worldwide and currently includes about 20 members at ETH Zurich, CH, and 3 members at UMN, USA, from 12 countries:

GER CH CHN BEL USA IND

ENG BRA FIN ITA IRNNGA

Dr. Xiang-Zhao KongReactive transport lab andnumerical investigations andfluid-rock thermophysical characterization

(Dr. Keith Evans)(through May, 2017, then retiring) Geo-thermal Energy expert conducting field, lab, and numerical investigations.

Senior Research Associates (Oberassistenten) (4-5) Postdocs (1) PhD Students (6) + 1

MS Students (3-6)

Dr. Anozie EbigboFluid dynamics modeling (geo)engineer, experienced in multi-phase fluid and heat transfer, geologic CO2 storage, and biofilm growth and resultant fluid dynamics simulations

Dr. Allan LealApplied MathematicianReaktoro and THMC developer

Dr. Friedemann SamrockMagnetotellurics (MT) and Crosswell Electro-magnetics (EM) field and numerical investigations

Anniina KittilaeDNA Nanotracer research for geothermal system characterization, e.g., before and after hydraulic stimulation of EGS systems

Philipp SchaedleFluid dynamics modeling (geo)engineer, experienced in multiphase fluid and heat transfer, geologic CO2 storage, and nuclear waste storage simulations. Co-develops our THMC and SES simulators.

Jin MaMultiphase Reactive Transport experiments to test simulators

NeerajShahMagnetotelluricsfield and numerical study of the Aarau, CH, heat flow anomaly

RaphaelAllstadtGeophysical modeling of CO2-geothermal reservoirs

Claudia DeuberLab and field investigations of DNA Nanotracers with applications in geothermal system exploration

Mehrdad AhkMultiphase 3D Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) to test simulators

Edoardo RossiSpallation Drilling experiments

Dr. Daniel VoglerEngineer and GeoengineerNumerical modeling of thermal spallation drilling and fluid-rock mechanics

NumericalModeling

LabExperiments

Field Investigations

Justin EzekielOil and gas field development Engineer, numerical modeling of (water and CO2 based) geothermal energy extraction

MA Jin

Address: 04-10# Suite @ Paya Lebar, 418 Upper Paya Lebar Road, 534996 Singapore Tel: 0065 83115640 Email: [email protected] Date of birth: 04/07/1988

Working experience

2014-2015 Geophysicist, CGG Services Seismic processing (for marine data) in Subsurface Imaging Department of CGG Singapore

Education

2011-2014 Master, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University Major: Energy, Power System and Automation

2007-2011 Bachelor, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University Major: Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physics

Research Subject: CO2 and water two phase flow in porous media under CO2 storage conditions 9 Experimental research of CO2/water two phase flow mechanism

- Performed experiments on relative permeability and capillary curves on different rock samples in Tsinghua University (2010-2013).

9 Experimental research of permeability change due to CO2 exsolution. - Performed experiments on permeability change due to CO2 exsolution triggered by pressure drop in

Tsinghua University (2013.02-06). 9 Experimental research of rock property change due to calcite dissolution and precipitation.

- Performed experiments on porosity and permeability change due to calcite dissolution and precipitation in the School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK (2013.06-08).

9 Numerical simulations of two phase flow in core and field scale. - Studied key parameters for experiment fitting by TOUGH2 simulation in BRGM (Bureau de

Recherches Géologiques et Minières), France (2012.05-06). - Performed field scale simulations by TOUGH2 and established methodology to estimate CO2 stroage

capacity in Tsinghua University (2011-2013) 9 Experimental research of NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

- Performed a series of experiments on MR in Numag research center (2012.07-08).

Curriculum Vitae

Anozie Ebigbo

Address

4 Acuba House Acuba RoadSW18 4QS LondonUnited KingdomPhone: +44 (0)784 996-5413E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Personal Details

Surname: EbigboGiven names: Anozie Daniel ObiefunaGender: MaleDate of birth: 12th February 1980Place of birth: Enugu, NigeriaCitizenships: Nigerian and German

Education

1987–1997 Primary and secondary school education:

University of Nigeria Primary and Secondary School, Enugu

2000–2005 Higher education (“Diplom-Ingenieur”):

Civil Engineering, University of Stuttgart

Specialisation: Fluid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics, Hydraulic Engineering, and Hydrology

Thesis: Thermal effects of carbon dioxide sequestration in the subsurface

2005–2009 Higher education (Ph.D.):

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Stuttgart

Thesis: Modelling of biofilm growth and its effect on CO2 and water (two-phase) flow in porousmedia

Examination committee:Prof. R. Helmig (University of Stuttgart)Prof. A. B. Cunningham (Montana State University)Dr. K. Pruess (University of California, Berkeley/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Languages

Native: English, German, Igbo (Nigerian language)

Proficient: French

1

Note: Several people employ 2 or all 3 research methods but are listed under their main one only.

ResearchMethod

Current GEG Group at ETH Zurich only:

50%

30%

20%

One PhD search (lab) under way. Proposals for 2 more PhD Students currently under review.

Alex HobeHigh-efficiency hydraulic/geo-thermal modeling using graph theory


Vortrag

3

q Die geothermische Situation in der Schweiz

q Unkonventionelle Geothermische Energie für die Schweiz:

1) Petrothermie (HDR, EGS)

2) CO2 Geothermie

3) Geothermischer Vorwärmer

q Zusammenfassung


Vortrag

4




2) CO2 Geothermie


q Zusammenfassung


Hydrothermale Geothermie

Saar et al. (2013)

energypathways.org


Um Elektrizität (oder hohe Wärme) zu erzeugen braucht man im Untergrund, möglichst oberflächennah:

1) Hohe Temperatur:

2) Hohe Durchlässigkeit:

3) Viel Flüssigkeit:

Energie

Energie Transport (advectiv)

Was heisst oberflächennah?Hängt ab von:

1) Nutzung (Strom oder Direktwärme): Strom (mit Wasser): >100oC(besser >180oC)

DurchlässigkeitTiefe

Temperatur10oC

Beispiele:

in 3 km: 100oCin 4 km: 130oCin 5 km: 160oCin 6 km: 190oC

2) geothermischer Gradient:



1) Hohe Temperatur:



Energie

Energie Transport (advectiv)

Was heisst oberflächennah?

Strom (mit Wasser): >100oC(besser >180oC)

Tiefe

Temperatur10oC

Beispiele:


DurchlässigkeitSaar and Manga, 2004

water can flow primarily through the (about parallel andhorizontal) pathways of highest permeability. Thus themean horizontal permeability is given by the arithmeticmean [Maasland, 1957]

kx ¼1

b

X

N

i¼1

kxibi; ð42Þ

where the subscript i denotes the ith layer or pathway, bi isthe thickness of layer i, and b is the total thickness of alllayers.[44] In contrast, vertical groundwater flow across hori-

zontal lava flows (or aquifers) is passing through sections ofvarying permeability in series, so that mean vertical per-meabilities are typically determined by the harmonic mean[Maasland, 1957]:

kz ¼ bX

N

i¼1

bikzi

!$1

; ð43Þ

where kz is dominated by the lowest permeabilities alongthat path. Hence in volcanic or sedimentary settings, whereslope-parallel, and thus approximately horizontal, layers,

pathways, and aquifers are common, typically 10 % kx/kz %1000, at least near the surface [e.g., Deming, 1993] and inthe absence of near-vertical fractures.[45] A further consequence of kz being determined by the

harmonic mean (equation (43)) and kz(z) generally decreas-ing with depth is that our results for kz from section 2apply predominantly toward the lower portions of theconsidered depth ranges where the lowest permeabilitiesare encountered. Replacing the discrete layer formulation inequation (43) with the definite integral from zero to b of thecontinuous functions, equations (39) and (40), results in theharmonic mean vertical permeabilities

kz ¼bkzs

d eb=d $ 1ð Þð44Þ

and

kz ¼ kzdD

b

! "l

lþ 1ð Þ; ð45Þ

suggested for 0 % z % 0.8 km and z > 0.8 km, respect-ively. Setting equation (39) equal to equation (44) andequation (40) equal to equation (45) provides the depths

zz ¼ $d lnb

d eb=d $ 1ð Þ

# $

ð46Þ

Figure 11. (a) Approximate (near-surface) range ofpermeability values [after Freeze and Cherry, 1979]. The(Oregon) Cascades primarily consist of basalt and basalticandesite, where the youngest (<2.3 Ma) rock units of theHigh Cascades show high near-surface permeabilities of k '10$14 m2 [Ingebritsen et al., 1992, 1994], consistent withthe k range indicated for permeable basalts. (b) Perme-ability, k, as a function of depth, z. Shown are our results forstudy regions A, B, C, and D (Figure 1 and Table 4) forhorizontal, x (thin boxes), and vertical, z (bold boxes),permeabilities. The depth ranges are determined asdescribed in the main text and in the caption to Table 4.Box widths and heights reflect approximate variations inpermeability and applicable depth ranges, respectively,calculated from uncertainties in input parameters asdescribed in section 4.1 and Table 4. Superimposed is theexponential profile of equation (39), denoted Exp, with d =0.25 km and kzs = 5 ( 10$13 m2 for vertical (bold curve)and kxs = 5 ( 10$10 m2 for horizontal (thin curve)permeabilities. Also shown is the power law profile ofequation (40), denoted Pwr, with l = 3.2 and kzd = 10$14 m2

at d = 1 km, as suggested by Manning and Ingebritsen[1999] for vertical (bold line) permeabilities. kzd = 10$11 m2

is used for horizontal (thin line) permeabilities. Solid linesindicate the permeability-depth curves suggested with atransition from exponential to power law profile at a depthof 0.8 km (dashed horizontal line). The dotted area indicatesthe expected range between vertical and horizontal perme-ability. At depth, this range may be expected to reduce dueto compaction resulting in kx ! kz, which is not shown asthe width of the dotted area remains constant. However, ourresults at z ' 0.5 km suggest similar vertical (study regionB) and horizontal (study region C1) permeabilities.

B04204 SAAR AND MANGA: DEPTH DEPENDENCE OF PERMEABILITY

13 of 19

B04204

5 km

10-18 m2



1) Hohe Temperatur:





Tiefe

Temperatur10oC

Beispiele:




kx ¼1

b

X

N

i¼1

kxibi; ð42Þ



kz ¼ bX

N

i¼1

bikzi

!$1

; ð43Þ




kz ¼bkzs


and

kz ¼ kzdD

b

! "l

lþ 1ð Þ; ð45Þ


zz ¼ $d lnb

d eb=d $ 1ð Þ

# $

ð46Þ





13 of 19

B04204

5 km

10-18 m2

Geothermal Energy and Geofluids

PPeettrrootthheerrmmaall ssyysstteemmss are reservoirs that are developed in

rocks that have low porosity and little water in-place.

PPeettrrootthheerrmmaall ((EEGGSS)) ggeeootthheerrmmaall ssyysstteemmss

3

TThhee tteecchhnnoollooggyy iiss nnoott yyeett mmaattuurree:: tthhee pprriinncciippaall ddiiffffiiccuullttiieess

ttoo bbuuiillddiinngg ssuucchh ssyysstteemmss aarree::

•  These systems require that a reservoir is engineered by

creating or enhancing the permeability of the rock mass

between holes so that fluid can be circulated in a loop.

•  The attraction of these systems lies in the fact that low-

porosity rocks at temperatures of 180-200°C underlie

large areas at Europe at depths of 5 km, mostly in

crystalline rock.

•  Thus, they could be built in large numbers, and produce

electricity.

•  As such, they have the potential to make a significant

contribution to the Swiss and European energy mix.

•  Reservoir creation: how to develop the hydraulic linkage

between the boreholes >500 m apart to form a heat

exchanger with satisfactory characteristics (e.g. low

impedance to minimise pumping energy, large swept

area to give system longevity).

•  Avoid damaging seismic events triggered by the hydraulic injections.

Geothermal Energy and Geofluids

EEuurrooppeeaann ppeettrrootthheerrmmaall ((EEGGSS)) rreessoouurrcceess

4

Map of the estimated temperature at 5 km depth for Europe.

It is based on data from 25,000 wells, but only 125 are deeper than 3.5 km – so for many areas it is highly provisional. Temperatures >180°C are found in Tertiary rift basins (Rhine Graben, Limagne, Provence, Bulgaria). Temperatures >200°C are found in regions of Tertiary volcanism (Upper Rhine Graben, Massif Central, , Catalonia, Tuscany-Latium, Pannonian basin, Turkey).

Note the northern Swiss foreland is significantly hotter than shown, with temperatures ≥190°C at 5 km.

Geschätzte Temperaturin 5 km Tiefe (Genter et al., 2003)

100-120oC

180-200oC ~Schweiz



1) Hohe Temperatur:





Tiefe

Temperatur10oC

Beispiele:




kx ¼1

b

X

N

i¼1

kxibi; ð42Þ



kz ¼ bX

N

i¼1

bikzi

!$1

; ð43Þ




kz ¼bkzs


and

kz ¼ kzdD

b

! "l

lþ 1ð Þ; ð45Þ


zz ¼ $d lnb

d eb=d $ 1ð Þ

# $

ð46Þ





13 of 19

B04204

5 km

10-18 m2

Medici and Rybach, 1995

GlobalerWärmefluss: 87 mW/m2


Wenn oberflächennah drei Bedingungen nicht erfüllt sind

- nur Wärmenutzung oder

- petrothermale Geothermie (HDR, EGS) und/oder

- CO2 Geothermie und/oder

- geothermisches Vorwärmen

1) Hohe Temperatur:


- CO2 Geothermie2) Hohe Durchlässigkeit:

- CO2 Geothermie3) Viel Flüssigkeit:

Bedingung Lösung(en)

3-5 km z.B. in der Schweiz


Wenn oberflächennah drei Bedingungen nicht erfüllt sind

- nur Wärmenutzung oder


- CO2 Geothermie und/oder

- geothermisches Vorwärmen

1) Hohe Temperatur:


- CO2 Geothermie2) Hohe Durchlässigkeit:

- CO2 Geothermie3) Viel Flüssigkeit:

Bedingung Lösung(en)

3-5 km

in rot: unkonventionelle Geothermie

z.B. in der Schweiz


Vortrag

12




2) CO2 Geothermie


q Zusammenfassung


Petrothermale Geothermie (HDR, EGS)

Ingebritsen et al., 2006

hydro-thermal

petro-thermal

(HDR,EGS)

Hoch-durch-lässiger (salz-haltiger) Aquifer


In 5 km Tiefe: oft unzureichende Durchlässigkeit

Saar and Manga, 2004


kx ¼1

b

X

N

i¼1

kxibi; ð42Þ



kz ¼ bX

N

i¼1

bikzi

!$1

; ð43Þ




kz ¼bkzs


and

kz ¼ kzdD

b

! "l

lþ 1ð Þ; ð45Þ


zz ¼ $d lnb

d eb=d $ 1ð Þ

# $

ð46Þ





13 of 19

B04204

Figure from GRC

à Hydraulische Stimulation

Figure from GESalt

neu


Hydraulisch stimuliertes Reservoir

HydraulischeStimulationdurchHydro-Scherenoder Hydro-Brechen

Svert

Shmin

Problems:- induced seismicity- difficult to maintain permeability- small reservoir- difficult to induce water circulation- loss of water

Hydro-shearing: Pfluid < Shmin à shear failure

Hydraulische Stimulation


Grimsel pass

Wallis

Meiringen

Berner Oberland

DUG Lab Steering Committee:Domenico GiardiniSimon LoewMartin SaarStefan WiemerHansruedi MaurerThomas Driesner

DUG Lab Executive Team:Florian Amann Valentin GischigMohammadreza JalaliJoseph DoetschMaria KlepikovaKeith EvansHannes KrietschNathan Dutler…..

NAGRAHansruedi FischRené DorrerTom SpillmanSandro HahlToni BaerAbplanalp HansAnn-Sofie DorrerIngo BlechschmiedStratis Vonvoris

Deep Underground Geothermal (DUG) Lab @ Grimsel Test Site (GTS)


Charakterisierung des Gesteins vor/nach der Hydraulischen Stimulation

S2

S3.1

S3.2

S1.1S1.2

S1.3

S1: 142 / 77S2: 157 / 75S3: 183 / 65

KWO Tunnel

AU Tunnel

VE Tunnel


Beobachtungsbohrlöcher

Injection BoreholesStress Measurement and Tilt-meter BoreholesGPR and Active Seismic BoreholesPassive Seismic BoreholeStress, Strain and Temperature (FBG) BoreholesPressure and Temperature BoreholesStrain and Temperature (DTS) Boreholes

S3


Bohrkern Messungen (inkl. OPTV)


Tunnel-Tunnel Seismologie

§ Source: Hammer and chisel§ Receivers: 100-Hz geophones

source – receiver distance: 35-80 m§ 11054 Traveltimes picked

50 m

Receivers

Sour

ces

AU

VE


Reflektions GPR

INJ 2

INJ 1

dist

ance

from

bore

hole

[m]

borehole depth [m]

GPR Tomographie zwischen den Injektionsbohrlöchern

§ Charakterisierung der Injektions-Region vor der Hydraulischen Stimulation

§ 250 MHz Antenne§ Pfeile: Wasser-Zufluss

m/n

s

water inflow


§ Silica particles encapsulating DNA§ DNA’s storage capabilities:

Ø Encode informationØ Unlimited number of different codes

Ø Infinite number of different tracers

50 nm

Paunescu et al. 2013. Nature protocols, 8, 2440-2448.

§ Size ~150 nm§ Environmentally friendly§ Negative surface charge

DNA Nanotracers à Hydraulische Tomographie

0.0E+00

1.0E-04

2.0E-04

3.0E-04

4.0E-04

5.0E-04

6.0E-04

7.0E-04

8.0E-04

-400 100 600 1100 1600

C/C 0

Time[min]

UranineDNA…


Vortrag

23




2) CO2 Geothermie


q Zusammenfassung


Randolph and Saar, 2011Saar et al., 2012

CO2 Geothermie: CO2-Plume Geothermal (CPG) System


Randolph and Saar, 2011Saar et al., 2012

Saar et al. (2013)

CO2 Geothermie: CO2-Plume Geothermal (CPG) Systemenergypathways.org


Produktion von Wärme Energie (MWth) und Elektrizität (MWe)

5 10 15 20 25

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Time (years)

Hea

t ext

ract

ion

rate

s (M

W)

CPGCO2 EGS, 70.71 m, k = 5*10-14m2

CO2 EGS, 141.4 m, k = 5*10-14m2

CO2 EGS, 212.1 m, k = 5*10-14m2

CO2 EGS, 70.7 m, k = 2.5*10-14m2

CO2 EGS, 141.4 m, k = 2.5*10-14m2

CO2 EGS, 212.1 m, k = 2.5*10-14m2

H2O reservoirH2O EGS, 70.7m, k = 5*10-14m2

H2O EGS, 70.7m, k = 2.5*10-14m2

Randolph and Saar, 2011

(MW

th)

Adams et al., 2015

2.5 km Tiefe

Randolph and Saar, 2011


Research Paper

2Buscheck et al. | Multifluid geo-energy systemsGEOSPHERE | Volume 12 | Number 3

Figure 1. Components of a multifluid geo-energy system, including four rings of horizontal injection and production wells. Supercritical CO2 from a fossil fuel power plant is pressurized for injection in the sec-ond ring of wells, which displaces brine produced at the inner ring. Grad ually, the inner ring produces CO2, which is sent through a Brayton cycle turbine and pres-surized for injection in the second ring. Brine produced at the inner and outer well rings is sent through a power plant, such as an organic Rankine cycle turbine, stored in a staging pond, and pressurized for in-jection in the third well ring, using excess power from the grid. To manage pressure, some of the produced brine is diverted for consumptive use, such as in a reverse osmosis plant. The production of pressur-ized CO2 and brine can be varied to provide dispatchable power to the grid. Although not shown in this figure, each well ring in-cludes multiple hori zontal wells. Also not shown in this figure are field multi fluid separators that separate produced brine from the CO2 produced from the inner ring of wells.

Erd “Batterie”

Buscheck et al., Geosphere, 2016

- Hocheffizienter Energiespeicher

- Saisonale Energiespeicherung

- Netz-Grössen-Skala


Vortrag

28




2) CO2 Geothermie


q Zusammenfassung


Garapati et al., in prep

Geothermisches Vorwärmen

!!

Bedrock!Bedrock!

Background!geothermal!heat!flux!!

Caprock!Caprock!

Horizontal!circular!Produc9on!well!

Brine!

CO2!

300!m!

Brine!

300!m!

Ground!

Power!

Power!

Indirect!system!

Heat!exchanger!

e.g.!CO2!

Brine!

Brine!

Brine!Direct!system!

CO2!

Brine!

CO2!

CO2!

CO2!

Radius!=!707!m! Radius!=!707!m!

Depth!=!2.5!–!4.5!km!

Horizontal!circular!Produc9on!well!

ver9cal!injec9o

n!well!

CO2! Auxiliary!!Heater!

CO2!

Auxiliary!!Heater!

Surface!!Power!Plant!

Surface!!Power!Plant!

Pump!

CO2

CO2

Brine

a) direktes CPG System b) indirektes Sole System


Thermodynamischer Vorteil des geothermischen Vorwärmens(Beispiel: Wasser)


19%

11%

thermalefficiency:

1) Wasser verlässt Pumpe @ 15oC

1a) Erhitzen auf 100oC(15% der gesamten Wärme)

1b) Erhitzen auf 200oC

2) Verdampfen zu gesättigtem Dampf

1a – 2) 85% der gesamten Wärme à Erhöhung der Massen-Flussrate um 1/0.85=1.17à 17% mehr Strom durch Zusatz-erhitzen à 17%-11% = 6%

Enthalpy



Net

sec

onda

ry t

herm

al e

ffic

ienc

y

Thermodynamischer Vorteil des geothermischen Vorwärmens(Beispiel: Wasser und CO2)


CO2 “Footprint”

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

fossil

fuel

CO2

CO2

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

CO2

bio

fuel

CO2

CO2

CO2

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

CO2

CO2or waste heat

C

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

fossil

fuel

H2OC

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

H2O

bio

fuel

CO2

Aux. Heat

Power

Power Plant

H2O

or waste heat

+-0 +

-0+-0

+-0

+-0

+-0

CPG

Sole

atmosphere

emissions

atmosphere

emissions

atmosphere

emissions

atmosphere

emissions

atmosphere

emissions

atmosphere

emissions

deep reservoir under caprock






negative CO2


Vortrag

33




2) CO2 Geothermie


q Zusammenfassung


Zusammenfassungq Wenn es Nutzer gibt, sollte geothermische Wärme direkt genutzt werden

q Für diese und/oder wenn Durchlässigkeiten (also Flussraten) niedrig sind, müssen unkonventionelle geothermische Systeme/Kraftwerke verwendet werden:

q Alle 3 unkonventionellen geothermischen Systeme zur Stromproduktion werden von der Geothermische Energie und Geofluide Gruppe (GEG) im Department der Erdwissenschaften der ETH Zürich erforscht

q Niedrig-Enthalpie geothermische “Ressourcen” sind die einzigen in CH

1) Petrothermie (HDR, EGS) ß nur eine von mindestens 3 Möglichkeiten

2) CO2 Geothermie (CO2-Plume Geothermal: CPG)

3) geothermisches Vorwärmen

q Petrothermie wird von der GEG Gruppe, vom SCCER-SoE, von der GES etc. erforscht

q Eventuell müssen 2 (oder sogar alle 3) unkonventionellen Methoden miteinander kombiniert werden, um in der Schweiz die Erzeugung von Strom, mit zumindest einem geothermischen Energieanteil, zu ermöglichen

Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!