Managing End of Life Batteries Todd CoyEVP Kinsbursky Brothers and ToxcoEnvironmental Health & Safety International Communications ConferenceCommunications ConferenceSanta Rosa, CA September 11-13th, 2012
Facilities and ProcessesFacilities and Processes
Background…expanding on existing processing and business model(s)
• Longstanding history of battery recycling at Kinsbursky
Brothers, (1970’s) – Large Format Industrial Batteries, including
Telecommunication BatteriesTelecommunication Batteries.
• Combined Facilities in:o Anaheim, CA
Manages Over 80 M Pounds of
o Trail, British Columbia Canada
o Lancaster and Baltimore Ohio
T ( 6) P f Hi h E Lithi B tt S t
Batteries per Year
• Toxco (1996) - Processor of High Energy Lithium Battery Systems.• Primary Lithium Batteries• Secondary Lithium Batteries
Other Battery Recycling ActivitiesLithium Battery Recycling
Ni Cad Recycling
Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries
B tt i bj t t S bj t t diff t • Batteries subject to USEPA regulations
• May be managed under
• Subject to different requirements based on activity:
– Universal Waste Rule Part 273
– Part 266 Subpart G
– Storage– Transportation– Reclamation
• Exempted from manifest requirements– Broken batteries are
– Export
typically managed as waste– Leaked acid or debris clean
up, could be waste
Battery System Chemistries
D th B tt S di Flooded Pb Cells
Durathon Battery: Sodium Metal Halide Chemistry
VRLA Batteries Sealed Lead VRLA Batteries – Sealed Lead Acid Chemistry
Prevent Hydrogen Build e e t yd oge u d up/Thermal Runaway
• Battery rooms should be • Battery rooms should be well ventilated
• Ambient temperature Controls
• 77 F Recommended
• Hydrogen Alarms• Maybe
I i • Inspection system• Monitoring and
maintenance • Cell Balance• Cell Balance• Voltage• Temperature
Battery Room Response Management – Lead Acid Batteries Maintain a hazmat spill response • Labels/MarkingsMaintain a hazmat spill response kit at lead-acid battery storage area for leaks:
• Acid resistant gloves (Butyl
• Labels/Markings
• Onsite container for placing clean up debris
Acid resistant gloves (Butyl Rubber)
• A supply of polyethylene plastic bags (six millimeter or thicker,
• Other appropriate personal protection:
– Safety Glasses– Tyvek or other appropriate PPEg ( ,
and sized to contain the largest battery expected for storage).
• Rags or disposable wipes (for id l k l )
Tyvek or other appropriate PPE– Boots
• Posted response procedures and notification call list should b il blacid leak clean-up)
• Appropriate absorbent (for spill clean-up)
be available
• Don’t forget to train ER staff!!!
Battery Management - What could Happen?
Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries
B tt i bj t t DOT’ i i• Batteries subject to USDOT regulations
• Hazmat table in 49 CFR
• DOT’s main issue:Batteries must be prepared and packaged in
172.101 • Batteries, wet… UN 2794• Batteries wet
a manner to prevent a dangerous evolution of heat.• Batteries, wet
nonspillable UN 2800• Packaging must be
li t ith 49 CFR
– Terminals Insulated• All caps and plugs must
be inserted in battery compliant with 49 CFR 173.159 and 173.159a
be inserted in battery vents.
• Zero tolerance
Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries
N ill bl b tt i B tt i t t bj t • Nonspillable batteries may be excepted from HMR if:
• Securely packaged in strong outer packaging
• Batteries wet are not subject to requirements if:
• No other hazmat is transported on vehicleouter packaging
• Marked as NonSpillable• Batteries are subject to
incident reporting
transported on vehicle• Batteries must be braced to
prevent damage/short circuits• Other materials must be incident reporting
– Fire– Violent rupture– Explosion
Other materials must be blocked and braced to prevent contact with batteries
• Transport vehicle may not i l hi d b– Etc… carry material shipped by any
other person, other than battery shipper.
Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries
Secured and proper packaging Secured and proper packaging reduces transportation risk.
Battery Management – Lead Acid BatteriesBattery Management – Lead Acid Batteries
Superfund – It is still there….
CERCLA 8• CERCLA 1980• Simply Stated, A Federal
Government's Program to Locate, Investigate and Remediate Investigate and Remediate Contaminated Sites
• Has Broad Authority to Seek out PRP’s (Potentially Responsible Parties)
• Over 1,000 sites on the National Priority List
Superfund Recycling Equity Act – November 1999• Exempts Certain Persons Who “
Arrange for recycling of Recyclable Materials”
All of the following conditions must be met for the scrap company to take advantage of the exemption:
• ‘recyclable material’ means scrap paper, … or spent lead-acid, spent nickel-cadmium, and other spent batteries...”
(1) the recyclable material met a commercial specification grade;
(2) a market existed for the recyclable material;
• Scrap Suppliers must Exercise “Reasonable Care”
• The Recycling Facility Must be In Compliance
material; (3) a substantial portion of the recyclable
material was made available for use as a feedstock for the manufacture of a new saleable product; and Compliance
• The Supplier Must be in Compliance with Regulations Applicable to:– Storage
new saleable product; and (4) the recyclable material could have
beena replacement or substitute for virgin
i l h d b–Transportation –Management
raw material, or the product to be made from the recyclable materialcould have been a replacement or substitute for a product made, in whole or in part, from a virgin or rawmaterial
Lithium Battery Universe – Diverse and High Energy
Lithium Batteries - Growing Market
• Production of lithium-battery cells grew from 625 million in 2000 to
4.4 billion in 2010, according to Gov report
• Total is expected to almost double by 2020, reaching about 8 billion.
• About half of lithium batteries are shipped on U.S. Registered
i ft aircraft,
• Source : Freighter Airplane Cargo Risk Model September 2011 –
DOT/FAADOT/FAA
Lithium Ion Battery Handling -
• Lithium Ion batteries may be a hazardous waste under
USEPA.
• Lithium Ion batteries are (most likely) regulated as a California
waste.
• Lithi I b tt i l t d h t USDOT• Lithium Ion batteries are regulated as hazmat per USDOT
• Lithium Ion batteries may be shipped under the following proper
DOT descriptions:DOT descriptions:
o Lithium battery 9, UN 3090 PG II
o Lithium ion battery UN 3480
Lithium Ion (and all others)
• All batteries are subject to the requirements
of HMR of HMR.
• Batteries exhibit 2 types of hazards
o Chemicals or other materials in the battery
h l i l i l f h bo The electrical potential of the battery
Batteries = Electrical Devices
49 CFR 173.21 - Catch all
• (c) Electrical devices such as batteries and • (c) Electrical devices, such as batteries and
battery-powered devices, which are likely to
create sparks or generate a dangerous
l ti f h t l k d i evolution of heat, unless packaged in a
manner which precludes such an occurrence p
Lithium Battery Handling
• 49 CFR 173.185 (d)• Cells and batteries, for disposal or recycling. A lithium cell or
battery offered for transportation or transported by motor vehicle to
a permitted storage facility, disposal site or for purposes of recycling
is excepted from the specification packaging requirements of
paragraph (a)(4) of this section and the requirements of paragraphs
(a)(1) and (a)(6) of this section when protected against short circuits (a)(1) and (a)(6) of this section when protected against short circuits
and packed in a strong outer packaging conforming to the
requirements of §§173.24 and 173.24a.q 73 4 73 4
Lithium Ion Battery Handling -
• Strong outer packaging means the outermost enclosure that provides
protection against the unintentional release of its contents. It is a
packaging that is sturdy durable and constructed so that it will retain packaging that is sturdy, durable, and constructed so that it will retain
its contents under normal conditions of transportation. In addition, a
strong outer packaging must meet the general packaging requirements
of subpart B of part 173 of this subchapter but need not comply with the
specification packaging requirements in part 178 of the subchapter. For
t t b i ft t t k i i bj t t §173 27 f transport by aircraft, a strong outer packaging is subject to §173.27 of
this subchapter. The terms “strong outside container” and “strong
outside packaging” are synonymous with “strong outer packaging.”p g g y y g p g g
Lithium Ion 18650
DOT/FAA DOT/FAA Flammability Assessment - LiIon18650 Single Cell.
UPS Cargo Plane: Dubai 2010
Lithium - Packaging
Battery Service Programs
h i• The Big Green Box Small Package ProgramProgram.
• All Battery Chemistries including Chemistries, including lithium
• Meets Packing group II Meets Packing group II Specifications
Battery Recycling Facility – What to look for?
• Permit Status
o Level of permitting
RCRA P it
• Employee Training
• Biological Monitoringo RCRA Permits
• Facility Compliance History
o Minimum 5 years
• Facility Inspections
• Cleanliness
• A ti M i t o Minimum 5 years
• Insurance Levels
• Assurance
• Active Maintenance
Programs
• Check With State Regulatorso Closure Funding
Check With State Regulators
Battery Recycling Facility – Arranging Shipments
• F iliti h diff i q i t • Facilities have differing requirements. Examples : o Material Profile
• To be submitted prior to receipt• To be submitted prior to receipt• Identify battery chemistry• Quantity
o Purchase Order• Pricing
o Delivery Appt.
Compliant packagingo Compliant packaging
Battery Safety – Lithium Storage Trail, BC Canada
d d
• Specially Designed Concrete Explosion Proof Bunkers
• Dedicated Fire Suppression Supply Lines
p• Alarmed • Automated Suppression System
All Battery Handling – Main Take Away
• Batteries MUST be insulated to prevent short circuits or generation
of heatCan use tapeo Can use tape
o Baggies
o Other effective means
• Batteries must be packaged in sound containers and strong outer
packages, that can withstand the conditions of transportation
B tt i h ld b t t f iliti th t h d t h i l • Batteries should be sent to facilities that have sound technical
abilities, environmentally compliant with good management
practicespractices.
Contact Todd CoyKinsbursky Brothers
Mr. Paul JohnsonDir. Environmental Affairs
E C i l125 E Commercial StAnaheim, CA 92801
ki b k
125 E. CommercialAnaheim, CA 92801
pjohnson@kinsbursky [email protected] 949-310-0807
Top Related