12013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
September, 2015
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
LTE-U/LAA, MuLTEfire and Wi-Fi; making best use of unlicensed spectrum
2Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum
More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically
Technologies for hyper-densificationMore small cells
Higher efficiency
More spectrum
For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum
3Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum
LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
LTE Advanced
Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with
unlicensed spectrum solutions
Mobile broadband services for best
performance and quality-of-experience
LTE Unlicensed
LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,
LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire
Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced
and new deployment opportunities
Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax
802.11-based technology solely operating in
unlicensed spectrum
Also evolving for enhanced performance
and expanding to new usage models
4Extending the benefits of LTE to unlicensed spectrum
1 Downlink only in unlicensed spectrum (SDL). RF specs and coexistence tests defined by LTE-U forum: coexistence and fair sharing can be obtained using techniques such as channel selection and CSAT (Carrier Sensing Adaptive
Transmission). 2 These regions mandate specific access procedures, including Listen Before Talk (LBT),. LAA R14 targets enhancements to support aggregation for both uplink and downlink
MuLTEfireBroadening LTE technology and ecosystem to new
deployment opportunities
Licensed SpectrumExclusive use
Unlicensed SpectrumShared use
LAA (Licensed-Assisted Access)Targeting mobile operator deployments in Europe,
Japan, and beyond2 based on 3GPP Rel. 13 and beyond
LTE Carrier Aggregation
with licensed anchor channel
LTE-based technology
without licensed anchor channel
LTE-U1 to boost downlink Targeting mobile operators deployments in USA,
Korea, India, etc. based on 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12
5LinkAggregation
Aggregation with licensed spectrum provides best performance
LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA)
for carrier Wi-Fi deployments1
Mobile operators LTE anchor spectrum
LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U/LAA)
for new small cell deployments
Licensed 400MHz to 3.8GHz
Carrier Aggregation
Wi-Fi in Unlicensed2.4 & 5 GHz
LTE in Unlicensed
5 GHz
Enhanced user experience
Better capacity and coverage
Unified network
Fair coexistence
6Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum ideal for small cells LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire, Wi-Fi (802.11ac/ax) will coexist to meet various needs
Pico/Enterprises
Residential / NeighborhoodSmall Businesses
Venues
Opportunistic use
Shared spectrum but free, technology neutral
Large amount of spectrum
Could be ~500MHz but regionally dependent
Shorter range
Lower transmit power per regulations
Wide bands available for sharing
Efficiently shared amongst multiple users
7LTE Unlicensed Solutions Carrier Wi-Fi Solutions
LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions
LTE in Licensed Spectrum
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
802.11ac Wi-Fi
802.11ad WiGig
LTE advancedCarrier Aggregation
LTE-U/LAAaggregation
LTE/Wi-FiCall Continuity
802.11aiFast Roaming
Carrier Wi-Fi AP
LTE/Wi-Fi Link Aggregation
802.11ac/ad
Small Cell
Multiple technologies to support all deployment scenarios
Dual-connectivityMuLTEfireNeutral host
offload
802.11acMU-MIMOMuLTEfire/
Wi-Fiaccess
Wi-Fiaccess
802.11ad(WiGig)
8Fair Wi-Fi coexistence a key principle in LTE unlicensed designExtensive over-the-air testing performed in the lab and in the field
Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
OperatorA
Wi-Fi
OperatorA
Wi-Fi
1x 1x
>2x
Gain(Median throughput)
OperatorB
Wi-Fi
1x
In many cases a better neighbor to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself
Operator B switches Wi-Fi to LTEin unlicensed
Operator
B
LTE inunlicensed
9Going above and beyond minimum requirementsMinimum requirements
Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE unlicensed and Wi-FiWorking together across the mobile and Wi-Fi industries
1 With dynamic channel selection and CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell..
2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access, Work item approved in 3GPP R13 June 15. In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell
Conformance testing
Coexistence and fairness test
Expected to be more rigorous than Wi-Fi testing today
Still allowing for differentiation
Example: LTE-U forum specifications
Standards & specifications
LTE-U for USA, Korea, India, other markets based on LTE R10/11/121
LAA for Europe, Japan and beyond defined in 3GPP R132
Spectrum regulations
Power, bandwidth and emission levels
Additional specific access procedures required in Europe and Japan (Listen Before Talk features)
10
LTE Unlicensed development through industry collaboration
Fair co-existence between
Wi-Fi and LTE unlicensed
LTE
Unlicensed Wi-Fi
Collaboration and engagement
3GPP LAALTE-U Forum
Dialogue between 3GPP and IEEE802.11 & WFA throughout the LAAstandards development via presentations & liaison statements
Open industry LAA workshop held 8/29/2015 in Beijing with presentations from IEEE 802.11, WFA and other key stakeholders
Started dialogue between 3GPP and WFA on coexistence testing
Founding members Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson,
LGE, Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Samsung,
Verizon all have stakes in LTE and Wi-Fi
Coexistence specs published March 2nd 2015,
updated June based on feedback, e.g. adding
uplink and VoIP test cases
Being standardized in 3GPP release 13
for completion 1H 2016 (ASN.1 freeze)
Enhancements planned for release R14
and beyond
3GPP will develop coexistence /
performance requirements and tests
Presented LTE-U to Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE at standards meetings
An LTE-U workshop for key cellular and Wi-Fi vendors/operators was held on May 28, 2015 with deep dive of technology
Further collaboration on coexistence with industry is ongoingone-on-one and in industry groups
11
Unlicensed (5 GHz) Carrier
aggregationLicensed Anchor
LTE
LTELTE/LTE-U
FSM9955
Industrys first LTE-U
small cell solution
Industrys first UE solution
for LTE-U
WTR3950
WTR3925
X12 LTE
Converged SOC
with CSAT (R 10) based LTE/Wi-Fi fair
coexistence
X12 LTE supporting LTE-U
with WTR 3950
Spearheading LTE-U commercialization
WTR RF transceiver chips and FSM small cell solutions are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
12
Industry-leading RF, power management, security Dedicated network listenacross technologies
Ease of deployment and management
LTE Unlicensed / Wi-Fi coexistence like CSAT UltraSON interference and mobility management Advanced interference management like eICIC
FSM9955
FSM9955 brings LTE-U to small cellsFor LTE-U commercial launches in 2016
FSM small cell solutions and UltraSON are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.. 1 eICIC is enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination defined by 3GPP.
Foundation: 3G, LTE
Hosted: Wi-Fi 802.11ac
Announced: LTE-U
Converged multi-mode SoC
UltraSON elCIC1
Hotspot 2.0
CSAT
13
Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE Wi-Fi convergence solutions
4
LTE Unlicensed coexists fairly
with Wi-Ficoexistence is an industry wide collaboration
Wi-FiLTE
3Wi-Fi
802.11ac/ad/ax
MuLTEfire
LTE-U/LAA
1Multiple solutions will coexist
to support all use cases and
deployment scenarios
Aggregation with licensed
spectrum for best performance: LTE-U/LAA carrier aggregation
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
2
14
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
Part of larger LTE - Wi-Fi convergence
15
Enhanced user experienceLicensed anchor for control and mobility
Unified networkOperator LTE network in full control of Wi-Fi
Better performance Simultaneously using both LTE & Wi-Fi links
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation for existing and new carrier Wi-Fi
Notes: Aggregation on modem level (PDCP level), also leveraging dual connectivity defined inR12; Control over X2-like interface needs to be supported by Wi-Fi AP. No change to LTE & WiFi PHY/MAC. No change to core network
Control Traffic
Leverages new/existing, alsonon-collocated carrier Wi-Fi2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum
LTE AnchorLicensed Spectrum
Link Aggregation
Modem-level aggregationfor superior performance Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13
Wi-Fi
16
Operators assets determine solutionmany will do both
Notes: Aggregation at modem-level (PDCP level) is a R13 candidate, (dual connectivity defined in R12 for licensed) ; LTE-U based on R10 for certain countries, defined as LAA R13 for other countries
Better capacityand coverage
Unified network
Enhanced user experience
Deeper aggregation and better performance
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
Existing, new, also non-collocated
carrier Wi-Fi deployments
LTE-U/LAAcarrier aggregation
For new small
cell deployments
LTE-U
LAAWi-Fi
17
Modem-level aggregation for superior performance
HTTP Combining
HLOS HTTP
APP
HLOS
LTE/Wi-Fi link aggregation
TCP
HTTP
APP
Modem PDCP
LTE
Wi-Fi
Better load-balancing, across nodesbased on information on both links
Dynamically adapts to radio/traffic conditions
Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13
18
Aggregation part of the larger LTE - Carrier Wi-Fi convergence
LTE (LTE R8 to R9, LTE Advanced R10 - R13)
Wi-Fi Discovery Service Continuity
Hotspot 2.0
LoadBalancing
Optimized Connectivity
Experience (OCE)
FastRoaming
ReducedOverhead
Link Aggregation
Faster connections
Seamless services
More capacityWi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac, MU-MIMO, ai, k, v, ax)
Link aggregation
19
Continuing to improve carrier Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWi-Fi
20-30x faster roamingEnabling seamless real-time services
Reduced overheadIn dense Wi-Fi deployments
MU - MIMO Next wave of efficiency
802.11 g/n 802.11 ac Breaking the Gbps barrier
802.11 ax
Load balancingSteering Wi-Fi connection
based on signal quality & load
Today
High Load Low Load
Carrier Wi-Fi EnhancementsOptimized Connectivity Experience (OCE) based on 11ai,k,v
Today Optimized
Up to 50% ~2%
ManagementOverhead
Wi-FiWi-Fi
Optimized
Hotspot 2.0
Notes: Faster roaming: Based on Qualcomm Technologies prototype, in typical conditions, after full authentication with the target operator; Reduced overhead: Scenario such as airport/train stations/conferences (100s of users), 4 to 16 APs visible per STA, 2.4GHz band, 1 Mbps management traffic
20
802.11ax for improved densification and outdoor performance
Densification
Better capacityespecially in dense scenarios
Uplink and downlink OFDMA
Adding uplink MU-MIMO
Backward compatibleOutdoor deployments
2.4GHz
5 GHz
802.11n
802.11ac
Improved outdoor performance
Longer cyclic prefix and longer OFDM symbol duration
Supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
Backward compatible with legacy 802.11 (n/ac)
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWi-Fi
21
COEXISTENCE
MANAGER
CONNECTIVITY
ENGINE (CnE)
LTE-A
LTE Wi-Fi convergence - going beyond interworking
CARRIER
SERVICES
LTE-U,
LTE-Wi-Fi
aggregation
Data offload/handoff,
VoLTE and VT
interworking
Interference
mitigation
Optimized
connection
11ac/ad/ax
INCREASING CONVERGENCE
Faster connections
Seamless services
Spectrum & network efficiency
SPECTRUM
INTEGRATION
Qualcomm Snapdragon
22
MuLTEfire for 5 GHz unlicensed spectrumno licensed anchor
23
MuLTEfire: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like simplicityLTE-based technology for unlicensed spectrum without licensed anchor channel
Broadens LTE technology & ecosystem to new deployment opportunities
4G LTE-like performance
Enhanced capacity and range
Improved mobility, quality-of-experience
Hyper-dense, self-optimizing deployments
Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity
Operates in unlicensed spectrum
Leaner, self-contained network architecture
Suitable for neutral host deployments
Harmoniously coexist with
Wi-Fi, LTE-U/LAA
MuLTEfire
24
MuLTEfire expands small cell deployment opportunitiesWith seamless mobility within muLTEfire deployments
Enterprises
Residential / NeighborhoodSmall Businesses
Venues
Self-containedSimplified network architecture
suitable for end-user deployments
Unlicensed SpectrumOperates solely in unlicensed spectrum
without licensed anchor channel
Neutral hostAny deployment can service any
deviceno SIM required
25
MuLTEfire broadens the LTE ecosystem to more entities Such as Internet Service Providers, Cable Operators, and enterprise/venue owners
Physical location Customer relationships
Leverage
deployment assets
Fixed broadband Enhanced hotspot / enterprise services
Offering SIM-less, nomadic Internet access
Augment mobile broadband
Providing neutral host offload to mobile networks
Improved end-user experience
Better capacity, range, and mobility than Wi-Fi
(especially in hyper-dense environments)
26
MuLTEfire delivers enhanced offload for mobile networksHigh-performance, neutral host offload capabilities with expanded reach to new markets
Traditional mobile deploymentsSeparate spectrum bands and deployments may prohibit
reaching all venues, enterprises and homes
Neutral host deploymentsCommon spectrum and common deployment
provides neutral host services (Wi-Fi like)
27
MuLTEfire benefits mobile operators as a true neutral host
Fixed broadband/ISP
Also for own MVNO or ISP service offering
Enterprises
Also to provide access through issued certificate
Neighborhood
Could also be part of providers offering (e.g. ISP)
Offload agreements
with Mobile operators
Venues
Also to enhance venue experiencefree or fee
Full mobility with handovers
within MuLTEfire networks
Service continuity between
MuLTEfire and mobile networks
Mobile operators
E.g. if licensed spectrum is not available at certain locations
28
LTE-U/LAA for 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum with licensed anchor
29
LTE Unlicensed in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments
1 LTE-U and LAA R-13 will be downlink only. Both TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2 Target for R14 LAA using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation using TDD for unlicensed spectrum
3Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;
LTE-U LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
LTE Unlicensed small cell
Unlicensed
(5 GHz)
LTE <E-U/LAA
Initial LTE- and LAA: Supplemental Downlink (SDL) to boost downlink 1
Later LAA phases: Carrier aggregation to boost both downlink and uplink 2
Later LAA phases: aggregation across non-collocated nodes with dual-connectivity
~2x capacity and rangeCompared to Wi-Fi3
Enhanced user experienceLicensed anchor for control and mobility
Single unified LTE networkCommon management
A good Wi-Fi neighbor In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi
than Wi-Fi itself
Carrier aggregation
Licensed Anchor
(400 MHz 3.8 GHz)
30Source: Qualcomm Research. Example from our LTE Unlicensed testing in San Diego to validate coverage and performance advantages.
LTE Thrpt (Mbps) / Wi-Fi Thrpt (Mbps)
LTE Unlicensed improves coverage compared to Wi-Fi20/2
16/2
3/x
6/x
4/x
24 /26
27/27
35/27
15 /9
9/1
14 /3
26/23
2/x29/16
LTE / Wi-Fi5GHz access pointIndoor 3rd floor
31
Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum is ideal for small cells
1 Channel 120, 124 and 128 (5.6-5.65 GHz) currently not permitted in the US. 2 5725MHz-5850MHz has been assigned to ISM services in China 3 Study of 5350MHz-5470MHz and 5725MHz-5925MHz use for license exempt is being planned in EU.
4 5470-5650 MHz in Korea* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
LTE-U will use UNII-1 & UNII-3 (200MHz ) per LTE-U forum
LAA expected to cover additional 5 GHz bands
20MHz
120 MHzcould be available in e.g. the US4/EU3
US, Korea, China, Europe, Japan, India
US1, Korea5, Europe, Japan US, Korea, India, China2,
considered in EU3
5.15 GHz
5.33 GHz
5.49 GHz
5.835GHz
20MHz
20MHz
5.71 GHz
* * * * * * * * * * * * * **
5.735 GHz
UNII-15150-5250 MHz
UNII-25250-5350 MHz
UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 5850 MHzISM 5725 5850 MHz
32
LTE-U/LAA protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum
1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness as defined by LTE-U forum2 Part of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with specific access procedures and CCA Clear Channel Assessment, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)
LTE-U adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)1
for deployments in USA, Korea, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12
LAA Listen Before Talk (LBT) with adaptive utilization2
for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA
LTEis off
Sensing channel availability per CCA
Select clear channel: Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi
If no clear channel: Fair sharing with Wi-Fi
1
2
Up to 500 MHzavailable
Unlicensed 5 GHz band
20MHz
. . . . . . . .
Time Time
LTE is on
20MHz
Release unlicensed channel at low traffic 3
Variable on, max 50ms continuously Variable on, max 10ms continuously
LTEis off
Wi-Fi medium utilization estimation
LTE is on
33
Going beyond Listen Before Talk (LBT) for fair sharing with Wi-FiFor Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) deployments using 3GPP Rel. 13
LTEOFF
Time
LTEOFF
Sensing channel availability per LBT
Every 20us per CCA
(Clear Channel Assessment)
Hold off when detectingother user per LBT
Sense every 20us and decrement random counter
before transmitting per extended CCA
LTE ON
LTE ON
LTE ON
LTE ON
LTE ON
Adaptive ON 1ms to 10ms based on loadsimilar to CSAT
34
All sites
LTE + Wi-Fi
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
35
Operator 1:
still on Wii-Fi
Wi-Fi performance
not adversely
affected
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Operator 2:
One site changed
to LTE Unlicensed
~ 2x Improvement
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
LAA LAA
36
F1
LTE-U forum develops coexistence specifications
For LTE-U products based on 3GPP Release 10 and beyond, see www.lteuforum.org
* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
To ensure fair-sharing coexistence between Wi-Fi and LTE-U, and between LTE-U
Formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, LGE, Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Samsung, Verizon
Specifications published March 2nd 2015 and have been updated based on feedback from Wi-Fi industry
Licensed spectrum
UplinkDownlink
20MHz
5.15 GHz
5.33 GHz
5.49 GHz
5.835GHz
20MHz* * * * * * * * * * * * **
UNII-15150-5250 MHz
UNII-25250-5350 MHz
UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 5850 MHz
Supplemental
downlink
U-NII-1 and U-NII-3
5 GHz unlicensed spectrum
*
37
LTE-U/Wi-Fi co-channel coexistence using adaptive duty cycle
Initially and periodically: Sensing
channel utilizationLTE-U estimates # of activeWi-Fi APs and determines
utilization1
LTE OFF
Provision for latency sensitive apps (e.g. Voice over Wi-Fi)
LTE ON2/6th of the time in the
example shown
LTE OFF4/6th of the time in the
example shown
Share channel with Wi-Fi proportionally to active
numbers of access points2
LTE ON2/6th of the time in the
example shown
LTE-U LTE-U Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
Time
Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT) example
Variable on, max 50 ms continuouslyFrom 10ms to 100ms timeframe
1LTE reads Wi-Fi preamble to determine # of Wi-Fi APs and their usage; 2.Proportional time , here 2/6th of time is the upper limit for LTE ON.
38
Stress testing LTE/Wi-Fi co-channel in very harsh conditionsQualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Hyper dense network Up to 9 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
All APs set to the same channel
Commercial, off-the-shelf Wi-Fi and test LTE-U APs
Extreme interference for devices No isolation between neighboring APs and devices
39
Wi-Fi performance not adversely affected by LTE-UUsing adaptive duty cycle (CSAT) for fair coexistence
Increasing LTE-U penetration
7 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 4 Wi-Fi + 4 LTE-U
Wi-Fi performance
improved
7 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U 6 Wi-Fi + 2 LTE-U
Wi-Fi Average
throughput
40
Better performance of LTE-U while protecting Wi-Fi Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)
8 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 8 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U
Wi-Fi average
throughput
LTE - U
Target AP with
Wi-Fi
Target AP
Average throughput
Wi-Fi(3.3 Mbps)
LTE-U(6.7 Mbps)
Target AP with
LTE-U
41
Fair LTE-U coexistence for Voice and Data
regardless of Wi-Fi vendor variation
42
Stress tests showing wide Wi-Fi vendor variation Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Hyper dense network on same channel
Up to 8 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
No isolation between neighboring APs and devices
Up to 8 devices placed ~1m apart
Vendor variation tests
Test 1) Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs
with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
Test 2) 5 top-selling retail APs (11ac) based on best-seller lists. Mix of 4 APs from different vendors
43
Implementation variation among Enterprise Wi-Fi vendorsUsing Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
Baseline:
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi
Stress Test:
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
Vendor A
Vendor B
Wi-Fi vendor A
less aggressive
Wi-Fi vendor B
more aggressive
Mixture of Vendor A and
Bs enterprise Wi-Fi APs
44
LTE-U is a good neighbor regardless of Wi-Fi vendorUsing Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
Vendor A
Vendor B
Mix of
vendor A/B
LTE-U maintains
overall Wi-Fi
performance
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 6.5
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 6.5
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 3.9
4.9
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 5.8
5.8
Average Wi-Fi throughput (Mbps)
or
with
Wi-Fi LTE-U
Wi-Fi
8X
45
Significant implementation variation in retail Wi-Fi access pointUsing Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Product diversity of 5 OEMs and 3 chipset-vendors. One common STA (11ac, 1x1) a top-selling mobile-device used for all cases
5 top-selling
retail APs determined from top
industry magazines
and online-retailers
Mix of vendors in a
network of 4 Wi-Fi APs Wide variationalso without
most aggressive Wi-Fi AP
One Wi-Fi AP grabbing
~10x more resources
APs Throughput (Mbps) Aggregate
(Mbps)AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4 AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4
A B C D 40.9 3.9 5.6 3.4 53.7
B C D E 19.4 8.2 7.4 12.9 47.9
C D E A 3.7 2.2 3.6 49.8 59.3
D E A B 4.8 4.6 40.8 4.7 54.9
E A B C 3.9 49.0 2.4 4.3 59.6
46
LTE-U ensures fair time sharing of the unlicensed channelUsing Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Testing pair-wise airtime sharing across 4 Wi-Fi AP models and between Wi-Fi/LTE-U Points
corresponding to all 4 Wi-Fi AP models
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1Duty Cycle
Percentage
CD
F
W in 1W+1W
W in 1W+1L
L in 1W+1L
LTE-U ensures a fair
~50% sharing
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Average across 4 Wi-Fi AP models
Wide variation in
Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi sharing
Anomaly due to one
Wi-Fi not following spec
Duty cycle distribution
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
47
Over-the-air campus network for testing LTE-U
Note: Wi-Fi AP 1 is above CCA-ED (CCA energy detect level at -62dBm where Wi-Fi backs off for other non-Wi0Di users). and Wi-Fi AP 2 is below CCA-ED,, which is used for some of the following test to show that LTE-U CSAT works well below Wi-Fis ED
Building WC
OTA Campus Network
Wi-Fi AP1(Above CCA-ED)
LTE-U eNB
Building WB
Wi-Fi AP2(Below CCA-ED)
48
Over-the-air Wi-Fi VoIP coexistence and quality ensuredUsing Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
1 Compliant with Wi-Fi Alliance's VoIP Enterprise specification: One way Delay < 50 ms maximum, maximum Jitter < 50ms maximum, Packet loss < 1%, Consecutive lost packets, no more than 3. Overall statics from 5 pairs of WiFi VoIP with LTE-U Presence.
Provision for Wi-Fi VoIP2ms puncturing introduces gaps to help Wi-Fi flush delay-sensitive data that may be queued due to LTE-U
LTE OFF
Time
40ms
LTE ON LTE ON
40ms
Downlink(Max one-way delay)
Uplink(Max one-way delay)
Probability of
Jitter > 50ms
Packet loss
rate
No change
0%
No change
0%
Increased
to 0.76%
Increased
to 0.08%
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 48ms
Wi-Fi + LTE-U 42ms
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 40ms
Wi-Fi + LTE-U 50ms
Compliant with
WFAs requirements1
49
The role of energy detection in Wi-Fi and LTE-U
1 Per 20MHz bandwidth
Wi-Fi detects Wi-Fi signals and backs
off for other usersnot for LTE-U Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (and Wi-Fi
preamble) to determine if channel is busy
carrier sensing.
Example
-62dbm1
Example
-82dbm1
Threshold for backing off to LTE-UBy detecting non-Wi-Fi energy. (Clear Channel
Assessment Energy Detect CCA-ED).
Wi-Fi
Receiver cannot detect
anything below noise floor
Received
signal
LTE-U
Energy Detect
LTE-U detects a Wi-Fi signal to
account for fair sharingDetect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (Wi-Fi
preamble) e.g. to estimate active Wi-Fi APs
LTE-U design will ensure fair sharing
with Wi-Fi below ED level, e.g. with
Wi-Fi network listen
Example
-90dbm1
CCA-CS: required threshold
for Wi-Fi to detect other Wi-Fi
50
LTE-U is a good neighbor below Energy Detect levelsUsing Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Vendor A
Vendor B
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
34.5
52.6
30.2
48
Vendor C
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
Wi-Fi better off
with LTE-U as
neighbor
30.0
37.9
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
The APs are below Energy Detect
-62dbm levels to each otherDownlink throughput (Mbps)
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
51
LTE-U is a good neighbor above Energy Detect levelsUsing Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
30.7
28.0
23.7
24.1
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-ULTE-U is a good
neighbor to Wi-Fi
20.2
25.2
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
The APs are above Energy Detect
-62dbm levels to each other
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
Downlink throughput (Mbps)
52
LTE-U is a good neighbor also for the uplinkUsing Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
34.8
33.5
20.6
36.8
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U LTE-U is a good
neighbor to Wi-Fi
39.2
37.2
Uplink throughput (Mbps)
Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi with LTE-U
The APs are above Energy Detect
-62dbm levels to each other
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
Or
with
with
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Vendor A
Vendor B
Vendor C
53
LTE Unlicensed is a good neighbor to Wi-Fi
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE Wi-Fi convergence solutions
4
Extensive collaboration on
coexistence across mobile and
Wi-Fi industries.
3
Wi-Fi MuLTEfire
LTE-U/LAA
1Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi a key
principle in the design of LTE
unlicensed
2
Extensive LTE-U over-the-air
testing in lab/field proves fair
coexistence with Wi-FiWi-Fi
LTE
LTE-U
Forum
3GPP
54
Questions? - Connect with Us
@Qualcomm_tech
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www.qualcomm.com/wireless
BLOGwww.qualcomm.com/news/onq
55
For more information, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. MuLTEfire and UltraSon are trademarks of Qualcomm
Incorporated. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to Qualcomm may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business units within the
Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.
Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomms licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary
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