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Anil k. Gupta NIDM
Mainstreaming DRR into Environment Sector
UNESCAP – NIDM Regional Workshop on Mainstreaming DRR into Sustainable Development
13-16 September 2016 New Delhi
Sectors?
Environment
Environment Sector(s)?
Environment Settings
Mountain areas
Coastal areas
Arid and desert areas
Agro-ecosystems
Forest ecosystems
Urban systems
Industrial systems
Environment Sector
Environmental decisions
Environmental planning
Environmental services
Environmental management
Environmental recovery
.......
Number of People Killed(Income Class/Disaster Type)
(1975-2000) World Summary
27,010(1.36%)
87,414(4.41%)
520,418(26.25%)
1,347,504(67.98%)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
High Income
Upper Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Low Income
In
co
me
Cla
ss
Number of People Killed('000s)
Drought Earthquake Epidemic Flood Slide Vo lcano Wind storm Others
Source: ADRC, OFDA/CRED
Low income
Lower-middle income
Upper-middle income
High income
Who is Most Affected by Disasters?
The poor: most vulnerable to current hazards and to expected climate change impacts
68%
26%
5%
1%
Environment ? Development
Natural resources
Environmental health
Livelihood
Bio-economy
Rural industries
SFDRR highlights
Resilience
Ecosystem Based Solutions
Integrating CCA
Health Systems
Specific goals for DRR – Monitoring
Four Priorities
1. Understand disaster risk
2. Strengthen disaster risk governance
3. Invest in DRR
4. Enhance disaster preparedness
Emphasis on Recovery
Operational Needs
Translating Sendai Framework to National/sub-national and local DRR frameworks
Disaster Management Plans – National/state, local, sector specific, department specific, etc.
Goal of Environment and Disaster Management
The goal of Environment and Disaster Management is the safety and sustainability of human lives
Safety is related to avoiding death and injuries to human lives during a disaster
Sustainability is related to livelihood, socio-economic, cultural, environmental and psychological aspects
PUBLIC HEALTH
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
COASTAL SYSTEMS WATER RESOURCES
FORESTRY AGRICULTURE
Infectious, respiratory, water-borne, vector-borne diseases, heat
Less predictability, changing yields, changing irrigation demand, pest infestations
Forest composition, range, health & productivity
More variability in water supply, changes in water quality/ distribution, competition
Erosion, inundation, salinisation, stress on mangroves, wetlands
Loss of habitat & species, migration
Changes in: • Precipitation • Soil evaporation, evapo-transpiration • Physical geography • Sea level • Frequency & intensity of extreme weather • Ecosystem distribution & composition
Climate change impacts across sectors
Source: OECD, 2009
Environmental Changes: Climate change Natural resource depletion Land-use
What is the problem?
Environment and disasters are interlinked
Environmental concerns are not incorporated in disaster management practices and vice versa
Decisions and actions on environment and disasters are taken separately
The main issues are: Lack of coordination and inter-linkage of policy and plans
Lack of perception and understanding
Lack of local actions, and
Lack of resource distribution
Environmental Policy Instruments
Environmental Impact Analysis (pre & post)
Environmental Auditing
Life Cycle Analysis
Environmental Risk Analysis Safety Risk Analysis
Health Risk Analysis
Ecological Risk Analysis
Environmental Legislation
Ecological Footprint
EIA of
Mitigation
Option
EIA of
Response &
Relief Actions
EIA of
Disaster,
Loss &
Need
Assessment
EIA of
Reconstruction
& Recovery
Nature and Types of EIA
Takes account of +ve and –ve impacts
Global/International (MA)
Strategic EIA (SEA) (of policy, plan or programme)
Regional EIA
Project EIA
Definition: Anticipatory - quantitative
Network/impact tree – primary, secondary, higher order impacts
Applications of EIA
EIA in developmental planning ◦ developmental projects like water resources, highway,
airport, tourism, housing complex, railway, agriculture or an industrial project like manufacturing, mining, food, dairy,
Cumulative impact assessment
Carrying Capacity (Assessment) based developmental planning process
Risk Analysis & disaster management as part of EIA
Environmental Risk Mapping Based Developmental Planning
Environmental-health Impact Assessment
SEA (common agriculture policy)
C-EIA / Regional EIA Disaster Risk Management Strategic EIA (SEA)
Scoping/Reconnaissance Hazard identification Baseline environmental study
Baseline environment study Hazard assessment Screening/scoping
Identification of impacts
Vulnerability Assessment Establishing environmental
indicators
Prediction and forecasting Risk (very) early warning Identify options
Evaluation of impacts Risk evaluation/auditing Analysis of impacts
Environmental Impact Statement Risk characterization
Environmental Appraisal
Alternatives/ Mitigation Measures
Disaster Prevention / Risk Reduction Measures
Suggested Measures / Alternatives
Environment Management Plan Disaster Mitigation Plan Project level EIA(s)
Disaster Management Plan Emergency Response Plan Environment Management
Plan
Environment Monitoring Plan Disaster early warning DMP & ERP
Number of People Killed(Income Class/Disaster Type)
(1975-2000) World Summary
27,010(1.36%)
87,414(4.41%)
520,418(26.25%)
1,347,504(67.98%)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
High Income
Upper Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Low Income
In
co
me
Cla
ss
Number of People Killed('000s)
Drought Earthquake Epidemic Flood Slide Vo lcano Wind storm Others
Source: ADRC, OFDA/CRED
Low income
Lower-middle income
Upper-middle income
High income
Who is Most Affected by Disasters?
The poor: most vulnerable to current hazards and to expected climate change impacts
68%
26%
5%
1%
Environment, climate-change and disasters
DISASTER
A catastrophe, mishap, calamity in any area, arising
from natural or man made causes, which results in
substantial loss of life or human suffering, damage
destruction of, property, environment, and is of such
a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping
capacity of the community of the affected area.
(DM Act, 2005, India)
Adaptation Environmental
conditions for
disaster risks Risk Reduction (pro-active) Disaster Response
Development Goals
Desertification
Drought
Floods
Cyclones
Landslides
Earthquakes -
effects
Hazards:
Fire (Forests/
Mine/ Residues)
Biological
Diseases/
epidemic/
pandemic
Soil-water management
erosion
wasteland reclaimation
Slope protection & remediation
Afforestation
Crop diversification
Alternative crops & cropping
patterns
Forestry-produce
Wetlands
Fisheries/aquaculture
Housing designs
Land-use
Alternative employment
Fiscal measures
Emergency
response.
Medical, Response,
Relief/
Rehabilitation
Agriculture production
and sustainability
Natural Resources
renewal and
management
Water resource / supply
Health & nutrition
Poverty eradication and
employment
Housing
Urban development
Transport/Roads
Service sectors
Industrial development
Economic/ equity
Adaptation Environmental
conditions for
disaster risks Risk Reduction (pro-active) Disaster Response
Development Goals
Desertification
Drought
Floods
Cyclones
Landslides
Earthquakes -
effects
Hazards:
Fire (Forests/
Mine/ Residues)
Biological
Diseases/
epidemic/
pandemic
Soil-water management
erosion
wasteland reclaimation
Slope protection & remediation
Afforestation
Crop diversification
Alternative crops & cropping
patterns
Forestry-produce
Wetlands
Fisheries/aquaculture
Housing designs
Land-use
Alternative employment
Fiscal measures
Emergency
response.
Medical, Response,
Relief/
Rehabilitation
Agriculture production
and sustainability
Natural Resources
renewal and
management
Water resource / supply
Health & nutrition
Poverty eradication and
employment
Housing
Urban development
Transport/Roads
Service sectors
Industrial development
Economic/ equity
Potential hazards, DRR-Adaptation and mainstreaming options
Aspects in making of climatic disasters
Environ-disaster interface
Environmental Hazards Complex
Population Growth
Losses Poverty
Low coping capacity
High Exposure
to Hazard
Locations
High Vulnerability Hazard / Trigger event
Major Disaster Losses
Source: 2008(5) Publication
Impacts of Disasters: Lessons in PDNA
Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.)
Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.)
Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.)
Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, guarantee/insurance, etc.)
Physical Environmental
Disaster Event
SOCIAL
Economic
Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix
Air Water Land Crops Wildlife Livestock Forests Waste
Flood S D D D D D D D
Cyclone D D D D D D D D
Drought I D D D D D D I
Earthquak S, C I, C I -- L D -- D
Landslide -- S D -- I -- D D
Chemical D D D D D, C D D, C D
Nuclear D D, S D D, S D D D, L D
Biological S D, C S C C C C D
Civil C C C, I -- -- -- -- C
Transport C C C L -- -- -- D
D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific
Disaster cycle Likely environmental impact causes, examples
Pre-disaster stage: • Environmental impacts of structural mitigation
Land-use alteration
Environmental impacts and wastes during mock-drills
During Disaster
(Natural – Earthquake,
Landslide,
Tsunami, Flood,
Drought, Cyclone;
Man-made –
Chemical/
industrial, nuclear,
biological, civil)
• Structural waste/debris/e-waste/carcasses
Air pollution, contamination, toxic release
Fire and/or explosion, Hazardous wastes exposure
Water pollution
Radiation
Noise
Land degradation, contamination, soil loss
Vegetation – crop/ forest, biodiversity damage
Wetland loss
Coastal beach/ River bank erosion
Post-disaster
(Relief-rehab. phase)
• Waste generation from relief operation (food, medical, shelter, packaging)
Water shortage, Water pollution, loss of fisheries
Air pollution due to waste/carcasses disposal, transport, etc.
Land-use and landscape changes for shelters/ camps etc.
Environmental impacts due to relief road/bridge making
Environmental impacts due to other emergency supplies
Hazardous waste recoveries
Spoilages of industrial materials and goods
Local climatic-setting alteration
Post-disaster
(recovery and
later – long term)
• Environmental impacts of changed land-use and landscape
Environmental impacts of persistent chemicals release in system
Biotic pressure of the altered settings of rehabilitated population
Environmental impacts due to peoples increased dependence on ecosystem
resources because of losses to their crops/livelihoods
Biodiversity changes and alien species invasion
32
Negative Environmental Consequences of Disaster Relief
UNEP Photo, Radusa refugee camp, Macedonia 1999 – Nearby Waste Disposal
Area
e.g. Camps: plastic & packaging waste, waste disposal site, latrines fill up, then what?
Sanitation and water quality issues
For example, negative environmental consequences of refugee camps?
Phailin Cyclone
Disaster Debris: Katrina Case
The primary types of disaster debris being removed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina fall into the following categories:
Municipal solid waste — general household trash and personal belongings.
Construction and demolition (C&D) debris — building materials (which may include asbestos-containing materials), drywall, lumber, carpet, furniture, mattresses, plumbing.
Vegetative debris — trees, branches, shrubs, and logs.
Household hazardous waste — oil, pesticides, paints, cleaning agents.
White goods — refrigerators, freezers, washers, dryers, stoves, water heaters, dishwashers, air conditioners.
Electronic waste — computers, televisions, printers, stereos, DVD players, telephones.
2nd Paradigm Shift in Disaster
Management Response Centric
Relief Centric
Mitigation centric
Preparedness centric
Disaster Centric
• Hazard Centric
• Vulnerability Centric
• Environment Centric
Adaptation
Approaches Previously …….Response & Relief Centric
How do we break out of the disaster cycle ?
Source: RICS (2009)
Sector Cluster Approach District Level / Local Level
1. Infrastructure & commerce 2. Environment / NRM 3. Social welfare
ECO DRR
UN-PEDRR (Partneship for Environment and DRR) has been collaborating with NIDM since 2010 (through UNEP Geneva)
NIDM participated in the PEDRR-organized International Workshop on Ecosystems, Livelihoods and Disaster Risk Reduction in Bonn, Germany in September 2010,
collaborated in delivering the first pilot PEDRR Training Course in Sri Lanka in May2011.
Following these initiatives, NIDM and PEDRR organized national / regional training in India.
Joint Policy Dialogue on Sustainability Issues in DRR (4th AMCDRR)
3rd WCDRR Sendai, Japan
ekDRM (Indo-German Cooperation)
Environmental knowledge for Disaster Risk Management
NIDM-GIZ Cooperation 2010-2013 (MHA-MoEF, MEA) Environmental statistics and decision support system for disaster
risk management
Role of Environmental legislation in disaster risk management
Spatial planning for chemical disaster management
Post-disaster environmental services and EIA application in disaster managemnet
Natural Resource Management linkage with Disaster Risk Management
CASE STUDIES / TRAINING MODULES
UNDP-DRR India and Environment
Guidelines and Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in
Environment Sector Focus on NRM, ecosystem services, community based
issues, sustainable development
Housing sector
Health Sector
Agriculture sector
Guidelines for Reconstruction & Recovery Framework
Environmental Legislation for DRR
Regulatory provisions related to environment and its constituents, natural resources - water, land, agriculture, forests, wildlife, habitats, ecosystems; procedures and planning - Environmental clearance, EIA, audit, risk analysis, land-use and zoning, emergency preparedness; and environmental services - drinking water, sanitation, waste management, preventive-health, including climate mitigation and adaptation etc. although primarily aiming at environmental quality and resource management, the provisions play significance role in addressing hazards, reducing underlying causes of vulnerability and enhancing capacity, and thereby, relate to Disaster Risk Reduction.
View point: outside a political manual or drought declaration
DROUGHT SEQUENCE
Meteorological Hydrological
Environmental
Habitation Agriculture Ecosystems
Socio-economic Drought
Division of Environmental Health
A. Drinking Water Program 23
B. Food Safety & Sanitation Program 23
C. Laboratory Services 23
D. Pesticide Control Program 24
E. Solid Waste Program 24
F. State Veterinarian 24
Division of Spill Prevention and Response
A. Contaminated Sites Program
B. Industry Preparedness Program
C. Prevention and Emergency Response Program
D. Response Fund Administration
Division of Water
A. Municipal Loan Program
B. Municipal Water, Sewerage, and Solid Waste Matching Grant Program
C. Non-Point Source Water Pollution Control
D. Operator Training and Certification Program
E. Remote Maintenance Worker Program
F. Village Safe Water Program G. Wastewater Discharge Program
H. Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring
Division of Information and Administrative Services
A. Environmental Crimes Unit
B. Information Services
C. Budget Services
D. Financial Services
E. Procurement Services
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