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Tourism, Travel and Hospitality

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism

Organizationdefines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment

for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and

other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited."

Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there were over 922 million international

tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew

to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%.[2]

As a

result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in

June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer

months.[3]

This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak

of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international

tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.

Tourism is vital for many countries, such as France, Egypt, Greece, United

States, Spain, Italy,Croatia and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The

Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippinesand the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses

with their goods and servicesand the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with

tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise

ships and taxicabs,hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and

entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

Etymology

Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word touris derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and the

Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning

changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix ismis defined as 'an action or process;

typical behavior or quality', while the suffix, istdenotes 'one that performs a given action'. When the

wordtourand the suffixes ismand istare combined, they suggest the action of movement around a

circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its

beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, i.e., the act of

leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can

be called a tourist."

In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and

relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent

residence and are not connected with any earning activity."In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's

definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the

places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It

includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in
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Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the

home.

In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism

Statistics:

Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.

Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.

Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

History

Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of

art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of

the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The

word tourismwas used by 1811 and touristby 1840.]In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign

touristas "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations,

amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.

Leisure travel

Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom the first European

country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.[citation needed]

Initially, this applied to

the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders.

These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in

1758. The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the

first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is

known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe,

old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carltonor the Hotel

Majestic reflecting the dominance of English customers.

Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of such nature

often visited are: Bali in Indonesia,Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia, Mexico the

various Polynesian tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-

Tropez and Cannes in France, Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico in the United States, Barbados, Sint

Maarten, Saint Kitts and Nevis, The Bahamas, Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba, Turks and Caicos

Islands and Bermuda.

Winter tourism

Although it is acknowledged that the Swiss were not the inventors of skiing it is well documented that St.

Moritz, Graubnden, became the cradle of the developing winter tourism: Since that year of 1865 in St.

Moritz, many daring hotel managers choose to risk opening their hotels in winter but it was only in the
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seventies of the 20th century when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the

Swiss ski resorts. Even in Winter, portions of up to one third of all guests (depending on the location)

consist of non-skiers. Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries

(e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech

Republic, France, Germany,Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland

), Canada, the United States (e.g. Colorado, California, Utah, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Montana,

Vermont, New England) New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Argentina, Kenya andTanzania.

Mass tourism

Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing thetransport of

large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of

people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New

Jersey and Long Island, New York.

In Continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularised by the people of Brussels;Boulogne-

sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and Heiligendamm, founded in 1793,

as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea.

Adjectival tourism

Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged

over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism

industry and academics.Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage.

Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:

Agritourism

Culinary tourism

Cultural tourism

Ecotourism

Extreme tourism

Geotourism

Heritage tourism

LGBT tourism

Medical tourism

Nautical tourism

Pop-culture tourism

Religious tourism

Slum tourism

Space tourism

War tourism

Wildlife tourismRecent developments

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where

international travel for short breaks is common.Tourists have high levels of disposable income,

considerable leisure time, are well educated, and have sophisticated tastes. There is now a demand for a

better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations;
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people want more specialised versions, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-

targeted destination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and

more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. As of April 28, 2009 The

Guardianarticle notes that, "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any

time. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round

tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to

offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the

customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to

tourist destinations, such as in Baliand several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami,

caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countrieson the Indian Ocean, including

the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-

upoperation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

The terms tourismand travelare sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar

definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourismand touristare sometimes

used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.

Sustainable tourism

"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that

economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential

ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)

Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development,

1987)

Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and

includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also involves

integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative

economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecologicalapproach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development

process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterism' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of

which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.

However, Butler (2006) questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing

its ambiguity and stating that "the emerging sustainable development philosophy of the 1990s can be

viewed as an extension of the broader realization that a preoccupation with economic growth without
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regard to it social and environmental consequences is self-defeating in the long term." Thus 'sustainable

tourism development' is seldom considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration as

separate from general economic growth.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually

protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler;

provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment

of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.

Pro-poor tourism

The pro poor tourism has to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving increasing

attention by those involved in development and the issue has been addressed either through small scale

projects in local communities and by Ministries of Tourism attempting to attract huge numbers of tourists.

Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage

tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor;

successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain climbing in Tanzania or cultural

tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.

Recession tourism

Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Identified by

American entrepreneur Matt Landau(2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value

experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen

business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job

market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.

Medical tourism

When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly

in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to

particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of the price or regulatory

differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

Educational tourism

Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledgeand the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. In educational tourism,

the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture,

such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the

classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Landauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_exchange_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_exchange_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Landauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Prabanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute


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Creative tourism

Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its

European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families

traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism

has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as members of the

Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for

the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They

have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in theculture of

the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such

as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an

engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of

a place. More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on

active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer

examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica,

Spain, Italy and New Zealand.

Dark tourism

One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as "dark" tourism.

This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts

of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by

varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even

entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.

Doom tourism

Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves traveling to

places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting

glaciers of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef ) before it is too late. Identified by travel trade

magazine TravelAge West editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in 2007 and later explored in The New York

Times, this type of tourism is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable

tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered

threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, over population or climate change. Othersworry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individuals carbon footprint and only

hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Cities_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(reenactment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reefhttp://www.travelagewest.com/Travel-News/Viewpoint/The-Tourism-of-Doom/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/world/americas/16iht-tourism.1.8762449.htmlhttp://www.travelagewest.com/Travel-News/Viewpoint/The-Tourism-of-Doom/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(reenactment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Cities_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_tourism


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Hospitality management studies

Hospitality management is the academic study of the hospitality industry. A degree inHospitality

management is often conferred from either a university college dedicated to the studies of hospitality

management or a business school with a department in hospitality management studies. Degrees in

hospitality management may also be referred to as hotel management, hotel and tourism management,

or hotel administration. Degrees conferred in this academic field include Bachelors of Arts, Bachelors of

Business Administration, Bachelors of Science, Masters of Science, MBA, and Doctorate of Philosophy.

Hospitality management studies provides a focus on management of hospitality operations

including hotels, restaurants, cruise ships, amusement parks, destination marketing

organizations, convention centers, country clubs, and related industries.

According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1997), the economics of the 21st

century willbe dominated by three industries: telecommunications, information technology and tourism. Thetravel and tourism industries have grown by 500% in the last 25 years and it is estimated that bythe year 2007 tourists will spend US$884 billion in foreign countries on tourism related activities.

Travel and tourism represents a broad range of related industries. The growth of these industries hasopened up many new job opportunities for graduates in areas such as:

hotels restaurants retailing transportation travel agencies tour companies tourist attractions leisure, recreation and sport

cultural industries

It is interesting to realise that in 1997 travel and tourism provides 10.5% of the total world employment,with up to 25% of all employment, in some areas, such as the Caribbean. It has been estimated that, by2007, more than 100 million people world-wide will be employed in this sector. Because of this, tourism isnow seen to be of importance to most countries of the world.

During this time, the nature of tourism has developed in scope and direction, away from traditionalactivities, such as the sunshine sand and sea holidays to a wide range of new activities such as culturaltourism, adventure tourism, sports and leisure activities and eco-tourism.

Given the potential for interesting and rewarding careers in these industries many young people arelooking for suitable courses which will help prepare them for careers in management within the tourism

and hospitality industries. The UK higher education system has a well developed range of courses, at alllevels from Higher National Diploma, BA or BSc degrees and MA/MSc/MBA Masters courses and usingalternative methods of studying, (including full-time, part-time and distance learning). When looking atcourses in hospitality and tourism, there can seem to be a bewildering variety of course titles covering themain employment areas of travel, tourism, hotels and restaurants. Typical titles include:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_parkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_parkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industry


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For hotels and restaurant management:

hospitality management international hospitality management hotel and catering management

For travel and tourism:

tourism management tourism studies travel and tourism

There are also joint degrees where it is possible to study combinations of subjects, such as tourism andhospitality, tourism and leisure, hospitality and marketing. Most undergraduate courses (HND/BSc/BA)will include a period of work experience as part of the course, varying in length from 6 months to oneyear. This work experience is seen to be a central part of the course, where the student gets theopportunity to practise what they have learned in college or university. Employers also see great value inthis work experience when considering the employment of graduates.

Given the international nature of these industries, another valuable part of any course is the study of

languages. Most courses in hospitality and tourism provide access to language courses, either as corecomponents or as options.

Courses at Masters level are becoming increasingly important in tourism and hospitality. These Masterslevel courses are useful to two groups of people:

- those who have completed a degree course in a subject other than hospitality or tourism but who arelooking at ways of getting employment in the industry;

- those who have a degree or sub-degree qualification in hospitality or tourism together with significantmanagement experience within the hospitality or tourism industries and who wish to develop themselvesto a higher level or to seek a more senior position in industry. There are many Masters courses inHospitality Management, Hotel and Catering Management and Tourism Management in universities andcolleges in the UK.

In addition to the above courses, there are also more specialised Masters courses in Tourism coveringareas such as Cultural Tourism, Tourism Marketing, Tourism Planning, Museum Management, HeritageManagement, Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Tourism: these are suitable for people who have aninterest in employment in a specific sector of the industry.

Hospitality management is the academic study of the hospitality industry. A degree inHospitality

management is often conferred from either a university college dedicated to the studies of hospitality

management or a business school with a department in hospitality management studies. Degrees in

hospitality management may also be referred to as hotel management, hotel and tourism management,or hotel administration. Degrees conferred in this academic field include Bachelors of Arts, Bachelors of

Business Administration, Bachelors of Science, Masters of Science, MBA, and Doctorate of Philosophy.

Hospitality management studies provides a focus on management of hospitality operations

including hotels, restaurants, cruise ships, amusement parks, destination marketing

organizations, convention centers, country clubs, and related industries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_parkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_marketing_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_parkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Business_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelors_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industry


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Curriculum

In America, Hospitality and Tourism Management curriculum follow similar core subject applications to

that of a business degree but with a focus on hospitality management. Core subject areas

include accounting, administration, finance, information systems, marketing, human resource

management, public relations, strategy, quantitative methods, and sectoral studies in the various areas of

hospitality business. Cornell University, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and University of

Central Florida (UCF) are considered the top Hospitality Management undergraduate colleges in

America. One of the newest graduate degree programs in hospitality management is offered by The

George Washington University School of Business in Washington, D.C..

In addition to the core coursework above, degree-specific coursework normally includes:

Restaurant Management (Examples: Management of Food and Beverage Operations, Food Science,

Food Selection and Preparation, Food and Beverage Cost Control)

Lodging Operations (Examples: Lodging Management, Hotel Operations, Resort Timeshare

Management, Reservation Sales and Marketing, Hospitality Physical Plant)

Global Tourism (Examples: Tourism Management, Airline Industry, Sustainable Tourism, Hospitality

and Research Methods)

Attractions Management (Examples: Theme Park Management, Entertainment Arts)

Event Management (Examples: Event Industry, Catering Management, Hospitality Marketing

Management)

Food Preparation (Examples: Basic Food Preparation, Food Sanitation, Beer and Wine Labs)

Many hospitality programs require concurrent field experience within the industry in the form of

internships or co-operative placements.

In Philippines, Hospitality and Tourism curriculum are Emerging Studies in Philippine Education, It is

called as Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BS-HRM). It follows the American

curriculum of the Hospitality Management which Includes: Culinary Arts, Business Administration, Public

Relations, Marketing, Tourism Management, Accounting and Human Resources Studies. The Philippine

Women's University, Lyceum of the Philippines University, and De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde are

considered top Hotel and Restaurant Management undergraduate Campuses in Philippines. The

Philippine Women's University and Enderun Colleges offers Associate and Post-Graduate Courses in

Hospitality Management.

Graduate Placement

Several large hospitality corporations such as Marriott, Hilton Worldwide, IHG, Hyatt, Sasi

park, Wyndham, beeran international Parks and Resorts, and various management companies offer

internship programs as well as management training programs and direct placements for students
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_School_of_Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_School_of_Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_of_the_Philippines_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle-College_of_Saint_Benildehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasi_park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasi_park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beeran_international_Parks_and_Resorts&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beeran_international_Parks_and_Resorts&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasi_park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasi_park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental_Hotels_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle-College_of_Saint_Benildehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_of_the_Philippines_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_School_of_Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University_School_of_Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_degree


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majoring in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Similar to other business fields, management training

programs and direct placement opportunities are highly competitive.

Hospitality is the relationship between guest and host, or the act or practice of being hospitable.

Specifically, this includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, resorts,

membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists.

Global concepts

Pakhtuns

The Pakhtun people of South-Central Asia, pre-dominant in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province

of Pakistan and Afghanistan have a strong code of hospitality. They are a people characterized by their

use ofPakhtunwali, an ancient set of ethics, the first principle of which isMilmastiyaor Hospitality. The

general area of Pakhtunistan is also nicknamed The Land of Hospitality.

Biblical and Middle Eastern

In Middle Eastern Culture, it was considered a cultural norm to take care of the strangers and foreigners

living among you. These norms are reflected in many Biblical commands and examples.[2]

The obligations of both host and guest are stern. The bond is formed by eating salt under the roof, and is

so strict that an Arab story tells of a thief who tasted something to see if it was sugar, and on realizing it

was salt, put back all that he had taken and left.

Specialized networks

Some networks offer specialised hospitality services.

Warm Showers - Hospitality network for touring cyclists

Dachgeber - Hospitality network for touring cyclists in Germany with about 3000 members

Pasporta Servo - for Esperanto speakers

WWOOF - "Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms", help on the property is exchanged for food,

accommodation, education and cultural interaction

Freagle - "Free Camping, worldwide!" - Uniting Outdoor Lovers Through Hospitality and Mutual Help.

HelpX - "Help Exchange", help is exchanged for food, accommodation, experience and cultural

interaction

Homeshare International - charitable organization providing exchange of housing for help in the home

Ridester - ride sharing for travelers in USA

Jewgether - a hospitality network that connects Jewish people from all around the world and helps

Jewish travelers find a place to stay.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warm_Showers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachgeberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasporta_Servohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOOFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOOFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasporta_Servohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachgeberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_touringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warm_Showers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunwalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort


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HOSPITALITY PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

Hospitality services team provides installation and implementation support as well as ongoing

services to ensure you get the most benefit from your software investment. We offer hospitality

services to deliver a smooth transition and successful installation, including project organization and

definition, system installation, customer training, go-live support, and post-installation reviews. Ourexpert software engineers also offer ongoing consulting services to meet your unique needs.

Ongoing services

Corporate standardizationCreate and reinforce standardization across your enterprise with

our hospitality services, including company-wide operational practices, setups, defaults, and

codes for our systems installed in multiple locations.

Site assessments and recommendationsDetermine the efficiency and effectiveness of your

system as we conduct on-site assessments of system utilization and provides recommendations

for improvements.

InterfacesCustomize software to meet the needs of your business with our hospitality services,

including on-site or remote installation, testing and support of interface products, and custom

programming for developing interfaces to new, cutting-edge products.

Education and training

E-LearningLower your staff training costs and increase the efficiency of your team using

Epitome E-Learning, the self-paced learning tool that provides interactive training for our Epitome

Property Management System. Whether called E-Learning, computer-based training (CBT), web-

based training, or distance learning, this intuitive web-based solution allows your hotel staff

members to be trained on consistent material and includes reporting results for your management

team to monitor progress.

Custom training programsBoost the efficiency of your staff by having us design custom

hospitality services and training to meet the unique needs of your specific properties.

Training facilitiesIncrease your staff's effectiveness through education sessions led by skilled

consultants (former hospitality professionals) who tailor established class agendas to meet

specific property needs. Training is conducted at our education centers equipped with fully

operational systems and training aides for classroom use.


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Customer Service Tips by Hospitality Professionals

1. Be there

There's nothing better than the good old fashioned personal touch. Answer your phone within 3rings; give your name and be 'present' to the caller avoid sounding rushed or too busy. Every

customer wants to feel special, really being listened to fosters this sense.

If using voicemail or message bank, make the message clear and well spoken. Making your

message day specific. 'Hello, it's Monday the 17th - can help alleviate fears that a message may

go unnoticed.

If you're using a mobile, try to avoid customers having to leave messages in two places as this

can create the impression of being illusive and hard to reach. In these circumstances consider

diverting your office phone straight to your mobile.

2. Don't park in the best spot

Whether applied literally or metaphorically, this is a classic faux pas to avoid. How often do we

see the best parking spots reserved for the owner or staff? What a signal to send a prospect!

Take a look around your business and see if you're unnecessarily pinching the best spot.

3. Expand customer expectations

Do more than is expected. The phrase 'under promise, over deliver' is the perfect maxim for

customer service. Don't promise delivery schedules you can't meet, set a comfortable date and

surprise by delivering early. Respond to messages promptly, remembering that any response is

better than a long delay. Above all, communicate constantly - never leave a customer wondering

what's happening. Communicate every step of the way.

The more benefits you can identify for your product or service, the greater will

be your customer's perception of value. Basic product/service, expected

product/service and added product/service are covered in detail in 'How

to Earn More Dollars with Customer Service' eBook.
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4. Ask permission

The advent of email and the dislike of unsolicited mail or 'spamming', is a reminder of the

importance of seeking permission in certain instances.

Whether it's the use of nicknames, making a personal comment within a business conversation

or divulging your customer's identity to others - show respect and caution and always ask

permission.

5. Show understanding

To truly cement a new relationship, demonstrate you fully understand the requirements of your

customer.

Sometimes we get stuck behind the language of our business and forget the outcome our clients

are seeking. Listen out for indicators signaling what's wanted and reflect these back using plain

English.

Phrases like "let me see if I fully understand your requirements" followed by a clear summary will

do much to make your customer feel comfortable and in the right hands.

Take notes and listen for emotive language - heightened emotions are links to customer needs.

Show that you've heard them and state how your product or service can fulfill their need.

6. Manage your image

If you employ contractors, freelancers or temps within your business, your customers will always

judge them as if they are your employees.

Anyone representing your business adds to (or detracts from) your image. Control your image by

establishing policies and procedures. Customer service should be seen as a business-building

virus that permeates everywhere. Keep your virus healthy!

It is easier to teach new skills than to change attitudes. If 30% of staff is more satisfied with their

jobs, 25% of customers become more satisfied with the restaurant. Find out how to choose the

right staff by downloading eBook 'How to Earn More Dollars with Customer Service'.


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7. Give business to others

Occasionally what we have to offer is simply not what a customer is looking for, or our services

do not encompass all that is required. In these instances it pays to be knowledgeable and to

refer customers to others.

Businesses that truly serve their customers don't rest until each customer is satisfied. Be

generous with your referrals, it will pay dividends.

8. Watch the big boys

Big business watches out for trends and looks to see where opportunities exist that small

business is not satisfying. This also works in reverse. Keep abreast of big company customer

service initiatives and look to translate them into your business or better still, improve them.

9. Follow-up and feedback

Service doesn't stop when the sale is concluded, this is when it's reinforced and expanded.

Follow-up customers to ensure their needs have been met, ask for feedback on the key areas of

your business dealings and show your sincerity by making changes whenever relevant. Listen to

comment, make changes, experiment.

Gathering information about your customers is a very profitable activity. You can use systems to

keep customers and build their loyalty towards your business. Find out some ways of gathering

this information by downloading eBook 'How to Earn More Dollars with Customer Service'.

10. Say thank you!

Say it everywhere. Say it on your invoices, say it out loud, say it to your staff.

Never conclude a sale without a Thank You.


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Hospitality Admn And Manpower Development

Manpower development, now commonly referred to as human resource development, is an ongoingprocess that analyzes, forecasts and projects an organization's future manpower requirements. In otherwords, manpower development focuses on such issues as whether the organization is ready tocompensate for the loss of experience from retiring employees and if employees are adequately prepared

to implement organizational change.

1. ProcessManpower development is a process that seeks to optimize an organization's usage of its humanresources. It requires an integrated approach that addresses multidimensional aspects of employees,ranging from enhancing technical and interpersonal skills to creative thinking and leadership.Organizations with high productivity levels have made manpower development an integral part oftheir business culture.

2. Development and Training Act of 1962

o President Kennedy enacted the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 to help re-employ,

through re-training, unemployed American workers who were displaced by automation and technology. Atthe organizational level, manpower development (training of workers) is associated with anticipatingmanpower shortages so adequate personnel are available to implement future organizational plans.

Individual Growth

o In "Human Resource Development: Learning & Training for Individuals & Organizations," John P. Wilsonsays the term development implies an improved situation attained by an individual through learning. Thus,the growth of an individual impacts the collective growth of an organization.

Performance Enhancement

o Richard A. Swanson and Elwood F. Holton in "Foundations of Human Resource Development" definehuman resource development (a more recent term for manpower development) as a process that helpsdevelop human expertise through personnel development with the objective of enhancing performance.

Effectiveness

o In "Principles of Human Resource Development," Jerry W. Gilley, Steven A. Eggland, and Ann MaycunichGilley define the development of organizational personnel as "a dynamic and evolving practice used toenhance organizational effectiveness."

Workforce Development

For ManpowerGroup, social responsibility extends well beyond just writing a donation check to a

charitable cause. It's about strengthening the diversity of our communities and creating opportunities for

all people to participate in the workforce. It's about focusing on the long-term view and developing

solutions that are sustainable. Whether it's helping an unemployed single mother return to the workforce,
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or giving a job to an immigrant when no one else will, our reward comes from knowing that we make a

real difference - today and in the future.

All over the world, ManpowerGroup employees, partnering with community organizations, businesses and

government, engage in workforce development programs that make a difference in people's lives.

Because of our relationships with both employers and individuals, we are uniquely positioned to

determine where current and future skills gaps are, identify people who need help engaging with the

workforce, and develop solutions that bring these two groups together, mutually benefiting both. In this

way, we function as a "bridge" to employment for many who would otherwise be unemployed.

Our systems, programs and policies are designed to make the connection to work a viable option for

those who need it. Our industry leading skills assessment processes and hiring policies help us ensure

that people are not discriminated against. Rather, we focus on people's abilities - not their disabilities.

ManpowerGroup shared some of our disability awareness and workforce development programs with the

International Labour Organization (ILO).

The most costly part of operating a business is paying for labor in terms of wages, offering benefits and

bonuses and developing training programs, which is why calculating manpower levels is so important.

Many companies use a demand forecasting program that takes into consideration the past number of

employees, the number of employees laid off and pending retirements. While the software can make a

projection for current demand, it may not be applicable given the overall strategy of the company. To be

sure, consider seasonal spikes, hourly needs, scheduled vacation times and market trends when

calculating manpower levels.

Manpower planning is very vital and critical to every organization. This is a process through which the HR

department places the right number of employees with the right skill-sets in the correct department at the

right time. At least once annually, the HR department studies the staffing levels across all functional

departments in the organization. Through this exercise, they are able to ascertain which departments are

overstaffed and which are understaffed. HR is also able to analyze future requirements of manpower.

Manpower utilization refers to the hours of productive work as a percentage of the total work paid for. For

example, in a production company, break time or time spent cleaning up a work station rather than

actually producing goods for sale would not be counted towards manpower utilization. Manpower

utilization is a good measure of the efficiency of your workforce. If manpower utilization is low, you may

need to find ways to eliminate downtime or motivate employees more effectively.

What Is the Meaning of Manpower Development?

Manpower development, now commonly referred to as human resource development, is an ongoingprocess that analyzes, forecasts and projects an organization's future manpower requirements. In otherwords, manpower development focuses on such issues as whether the organization is ready tocompensate for the loss of experience from retiring employees and if employees are adequately preparedto implement organizational change.
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The Manpower Development and Training Act

The 1962 Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA) launched the era of federal funding foremployee training and development. In the 1950s, the growing automation and technology industriesneeded more skilled workers. By passing MDTA, Congress took steps to meet that need. Local publicand private agencies used MDTA funds to identify and provide the necessary training. For the first time,

Congress passed a jobs bill that did not include jobs creation or publicly funded job programs.

Human Resource Training in the Army

Most human resources workers can't say that they've been trained in hand-to-hand combat or know howto use a gun, but if you're in the Army, that might be the case. While soldiers on the front lines areextremely important, no branch of the military could survive without soldiers willing to work office jobs aswell. The training you'll receive in human resources will prepare you to help other soldiers make the mostof their Army experience.

About Manpower Planning

Manpower planning is the process of placing the most suitable number of employees at the most apt jobsin the most appropriate time frame. This is an exercise that is very critical to the survival of a business.Periodically, the organization's human resources department prepares lists of manpower working acrossall its functional departments with an aim toward analyzing whether each department has the correctnumber of employees, and to estimate the manpower required in the future. Without well functioningemployees, no organization can make any kind of progress. They need to be planned for and managedwell.

How to Manage Manpower

Effective management of those working for you is a key component of running a successful business.Everyone has to carry out the duties of his job description consistently in order for goals to be reached, asyou yourself can't do it all. Managing the number of people on your payroll is equally important.Management is a job that is never complete, as you need to be constantly alert to virtually every aspect ofyour operation.

How to Compute for Manpower

When bidding on a project or providing an estimate to a client, you need to know how many hours will be

required to get the job done. To do this, you'll need to compute the manpower needed for the project; thatis, the number of hours each of your workers will need to put in to get the task from start to finish.
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HOSPITALITY PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Definition of Project Management

-- it is the discipline of defining and achieving finite objectives. The challenge of project management is

the optimized integration and allocation of the inputs needed to meet those pre-defined objectives. The

project, therefore, is a carefully selected set of activities chosen to use resources (time, money, people,

materials, energy, space, provisions, communication, quality, risk, etc.) to meet the pre-defined

objectives.

Hospitality is the relationship between guest and host, or the act or practice of being hospitable.

Specifically, this includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers, resorts,

membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists.

In the contemporary West, hospitality is rarely a matter of protection and survival, and is more associated

with etiquette and entertainment. However, it still involves showing respect for one's guests, providing for

their needs, and treating them as equals. Cultures and subcultures vary in the extent to which one is

expected to show hospitality to strangers, as opposed to personal friends or members of one's in-group.

The hospitality service industry includes hotels, casinos, and resorts, which offer comfort and guidance to

strangers, but only as part of a business relationship. The terms hospital, hospice, and hostel also derive

from "hospitality," and these institutions preserve more of the connotation of personal care.

Hospitality ethics is a discipline that studies this usage of hospitality.

Global concepts

Pakhtuns

The Pakhtun people of South-Central Asia, pre-dominant in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province

of Pakistan and Afghanistan have a strong code of hospitality. They are a people characterized by their

use ofPakhtunwali, an ancient set of ethics, the first principle of which isMilmastiyaor Hospitality. The

general area of Pakhtunistan is also nicknamed The Land of Hospitality.

Biblical and Middle Eastern

In Middle Eastern Culture, it was considered a cultural norm to take care of the strangers and foreigners

living among you. These norms are reflected in many Biblical commands and examples.[2]

The obligations of both host and guest are stern. The bond is formed by eating salt under the roof, and is

so strict that an Arab story tells of a thief who tasted something to see if it was sugar, and on realizing it

was salt, put back all that he had taken and left.

Classical World

To the ancient Greeks and Romans, hospitality was a divine right. The host was expected to make sure

the needs of his guests were seen to. The ancient Greek termxenia, or theoxeniawhen a god was

involved, expressed this ritualized guest-friendship relation.
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Celtic cultures

Celtic societies also valued the concept of hospitality, especially in terms of protection. A host who

granted a person's request for refuge was expected not only to provide food and shelter to his/her guest,

but to make sure they did not come to harm while under their care.[3]

India

In India, hospitality is based on the principle Atithi Devo Bhava, meaning "the guest is God." This principle

is shown in a number of stories where a guest is literally a god who rewards the provider of hospitality.

From this stems the Indian approach of graciousness towards guests at home, and in all social situations.

Cultural value or norm

Hospitality as a cultural norm or value is an established sociological phenomenon that people study and

write papers about (see references, and Hospitality ethics). Some regions have become stereotyped as

exhibiting a particular style of hospitality. Examples include:

Minnesota nice

Southern hospitality

Functioning

Membership in the organization is free and is obtained simply by registering on the website. The core

activity of the organization is exchange of accommodation. Acting as a host, a member offers the

possibility of accommodation at his leisure. As a guest, a traveler may find possible hosts and contactthem through the website. No money is involved guests and hosts do not pay each other.

The duration of the stay, whether food is provided for free, for a fee or not at all, and all other conditions

are agreed on beforehand to the convenience of both parties.

After meeting, the host and guest may comment about each other. This provides a means to

establish reputation which is the main security measure. Users have to provide their real identity, which is

screened by volunteers, and protected against changes.

Apart from accommodation, members exchange other forms of hospitality, such as guiding visitors or

providing travel-related advice. There are also wiki-like Travel Guidesections and forums where members

may seek partners for travels, hitchhiking etc.

Volunteers within the club often arrange meetings or camps which are events that last several days that

bring people together.
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Organization and policies

The club is based on the work of hundreds of volunteers around the world. The motivation behind it is the

idea that bringing people together and fostering international friendships will increase inter cultural

understanding and strengthen peace. It is one of the largest hospitality networks, and there is a mission

to find 1,000,000 friendly people.

The policy of the club explicitly forbids alternative uses, such as dating, job-seeking, commercial use, and

website promotions.[4]

In order to protect members' mailboxes from spam and to keep trust in the network

at high levels a volunteer team scans the messages being sent across the site. Members may also opt-

out of this service and receive all messages directly.

Hospitality Club was founded by Veit Khne in 2000 with the help of friends and family[2]

as a general-

purpose Internet-based hospitality exchange organization. The organization, open to anybody, followed

from a similar network organized by Veit Khne exclusively for members of the student exchange

organization AFS. The concept for Hospitality Club was inspired by the SIGHT hospitality network

of Mensa and it is the successor of Hospex, the first Internet based hospitality exchange network,

established in 1992 and with which it joined forces in 2005.[3]

Membership has since increased

dramatically.

Benefits

Monetary savings

As these networks provide accommodation at no charge, monetary savings can be significant.

Local contact

Hospitality exchange gives travelers the chance to experience what life is like for people living in other

places. In addition, making interpersonal connections and fostering understanding of different cultures

may in the long run also be important to international relations. During hospitality exchanges, hosts may

show off their local knowledge and exciting places off the tourist map. Not only may travelers get a

distinct experience, but they will also get a feel for the everyday lives of local residents.

Reciprocity

The concept behind Hospitality services is based on the pay it forward philosophy, gift economy,

and reciprocal altruism.

Drawbacks

Lack of guarantee

There is no contractual agreement between users in these systems. Reservations are made, but if they

are for some reason broken, there is no higher authority to which one could plead for a refund or other
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compensation. The only repercussion will be the poor rating you give that user and your only consolation

will be that your warning will deter others from visiting or hosting them. For those who feel insecure unless

their travel arrangements are written in stone before departure, this system will not be comforting.

Potential interpersonal conflict or awkwardness

There is a chance that guest and host will not get along. Perhaps there will be scheduling or ideologicalconflicts. Maybe you will find that hosts or visitors have misrepresented themselves. Perhaps the

experience will not live up to your expectations. Intense interpersonal communications in advance and a

flexibility once you have arrived is your best bet. These experiences require additional planning and

courtesy towards the demands of your host. Thus, your living conditions, length of stay, and overall

experience will be circumscribed by the living conditions you enter into.

Digital divide and demographic segregation

As use of these services generally requires access to the internet and knowledge of the English

language, the sample population found in searches of these databases is really much less diverse than ageographical representation of worldwide users might suggest.

Security

Staying in someone's house, or inviting people into your house leaves open the possibility of being taken

advantage of.

Home Hospitality in Scouting

In the Scout Movement, home hospitality (hoho) refers to Scouts living for a few days with a host

Scouting family to experience everyday life in that community. This often takes place before or aftera jamboree and is usually organized by the organization running the jamboree.

[1]
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