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Macromolecules
Building Complex Molecules
That Comprise Living Things
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Comparison of Terms
Molecule Two or more atoms joined bychemical bonds
Macromolecule Large polymer made of
repeating monomer units
Four types of organic macromolecules
are important in living systems.
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Macromolecules: Polymers
Made of Repeating Monomers
Macromolecule Monomer Unit
Carbohydrates Sugars
Lipids Fatty acids
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides
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Organic Macromolecules
Contain Carbon
Each carbon atom can make four
covalent bonds with other types of
atoms or additional carbons.
Question: How many
electrons does carbon need
to fill its outer energy level?
Answer: Four
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Carbohydrates: Functions
Energy source
Structural component
Cell-cell communication
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Carbohydrates: Dietary
Recommendations
58% of calories from carbohydrates
No more than 10% of calories from simple,
refined sugars Emphasize
Complex Carbohydrates Starch
Fiber (cellulose) Naturally-occurring simple carbohydrates
Fructose from fruit
Lactose from milk
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Macronutrients As
Energy Sources
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Macromolecules: Polymers
Made of Repeating Monomers
Macromolecule Monomer Unit
Lipids
(fats, oils, waxes)
Fatty acids
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Lipids: Structure
Triglyceridepredominant form in diet One molecule of glycerol
Three fatty acids
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Lipids: Structure Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated 2H per internal carbon
Unsaturated --
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Lipids: Structure
PolarHead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Phospholipidcomponent of cell membranes
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Lipids: Functions
Concentrated energy source Structural components of cell
membranes
Phospholipids Cholesterol
Communication
Steroid Hormones
Protection from water
WaxesCholesterol
Phospholipids
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Lipids: Dietary Recommendations
< 30% of calories from lipids < 10% of calories from saturated fats
Limit cholesterol to 300 mg/day
Avoid trans fatty acids in partiallyhydrogenated products
Emphasize
Unsaturated fatty acids fromvegetables,fish, legumes,and nuts
Oils: mono- or polyunsaturated
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Macronutrients As
Energy Sources
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Macromolecules: Polymers
Made of Repeating Monomers
Macromolecule Monomer Unit
Protein Amino acids
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Proteins: Structure
Amino
Group
The R Group
Differs for Each Amino Acid
Carboxylic Acid
Group
Alpha
Carbon
R
Primary structure = chain of amino acids
Amino acids have common features
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Hair Curling
|S|
S|
|S|
S| |S
|S
|
|S|S
|
|S|S
|
StraightHair NaturallyCurlyHair
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Proteins: Functions
Structural Component of Cells Control of Metabolic Reactions: enzymes
Structure & support, bone & muscle
Communication Protein Hormones
Cell Receptors
Energy source
Protein
Protein
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Proteins: Dietary
Recommendations
12% of calories from proteins
8 essential amino acids obtained
from
Lean sources of animal protein
Complementary plant proteins Beans + Grains
Beans + Seeds
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Nucleic Acid: Functions
Biological molecules essential for known formsof life on Earth.
They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and
RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Together with proteins, nucleic acids are the
most important biological macromolecules;each is found in abundance in all living things,
where they function in encoding,
transmitting and expressing genetic
information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules7/31/2019 Macromolecules Traci
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Nucleic Acid: Functions
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