Liver function tests

xiaoli

( LFTs )

Review: LiverReview: Liver

The liver is the largest organ in

the body It is located below the diaphragm

in the right upper quadrant of the

abdominal cavity and extended

approximately from the right 5th

rib to the lower border of the rib

cage.

The liver is separated into a

right and left lobe, separated

by the falciform ligament. The

right is much larger than the

left .

The liver performs an astonishingly large number of tasks that impact all body systems.

Liver have two channels that can supply and oxygen nutriment : hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein .

The corresponding channels is hepatic vein and bile ducts.

The working cells of the liver are known as

hepatocytes, which have a unique capacity to

reproduce in response to liver injury. Liver regeneration can occur after surgical

removal of a portion of the liver or after injuries that

destroy parts of the liver. Although the liver's ability to react to damage and

repair itself is remarkable, repetitive insults can

produce liver failure and death.

Functions of liverFunctions of liver① Excretory function: bile pigments, bile salts and

cholesterol are excreted in bile into intestine.

② Metabolic function: liver actively participates in carbohydrate, lipid, protein, mineral and vitamin metabolisms.

③ Hematological function: liver is also produces clotting factors like factor V, VII. Fibrinogen involved in blood coagulation is also synthesized in liver. It synthesize plasma proteins and destruction of erythrocytes.

④ Storage functions: glycogen, vitamins A, D and

B12,and trace element iron are stored in liver.

⑤ Protective functions and detoxification:

Ammonia is detoxified to urea. kupffer cells of

liver perform phagocytosis to eliminate foreign

compounds. Liver is responsible for the

metabolism of xenobiotic.

Liver function tests( LFTs )

What is Purpose of LFTs?What is Purpose of LFTs? LFTs alone do not give the physician full information, but

used in combination with a careful history, physical

examination (particularly ultrasound and CT Scanning), can

contribute to making an accurate diagnosis of the specific

liver disorder. Different tests will show abnormalities in response to liver inflammation liver injury due to drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses Liver malfunction due to blockage of the flow of bile Liver cancers

LFTs are divided into

true tests of liver function,

such as serum albumin, bilirubin, and

protime, tests that are indicators of liver injury or

biliary tract disease.

Classification of liver functions testClassification of liver functions test

Classified based on the major functions of liver:

① Excretion: Measurement of bile pigments, bile salts.

② Serum enzymes: Transaminase (ALT, AST), alkaline

phosphate(ALP), 5’-nucleotidase, LDH isoenzyme.

③ Synthetic function: Prothrombin time, serum albumin.

④ Metabolic capacity: Galactose tolerance and antipyrine

clearance

⑤ Detoxification :

1. Excretion1. Excretion : Bilirubin : Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the main bile pigment that is formed

from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells. The

broken down heme travels to the liver, where it is

secreted into the bile by the liver.

via bile duct to intestines

Stercobilin excreted in feces

Urobilinogen formed by bacteria

KIDNEY

Urobilin excreted in urine

BLOOD CELLS

CO

Biliverdin IX

Heme oxygenase

O2

Bilirubin (water-insoluble)

NADP+

NADPH

Biliverdinreductase

HemeGlobin

Hemoglobin

reabsorbed into blood

LIVER

Bilirubin diglucuronide(water-soluble)

2 UDP-glucuronic acid

Bilirubin (water-insoluble)via blood

to the liver

INTESTINE

Fig. 2 metabolism of bilirubin

A. indirect bilirubin (normal value = 0.3 - 1.2 mg/dl)

1. serum bilirubin:

B. direct bilirubin (normal value ≤ 0.4 mg/dl)

C. total bilirubin Normal value for = 0.3- 1.2 mg/dl.

Normally, a small amount of bilirubin circulates in the blood.

Serum bilirubin is considered a true test of liver function, as it

reflects the liver's ability to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin

into the bile.

♣ Direct Bilirubin + Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid → Azobilirubin (Redish purple)

♣ total bilirubin + dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)+methanol

+diazotized sulfanilic acid to form azobilirubin.

Indirect bilirubin react with diazotized sulfanilic acid after

addition of methanol.

The absorbance of the reaction mixture at 555 nm is directly proportional to the concentration of direct bilirubin.

VD Bergh reaction

目 录

H H H

CH2

CH2

CO

NCHO

NCH2 N

H

CHN

O

M M M MV VCH2

CH2

CO

O OOH

HO

COOH

OH

O

OH

OHHOOC

OH

O

indirect bilirubin

direct bilirubin

Binding with Glucuronic acid no yes

Reacting with the diazo reagent

Slow and indirect

Rapid and direct

solubility in water small large

Discharged via kidney no yes

Pass through the membrane of cell

yes no

Difference of two bilirubins

A. urobilinogen : Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via bile salts to intestine.

Bacteria in the intestine break down bilirubin to urobilinogen

for excretion in the feces (normal value for fecal urobilinogen

= 40 - 280 mg/day)

2. urine(/faeces)

Normally there are mere traces of urobilinogen in the

urine. average is 0.64mg , maximum normal 4mg/24hours.

B. Urobilin Urobilin is the final product of oxidation of urobilinogen by

oxygen in air. The amount change with the amount of

urobilinogen excretion .

B. bilirubinurine:

Bilirubin is not normally present in urine and faese since bacteria in intestine reduce it to urobilinogen. The kidneys do not filter unconjugated bilirubin because of its avid binding to albumin.

conjugated bilirubin can pass through glomerular filter.

Bilirubin is found in the urine in obstructive jaundice due to various causes and in cholestasis.

Note:

Bilirubin in the urine may be detected even before clinical jaundice is noted.

Who is a candidate for the test?Who is a candidate for the test? Bilirubin is used to diagnosis of jaundice.

Abnormal bilirubin levels can be found in many

disorders, including: blocked bile ducts, cirrhosis,

hepatitis and other liver diseases or immature liver

development in newborns.

Hemolytic Jaundice

Hepatic Jaundice

Obstructive jaundice ( Cholestasis)

Congenital Jaundice

Sample Indices Normal Hemolytic Jaundice

Hepatic Jaundice

Obstructive Jaundice

Serum Total Bil ＜ 1mg/dl ＞ 1mg/dl ＞ 1mg/dl ＞ 1mg/dl

Direct Bil 0 ～ 0.8mg/dl

↑ ↑↑

Indirect Bil ＜ 1mg/dl ↑↑

Urine Color normal deeper deep deep

Bilirubin — — ＋＋ ＋＋

Urobilinogen A little ↑ uncertain ↓

Urobilin A little ↑ uncertain ↓

Stool Color normal deeper lighter or normal

Argilous (complete

obstruction)

2. Serum enzymes2. Serum enzymes

A large number of enzyme estimations are available which are used to ascertain liver function. They are be divided into two groups:

I: most commonly and routinely done in the laboratory.

serum transaminase(ALT/AST)

serum alkaline phosphate(ALP)

II: not routinely done in the laboratory.

Alanine transaminaseAlanine transaminase (ALT) (ALT)

ALT or sGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase)

GPTGPT

Aspartate aminotransferaseAspartate aminotransferase (AST) (AST)

AST or sGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate

transaminase)

GOT

organ GOT GPT

heart 156000 7100

liver 142000 44000

skeletal 99000 4800

kidney 91000 19000

organ GOT GPT

pancrease

spleen

lung

serum

28000 2000

14000 1200

10000 700

20 16

GPT:

Normal range: 2-59 U/L

GOT:

Normal range: 10-34 U/L

Elevated levels of GPT may indicate : alcoholic liver disease cancer of the liver cholestasis or congestion of the bile ducts cirrhosis or scarring of the liver with loss of function death of liver tissue Hepatitis or inflammation of the liver noncancerous tumor of the liver use of medicines or drugs toxic to the liver

‼ Therefore, when the liver is injured, GPT is

released into the bloodstream.

GOT also reflects damage to the hepatic

cells and is less specific for liver disease. It can

also be released with heart, muscle and brain

disorders.

Therefore, this test may be ordered to help

diagnose various heart, muscle or brain

disorders, such as a myocardial infarct (heart

attack).

Elevated levels of GOT may indicate : acute hemolytic anemia, acute pancreatitis or inflammation of the pancreas. acute renal failure or loss of kidney function. cirrhosis of the liver. Hepatitis heart attack primary muscle disease recent surgery severe burns muscle injury

◆ normally: GPT is normal, GOT is normal, GPT/GOT is

about 1.15.

◆ Virus hepatitis: GPT↑, GOT is normal ,GPT/GOT ＞1,even more than 2.5；◆ chronic hepatitis : GPT↑ ,GOT ↑GPT/GOT is about 1.

◆ Liver cancer, cirrhosis, Alcohol-induced hepatitis:

GPT↑ ,GOT ↑ < 1, about 0.6~0.7.

◆ Accute myocardial infarct :< 1

Although GOT is not a specific for liver as the GPT,

ratios between GPT and GOT are useful to physicians in

assessing the etiology of liver enzyme abnormalities.

GPT and GOT is in the different distribution of the hepatocytes. GPT exists primarily in the cytoplasm of liver cell. if there is a slight liver cell damage, GPT firstly leak into the bloodstream, so that the serum GPT increased.

The GOT mainly in the "mitochondria“of liver cells, the mitochondria are "bubble" in the liver cell cytoplasm. if there is a slight liver cell damage, GOT don`t leak into the bloodstream.

When the GOT was significantly higher, mitochondria of liver cells are injuries.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (ALP)

ALP occurs in all tissues, especially liver and

bone. The alkaline phosphatase test is often used to

help diagnose certain liver diseases and bone

disorders . Normal range: 30 - 95 IU/L (3-13 kings unit)

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP or AKP)Alkaline phosphatase (ALP or AKP)

ALP is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides and proteins. – most effective in an alkaline environment – in humans, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the

entire body, but is particularly concentrated in liver, bile duct, kidney, bone, and the placenta.

Levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women.

Higher levels of ALP than normal may indicate: liver disease bone disease leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow various hormone problems pregnancy

Lower levels of ALP than normal may indicate: anemia, or a low red blood cell count malnutrition various hormone problems

Mechanism of increase in ALP in liver disease:

Increase in the activity of ALP in liver disease is not due to hepatic cell disruption , nor to a failure of clearance , but rather to increased synthesis of hepatic ALP .

The stimulus for this increased synthesis in patients with liver disease has been attributed to bile duct obstruction by stone ,tumors , intrahepatically by infiltrative disorders or space-occupying lesions.

It is used for many years in differential diagnosis of jaundice. it is increased in both infectious hepatitis (viral hepatitis) and posthepatic jaundice, but the rise is usually much greater in case of obstructive jaundice .

dividing line which has been suggested is 35KA units/ml. a value higher than 35KA units/ml is strongly suggestive of diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, in which very high figures even up to 200KA units/ml or more may be found.

Serum ALP is found to be normal in haemolytic jaundice.

5’-Nucleotidase5’-Nucleotidase

This enzyme is released by the liver when

the liver is injured due to bile duct obstruction or

impaired bile flow.

Normal range: 2-15 IU/L

Other enzyme (not done routinely)

LDH isoenzymesLDH isoenzymes

This test measures the total level of the enzyme

lactic dehydrogenase, also called LDH, in the

blood. LDH is found in body tissues and organs.

lactate dehydrogenaselactate dehydrogenase

HH HH

HH HH

HH HH

HH MM

HH HH

MMMM

HH

MMMM

MM

MMMM

MMMM

LDHLDH11

(H(H44))LDHLDH22

(H(H33MM))

LDHLDH33

(H(H22MM22))

LDHLDH44

(HM(HM33))

LDHLDH55

(M(M44))

LDH isoenzymesLDH isoenzymes۩ Tissue or organ injury can release LDH into the bloodstream, thereby raising the level. So it is usually done to see if tissue or organ damage has occurred.

۩ If he or she suspects a heart attack or liver tissue damage in the body. Normal range: 115-225 IU/L

3. Metabolic capacity3. Metabolic capacity::

Tests based on livers function:

carbohydrate metabolism

lipid metabolism

protein metabolism

Tests based on livers part in carbohydrate metabolism

1. Glucose tolerance test

＆ Not of much value in liver diseases

＆ It is often difficult to separate the part played by the liver from other factors influencing glucose metabolism.

2. Galactose tolerance test

Basis: For galactose is a monosaccharide, almost exclusively metabolized by the liver. the normal liver is able to convert galactose into glucose; but this function is impaired in intrahepatic disease and the amount of blood galactose and urine galactose is excessive. The liver can be assessed by measuring the utilization of galactose. This is referred to galactose tolerance test.

◆It is used primarily to detect liver cell injury.

◆ It can be performed in presence of jaundice.

◆ As it measured an intrinsic hepatic function, it may be used to distinguish obstruction and non obstruction jaundice.

The test is performed in the morning after a night’s

fast. a fasting blood sample is collected which serves as

“control”.40mg galactose dissolved in a cup-full of water

is given orally.further blood samples are collected at ½

hourly intervals for two hours.

oral galactose tolerance testoral galactose tolerance test

Method :

oral galactose tolerance test

IV galactose tolerance test(intravenous injection )

Normally or obstructive jaundice:

3gm or less of galactose are excreted in the urine within 3 to 5 hours and the blood galactose returns to normal within one hour.

Result:

Intrahepatic jaundice:

The excretion amounts to 4 to 5gm or more during the first 5 hours.

3. Fructose tolerance testNormal response:

shows little or no rise in the blood sugar level. The highest blood sugar value reached during the test should not exceed the fasting level by more than 30 mg%.

obstructive jaundice cases: mresult is obtained in most cases of obstructive jaundice cases.In infectious hepatitis or parenchymatous liver cells damage: rise in blood sugar is greater than above, but the increases obtained are never very great.

Tests based on livers part in lipids metabolism

Cholesterol-cholesteryl ester ratio:

The liver plays an active and important role in the

metabolism of cholesterol including its

synthesis,esterification,oxidation and excretion.

Normal total blood cholesterol ranges from 150 ~

250mg/dl and approx 60 to 70% of this is in erterified form.

In parenchymatous liver disease: theer is either no rise or even decrease in total

cholesterol and the ester fraction is always definitely reduced.

the degree of reduction roughly parallels the degree of liver

damage.

In severe acute hepatic necrosis: the total serum cholesterol is usually low and may fall

below 100mg/dl, whilst there is marked reduction in the %

present as esters.

Tests based on livers part in amino acid metabolism

Determination of blood NH3:

Nitrogen part of amino acid is converted to NH3 in the liver mainly by transamination and deamination and it is converted to urea in liver only .

Normal range :

blood ammonia varies from 40μg ammonia nitrogen

per100ml of blood.

In parenchymatous liver disease: Increases in NH3 can be found more advanced cases of

cirrhosis liver,particular when there areassociated neurological

complicate.in such cases blood levels may be over 200 μ g/ml.

4. Synthetic functions:4. Synthetic functions:

1. total plasma proteins/ albumin/ globulin/ A:G ratio

2. Formation of prothrombin by liver

1. Determination of total plasma proteins/ albumin/ globulin/ A:G ratio

Normal value: total plasma proteins: 80~110mg/dl

albumin:40-50mg/dl

globulin:25~35mg/dl

A:G ratio: 1.5~2.5

This yields most useful information in chronic liver disease.Liver is the site of albumin synthesis and also possibly of some of α and β globulins.

In infectious hepatitis:

quantitative estimations of albumin and globulin may give normal results in the early stages.qualititative changes may be present,in early stage rise in β -globulins and in later stages γ-globulins shows rise.

In cirrhosis liver or parenchymal liver disease:

The albumin is grossly dicreased and the globulins are often increased,so that A:G ratio is reversed, is characteristically seen in cirrhosis liver.

Albumin is an important blood protein that is made

only by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

Serum AlbuminSerum Albumin

★ Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the vascular system. low albumin level produce ascites. ★ Albumin is also very important in the transportation of many substances such as drugs, lipids, hormones and toxins that are bound to albumin in the bloodstream.

Ascites :Ascites : the abnormal the abnormal

accumulation of fluid within the accumulation of fluid within the

abdominal and pelvic cavityabdominal and pelvic cavity

(A)Patient with alcoholic cirrhosis who

shows ascites, an umbilical hernia,

and wasting of muscle.

(B) After 2 years of abstinence and

appropriate nutrition, the patient

gained back muscle mass and his

ascites improved.

This test is normally performed to assist in diagnosing

diseases that affect proteins in the body, such as cancer, liver

disease, renal or intestinal problems, and immune disorders.

Normal range: 34 - 54 g/L

Abnormally low contents of albumin may indicate: ascites extensive burns kidney disease liver disease malabsorption syndromes

At least 12 different proteins are involved in clotting.

Blood clotting factors are proteins made by the liver and are

associated with the incorporation of vitamin K metabolites

into a protein. When the liver is significantly injured, these

proteins are not normally produced.

PT (Prothrombin time)PT (Prothrombin time)

Estimation of plasma fibrinogenEstimation of plasma fibrinogen

APTT(activated partial thromboplastin time)APTT(activated partial thromboplastin time)

Formation of prothrombin by liver

Prothrombin time (protime or PT)Prothrombin time (protime or PT)

★ Prothrombin is a plasma protein that is converted into thrombin during blood clotting.

★ Prothrombin is formed in the liver from inactive “preprothrombin” in presence of vitamin K.

thrombin prothrombin

in presence of vitamin K

Ca2+, PL

★ PT is used to assess the activity of extrinsic blood clotting pathway .

★ PT is also a useful test of liver function, since there is a good correlation between abnormalities in coagulation measured by PT and the degree of liver dysfunction. PT is usually expressed in seconds and compared to a normal control patient’s blood.

What is prothrombin time?

prothrombin time is measured as prothrombin activity. The term prothrombin time was given to time required for clotting to take place in plasma to III factor and Ca+ have been added.

This test may be done: when a person has a bleeding problem to monitor a person who is taking blood-thinning medicine before surgery to make sure a person will not bleed too

much during the operation.

It generally falls 10 - 15 seconds. Prothrombin activity is also sometimes expressed as

“prothrombin index”, which is the ratio of prothrombin time

of the normal control to the patient’sprothrombin time:

prothrombin index = PT of normal control

PT OF patientx100

High PT values may occur when a person: is taking blood-thinning medicines like warfarin is taking other medicines, such as certain antibiotics,

that interfere with the test has severe liver disease has DIC-disseminated intravascular clotting, a

complex blood disorder that occurs when clotting mechanisms are activated throughout the body

has certain rare, inherited bleeding disorders has a vitamin K deficiency

Abnormally low PT values are usually not significant. However, they may occur when a person:

has cancer has blood clots is taking certain medicines, such as birth

control pills

Some other tests for LFTsSome other tests for LFTs Alpha-fetoprotein Test: This protein is produced by the fetal

liver and testes indicating hepatitis or cancer.

Mitochondrial Antibodies Test: The presence of these

antibodies can indicate primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active

hepatitis, and certain other autoimmune disorders. Platelet count: Platelets are the smallest of all blood cells and

are involved in promoting clotting of the blood, normally a

process of healing. In cases of chronic liver disease where cirrhosis

exists, the platelet count can be lowered — although this can

occur due to many conditions other than liver disease.

Total protein: measures albumin and all other proteins in

blood, including antibodies made to help fight off infections

Protective functions and detoxification: